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8 páginas, 6 figuras, 3 tablas, 1 esquema -- PAGS nros. 24840-24847 ; Aryl-alcohol oxidase (AAO) is a FAD-containing enzyme in the GMC (glucose-methanol-choline oxidase) family of oxidoreductases. AAO participates in fungal degradation of lignin, a process of high ecological and biotechnological relevance, by providing the hydrogen peroxide required by ligninolytic peroxidases. In the Pleurotus species, this peroxide is generated in the redox cycling of p-anisaldehyde, an extracellular fungal metabolite. In addition to p-anisyl alcohol, the enzyme also oxidizes other polyunsaturated primary alcohols. Its reaction mechanism was investigated here using p-anisyl alcohol and 2,4-hexadien-1-ol as two AAO model substrates. Steady state kinetic parameters and enzyme-monitored turnover were consistent with a sequential mechanism in which O2 reacts with reduced AAO before release of the aldehyde product. Pre-steady state analysis revealed that the AAO reductive half-reaction is essentially irreversible and rate limiting during catalysis. Substrate and solvent kinetic isotope effects under steady and pre-steady state conditions (the latter showing ∼9-fold slower enzyme reduction when α-bideuterated substrates were used, and ∼13-fold slower reduction when both substrate and solvent effects were simultaneously evaluated) revealed a synchronous mechanism in which hydride transfer from substrate α-carbon to FAD and proton abstraction from hydroxyl occur simultaneously. This significantly differs from the general mechanism proposed for other members of the GMC oxidoreductase family that implies hydride transfer from a previously stabilized substrate alkoxide. ; Wood and other lignocellulosic materials are the main source of renewable materials in earth. White-rot basidiomycetes are essential contributors to carbon cycling in forest and other land ecosystems because of their ability to degrade lignocellulose to carbon dioxide and water. This ability confers to these fungi and their ligninolytic enzymes high interest in industrial processes, such as bioethanol production and paper pulp manufacturing, where the removal of lignin is a previous and essential step to use the cellulose present in plant biomass as a source for renewable fuels, chemicals, and materials (1). Aryl-alcohol oxidase (AAO)5 is an extracellular FAD-containing enzyme (2) that, in collaboration with myceliar aryl-alcohol dehydrogenases, participates in lignin degradation by some white-rot fungi, such as Pleurotus (and Bjerkandera) species, by generating hydrogen peroxide in the redox cycling of aromatic fungal metabolites, such as p-anisaldehyde (3, 4). Fungal high redox-potential peroxidases catalyze the oxidative degradation of lignin by this extracellular peroxide (5). ; AAO was cloned for the first time in Pleurotus eryngii (6), a fungus of biotechnological interest because of its ability to degrade lignin selectively (7). The AAO amino acid sequence revealed moderate homology with glucose oxidase from Aspergillus niger (8), a flavoenzyme in the glucose-methanol-choline oxidases (GMC) oxidoreductase family. The reported molecular model of AAO (9), based on the glucose oxidase crystal structure (10), showed common features with the overall structural topology of bacterial choline oxidase and almond hydroxynitrile lyase (a lyase with oxidoreductase structure), as well as with other members of the GMC family; such as the extracellular flavoenzymes pyranose-2-oxidase and cellobiose dehydrogenase from white-rot basidiomycetes, and bacterial cholesterol oxidase (11–15). In particular, P. eryngii AAO conserves two histidine residues, His-502 and His-546 (supplemental Fig. S1), involved in catalysis in different members of this family (the second residue is an asparagine in some of them) (9). Non-glycosylated P. eryngii AAO expressed in Escherichia coli (16) is used for further characterization studies. The enzyme catalyzes the oxidative dehydrogenation of unsaturated alcohols with a primary hydroxyl at Cα, exhibiting broad substrate specificity. In addition to benzyl alcohols, its active site also binds and oxidizes aliphatic polyunsaturated primary alcohols (such as 2,4-hexadien-1-ol), naphthyl, and cinnamyl alcohols, and shows low activity on some aromatic aldehydes (17). Methanol and other saturated alcohols are not AAO substrates, and the monounsaturated allyl alcohol is very slowly oxidized (2). ; It is suggested that the AAO catalytic mechanism proceeds via electrophilic attack and direct transfer of a hydride to the flavin (17). A recent mutational study confirmed the strict requirement for catalysis of His-502 and His-546 located near the isoalloxazine ring of FAD (supplemental Fig. S1), as well as the involvement of two aromatic residues (18). Here we present the first study on the reaction mechanism of AAO in which substrate and solvent kinetic isotope effect (KIE), in combination with bisubstrate steady state and pre-steady state kinetic approaches, have been used to investigate the mechanism of polyunsaturated primary alcohol oxidation by AAO. Its natural substrate, p-anisyl alcohol, as well as a structurally different (non-aromatic) AAO substrate, 2,4-hexadien-1-ol, were chosen as two models for the different AAO alcohol substrates ; This work was supported by the Spanish Projects BIO2005-03569, BIO2007-65890-C02-01, and BIO2008-01533, and the BIORENEW Project of the European Union (Contract NMP2-CT-2006-026456) ; Peer reviewed

In Germany the foreign born population is made up of foreigners and so called "ethnic Germans" who migrated from eastern European countries to Germany. While the first group is confronted with problems arising from the typical German concept of ethnicity and citizenship, the latter are entitled to a German passport immediately after crossing the border. About one half of the immigrants who entered Germany since 1984 are ethnic Germans. Thus, any analysis of the living conditions of immigrant children in comparison to native born German children must take into account the heterogeneity of immigrants in Germany as well as the respective institutional settings. Throughout the last decade the financial situation of children in Germany has been marked by increasing problems: in 1997 the population share of children living in households receiving welfare payments was about twice as high as the respective share for the entire population. Poverty head count rates (based on a poverty threshold of 50 percent of median equivalent income) clearly increased over this period from about 10 percent to more than 15 percent in 1996. The central aim of this paper is to analyze differences between native and foreign children within this process. Our comparative analyses are based on the different sub-samples of the German Socio-Economic Panel Study (GSOEP). With respect to non-monetary as well as monetary indicators there are - although the German transfer system is strong - remarkable differences in living conditions between native born German children and those born to immigrants and foreigners. On average we find that children in Germany to have lost out in terms of their relative income position over the period 1985/86 to 1995/96, thus pushing the need for targeted social policy. This should cover targeted financial transfers as well as an improvement of day care for children. Although there are some signs of improvement concerning the integration process of foreigners? children over this period, the majority of this group still lives in rather poor conditions. There is no formal "discrimination" of immigrant children by the German school system. But due to the strong intergenerational correlation of educational attainment it is a problem that the educational level of immigrant parents as well as of foreign parents living in Germany is still clearly below the population average, although there are some signs of improvement. As a result of the low educational level of their parents we find children born to immigrants and foreigners in Germany to be on less favorable educational tracks more often than native born German children. The long-term problem arising from this will be a persistently high share of rather poorly qualified persons in the future work force, who will face severe labor market problems and as such will be a problem for the German economy as a whole. In other words: the German educational system -- including pre-school, school and vocational training -- needs to provide equal opportunities to all children regardless of their social background. If necessary, there should be additional incentives for children born to immigrants and foreigners to overcome language disadvantages. ; Der im Ausland geborene Teil der in Deutschland lebenden Bevölkerung besteht aus Ausländern und Aussiedlern, die aus osteuropäischen Ländern nach Deutschland emigriert sind. Während die erste Gruppe mit Problemen konfrontiert ist, die aus dem typisch deutschen Konzept von Ethnizität und Staatsangehörigkeit resultieren, erhält die zweite Gruppe quasi beim Grenzübertritt einen deutschen Pass. Etwa die Hälfte der Immigranten, die seit 1984 nach Deutschland kamen, sind der Gruppe der Aussiedler zuzurechnen. Daher muss jede Analyse der Lebensbedingungen von Immigranten-Kindern im Vergleich zu in Deutschland geborenen Kindern deutscher Eltern sowohl die Heterogenität der Immigranten als auch institutionelle Rahmenbedingungen beachten. Während der letzten zehn bis fünfzehn Jahre ist die finanzielle Situation aller in Deutschland lebenden Kinder von immer größer werdenden Problemen gekennzeichnet: Als Resultat ist im Jahre 1997 der Anteil von Kindern in Haushalten, die Sozialhilfe erhalten ca. zweimal so hoch wie der entsprechende Anteil in der gesamten Bevölkerung. Die Armutsraten (basierend auf einer Armuts-Grenze von 50% des mittleren Äquivalenzeinkommens) sind innerhalb einer Dekade von 10% auf mehr als 15% deutlich angestiegen. Unsere empirische Analyse basiert auf verschiedenen Teilstichproben des Sozio-oekonomischen Panels (GSOEP). Nicht-monetäre und monetäre Indikatoren belegen ? trotz der Stärken des deutschen Transfer-Systems ? beachtliche Differenzen zwischen den Lebensbedingungen der Kindern von Immigranten und Ausländern im Vergleich zu Kindern authochthoner Eltern. Im Durchschnitt hat sich relative Einkommensposition der Kinder in Deutschland über den Zeitraum von 1985/86 bis 1995/96 verschlechtert, was eine Notwendigkeit einer gezielten Sozialpolitik unterstreicht. Diese sollte sowohl finanzielle Transfers als auch eine Verbesserung einer außerhäusigen Kinderbetreuung beinhalten. Obwohl es Zeichen einer Verbesserung hinsichtlich des Integrationsprozesses von ausländischen Kindern über diesen Zeitraum gibt, lebt die Mehrheit dieser Gruppe nach wie vor in deutlich unterdurchschnittlichen Bedingungen. Innerhalb des deutschen Schulsystems gibt es keine formale "Diskriminierung" von Immigranten-Kindern. Angesichts der starken intergenerationalen Bildungskorrelation birgt das unterdurchschnittliche Bildungsniveau der in Deutschland lebenden erwachsenen Immigranten und Ausländer - trotz leichter Verbesserungen im langjährigen Vergleich ? jedoch große Probleme für deren Kinder. Als Ergebnis des geringen Bildungsniveaus ihrer Eltern sind Kinder von Immigranten und Ausländern deutlich häufiger auf ungünstigeren Bildungswegen zu finden, mit entsprechenden Problemen bei der Integration in den deutschen Arbeitsmarkt und die Gesellschaft insgesamt. Daher muss das deutsche Bildungssystem (einschließlich Kindergarten, Vorschule, Schule und Berufsausbildung) allen Kindern effektiv gleiche Startchancen geben ohne Ansehen des sozialen Hintergrundes. Neben Verbesserungen im Zugang zu Ausbildungsförderung (z.B. BAFöG) erscheinen dabei auch zusätzliche Anreize für Immigranten- und Ausländer-Kinder zur Verbesserung ihrer deutschen Sprachkenntnisse von großer Bedeutung.

Introduction. In many countries around the world, the increase in life expectancy leads to significant social transformations. Institutional structures, social protection policies and legislation on the life and employment of older citizens are being changed today. In Russian higher education, more than a third of professional community belongs to the group of teachers of the third (pre-retirement and retirement) age. The modernisation of this area and the raising of the retirement age will make it possible to study the peculiarities of this group of faculty members as a reserve of the vocational training system.The aim of the present article is to characterise the adaptive potential of social community of teachers of the third age in the context of the transformation of higher education.Methodology and research methods. The methodological framework of the article is based on the set of general scientific approaches: communal, comparative, institutional, resource. The first method provides an opportunity to consider teachers of the third age as a social community with their own specific features. The comparative approach is used to see specific features in dynamics (on the materials of official statistics) and to compare them with similar characteristics of teachers of other age groups. The institutional and resource approaches are aimed at identifying adaptive abilities of teachers of the third age against the background of current restructuring processes in higher education. The article is based on the materials of research projects conducted in 2017–2019 and on a mass survey of teachers. The general population consisted of 51 universities of the Ural Federal District. The volume of the sample of teachers is 810 people.Results and scientific novelty. The study showed that teachers of the third age are characterised by a high level of adaptation to changes in higher education. They successfully fulfill themselves in scientific and pedagogical activities. They are characterised by relatively high publication and grant activities, realisation of new educational forms and high motivation and readiness to improve their com petencies and qualifications. At the same time, teachers of the third age estimate their social security in the professional sphere as extremely low. This community is characterised by a high level of criticality in relation to the implemented institutional changes in the field of higher education, which is based on a socially mature responsibility formed within their professional activities for the consequences of decisions taken.Practical significance. The research undertaken demonstrates the stereotype inadequacy concerning non-adaptability of third-age university teachers to technological, content and organisational innovations. Moreover, teachers of the third age are a significant factor in the sustainable development of universities. Therefore, it is necessary to develop management models and create institutional conditions for maximum use of human capital of third-age teachers, whose peculiarities, needs and opportunities in the system of Russian higher education are inadequately taken into account today. ; Введение. Увеличение во многих странах мира продолжительности жизни населения влечет за собой существенные социальные трансформации. Изменяются институциональные структуры, политика соцзащиты, законодательство в отношении жизнедеятельности и трудовой занятости пожилых граждан. В российском высшем образовании к группе преподавателей третьего (предпенсионного и пенсионного) возраста принадлежит более трети профессионального сообщества. Модернизация этой сферы и повышение возрастной планки выхода на пенсию актуализируют изучение особенностей указанной группы профессорско-преподавательского состава (ППС) как резерва системы профессиональной подготовки.Цель публикации – охарактеризовать адаптационный потенциал преподавателей «серебряного возраста» в условиях преобразований высшей школы.Методология и методы. Методологическим каркасом социологического изыскания был комплекс общенаучных подходов: общностного, сравнительного, институционального, ресурсного. Первый позволил рассмотреть объект исследования как социальную общность, имеющую свои специфические черты. Сравнительный анализ дал возможность увидеть последние в динамике (по показателям официальной статистики) и сопоставить с аналогичными характеристиками других возрастных групп ППС. С опорой на институциональный и ресурсный подходы выявлялись адаптационные способности преподавате лей «третьего возраста» на фоне происходящих в высшем образовании реорганизационных процессов. В статье использованы материалы реализованных в 2017–2019 гг. научно-социологических проектов и проводившихся массовых анкетных опросов преподавателей. В генеральную совокупность мониторингов входил 51 вуз Уральского федерального округа (УрФО). Квотную выборку, сформированную на основе статистической информации о ППС региона, составили 810 человек.Результаты и научная новизна. Обработка результатов анкетирования показала высокий уровень адаптации к изменениям в высшей школе преподавателей «серебряного возраста». Они успешно реализуют себя в научно-педагогической деятельности: им свойственны достаточно высокая публикационная и грантовая активность, включенность в новые формы образования, устойчивая мотивация и готовность повышать свои компетенции и квалификацию. Однако представители ППС этой возрастной группы крайне низко оценивают свою социальную защищенность в профессиональной сфере. Данной части педагогического сообщества присуще критическое отношение к кардинальным переменам институционального типа в сфере высшего образования, базирующееся на зрелой, сложившейся благодаря профессиональному опыту социальной ответственности за последствия принимаемых решений.Практическая значимость. Предпринятое исследование продемонстрировало несостоятельность стереотипа о неадаптивости к технологическим инновациям, содержательным и организационным новшествам возрастных преподавателей вузов. Более того, подтвердилось, что эта категория сотрудников является важным фактором устойчивого функционирования и развития университетов. Поэтому необходимы разработка управленческих моделей и создание институциональных условий для максимального использования человеческого капитала преподавателей «серебряного возраста», чьи особенности, потребности и возможности в системе российского высшего образования в настоящее время мало учитываются.

The article deals with the history of the jazz dance, main representatives and pioneers of the art movement, their creative heritage and achievements. Nowadays we may observe the growing interest to the jazz dance, in this connection we are in need of more sources, historical documents, new system of research, investigation of all the information about prominent jazz dancers. Besides, we need new methods in theoretical and practical research; we deal with new aspects in evolution of choreographic art. Jazz, as the art event, is the result of the art evolution, African tribal drum playing skills, rhythm and movements of African Americans (their musical outlets: church hymns, brass bands, spirituals and blues). Peculiarity of jazz dance is characterized by absolutely free movements of a dancer and the parts of his or her body horizontally and vertically in a scene space. Exactly jazz dance embodies all the emotions of a dancer; this is the dance of the emotions, but not forms or ideas, as it happens in choreography of another trends, for example jazz-modern. To follow from the G. Gunter's investigation of jazz dance, the last was quite substantially influenced by traditional cultures of Afro-Brazilian, Afro-Antillean, Afro-Cuban, Jamaica, Haitian, «black south» of the USA.It was mentioned in American ballet encyclopedia that negros (men, women even children) coordinated their moves so skillfully clicking their heels on the floor. Among the real experts of jazz dance was Luigi (nickname), whose was known as the pioneer, doctor of body, ambassador of dance, but mostly – innovator. Historians detected his style as classical jazz complicated, skillful even «fluid fire».The system of exercises he made for himself after road crash became the first in the world which was called completed technique for jazz dance studding. He was so talented person, he could work in different spheres of show-business – from Hollywood musicals up to Broadway shows; he became a new face of musical comedy. He established his personal school «The First World Jazz Centre». Being a good teacher he always knew how to prevent himself form different traumas, and always said to his students «use every possibility to feel everything you do». His teachers were Eddy Jane, Ralf Falkner, Carmelita Maracci, Sam Mints and Micho Ito, Adolf Bolm, Edward Katon, Sally Wellen, Luise de Prone. Choreographers Gin Kelly, Robert Alton were his mentors during his 8- years and 40 movies period.Another very dynamic but different dance makers – Katherine Dunham and Perl Prymus impressed American scenes by expression. These two women were ready to follow the traditions, underline the achievements, complication and force of jazz dance. Prymus made the diapason of emotions of afro-American dancers, showing American audience force, passion, emotions of African culture. Methods of Dunham's dance was unique, she created a very special system of movements and technique to study the style. It was an eclectic confluence of movements, which were investigated in Jamaica and Haiti with ballet and dance modern, integrated in a system of isolation of parts of a body and syncope, which gives to a body a wide specter of movements. Dunham bursted into American culture in the period of social, cultural, political awakening of growing and development. She established a school in 1945 for studding anthropology, sociology, philosophy, and languages in the same portions as step, ballet, folk, percussive, kinetic physical training for the actors.Alvin Ailey American Dance theatre happened as repertory of seven dancers, who dedicated their creativity to a modern dance classic and modern Alvin Ailey's interpretations. Complimentary honorable mentions about their first concerts companies in 1958-1960 th showed the beginning of a new era in dancing, dedicated to Afro-American theme.Alvin Ailey's heritage gives a possibility for free choice between ballet, jazz dance and social dance for a maximum expression of a human internal world by means of movements. He was awarded a lot of prizes, invited to show master-classes in South and North America, England, France, Hungary, Italy, Japan.Through the analysis of jazz dancers' dues into modern choreographic art dancer, choreograph, ballet master get possibility to study their methodological base in details, to understand new approaches in the dance sphere, and to trace art conceptions in choreography to develop our national choreography in general.Keywords: choreography, modern art, jazz dance, dance makers, emotions, syncope, African culture, Afro-American theme, eclectic confluence of movements. ; Йдеться про внесок митців джазового танцю в сучасне хореографічне мистецтво, завдяки якому танцівник, хореограф чи балетмейстер отримує можливість детально вивчати їхню методологічну базу, розуміти нові підходи в галузі танцю та відслідковувати творчі концепції в хореографії, що значно сприяє якісному розвитку вітчизняної сучасної хореографії загалом.Розглянуто творчий внесок Луіджі, якого теоретики танцю вважають послом, піонером джазу, лікарем тіла через його інноваційну методику вправ та комбінацій на розтягнення м'язів аби "відчувати тіло зсередини", а також внесок інших експресивних хореографів афро-американської культури Кетрін Данхем та Перл Примус, їхні унікальні методики опанування та зацікавлення джазовим танцем у період соціального, культурного та політичного становлення Америки.Проаналізовано вплив творчих доробків Елвіна Ейлі, його спадщини, важливість існування якої полягає у можливості вибору між балетом, джазовим танцем, соціальним танцем для максимального вираження внутрішнього світу людини через рух.Ключові слова: джазовий танець, хореографія, сучасне мистецтво, творці танцю, емоції, африканська культура, афро–американська тема, еклектичний потік рухів.

Horse mussel (Modiolus modiolus) and maerl beds are 'priority' habitats that can be threatened by human activity and as such require conservation under the UK Biodiversity Action Plan (UK BAP). During 2010 the Shetland Shellfish Management Organisation (SSMO), the body responsible for the management of all shellfish stocks within six nautical miles of Shetland, proposed to voluntarily close 24 areas to scallop dredging vessels in order to help conserve these priority habitats. Initially, the boundary of each closed area was defined from data extracted primarily from the Shetland Marine Spatial Plan but also through consultation with local maritime users. Some data were of limited quality, extent, or based on non-validated reports several decades old. In several cases fishermen actively involved in the development of the closed areas questioned whether the priority feature was present in the area at all, based on their local knowledge. Despite such reservations, the science-industry partnership involved agreed to adopt an iterative, precautionary approach whereby areas would be closed pending detailed survey and assessment, and the legalisation of the voluntary closed areas came into force in 2011. The primary aim of this report was to define the effectiveness of the current closed areas based on up-to-date, high resolution survey data so that the SSMO can validate and refine its spatial management plan. Closed areas to scallop dredging are widely distributed around Shetland, amounting to just under 26 km2 of sea surface area. The areas vary in size from 0.003 km2 to 14.6 km2, the largest accounting for 56.6% of the total area closed around Shetland. This variation is primarily due to the type of externally sourced data (i.e. point data or predicted species bed) used to originally define the extent of the feature. Historically, predicted species beds had been derived from a number of sources and various agencies from a combination of point data and localised bathymetry information. The current study surveyed existing closed areas using a hull mounted multibeam system and groundtruthed with an underwater camera system. Information was imported to GIS in order to create a georeferenced map of the presence of the species of interest, and in particular where they occur in sufficient abundance to consitute a 'priority feature' or habitat. Although it is generally accepted that the presence of the species does not inidcate a priority feature at low density and/or small patch size, some debate remains as to what criteria should be met to define the presence of a significant feature; a suggested criteria appropriate to the survey methodology was defined for this study. For the 20 sites surveyed in detail the predicted species beds, based on or derived from historical data, were not found to be representative of the current distribution of priority features. As a result the corresponding closed areas originally established by the SSMO were either not fully encompassing the UK BAP habitats located at the sites or were not protecting any UK BAP habitats (none present). Of the 20 sites surveyed, 12 were found to have either M. modiolus, maerl, or both; nine of these contained a priority feature but only two had a closed area which completely encapsulated the full extent of the feature. Alteration or removal of the boundaries of the existing closed areas is therefore appropriate and recommendations for this process are included. Further refinement of boundary areas may be warranted after consultation and additional focussed surveys. Although the surveys illustrate the need for validation of closed areas with high quality acoustic and visual survey data, the exercise provides a practical and successful industry-science approach to the establishment and incremental development of local spatial management plans. In the absence of detailed maps for entire sea areas, which rarely if ever exist, the use of historical data and local knowledge provides a basis for the focussing of survey resources. The use of acoustic surveying technology, such as multibeam, proved highly cost effective in mapping priority habitats. Multibeam surveys cover large areas of seabed relatively quickly, producing good quality maps to a high degree of accuracy, and as with this example, this is ideally suited to management plans based on 'physical' features (biogenic reefs) rather than biotopes. However, broad scale mapping of this type may inform the likely presence of biotopes, which can be confirmed by more cost and labour intensive methods if required. Although the science-industry partners acknowledge that the methodology of using historical data and local knowledge may not result in absolute protection of priority features during the first iteration, as is the case here, it was deemed preferable to establish a locally agreed framework, dialogue, and options for further refinement toward this goal than to leave the conservation of priority features unaddressed or awaiting investment in large-scale, holistic marine surveys. Direct stakeholder involvement in the process installed belief that clear and unambiguous science would rectify issues at a later date, and therefore fishermen agreed to voluntary closures of these areas before they were made statutory. As the Scottish Government currently empowers the SSMO to make changes to the spatial management plan for shellfisheries in the waters around Shetland by means of a Regulating Order, further surveys and consultation will increment toward more fine-scale improvements to the appropriateness of the plan well into the future.

In the coming decades, the general public will be required ever more often to understand complex environmental issues, evaluate proposed environmental plans, and understand how individual decisions affect the environment at local to global scales. Thus it is of fundamental importance to ensure that higher quality education about these ecological issues raises the environmental literacy of the general public. In order to achieve this, teachers need to be trained as well as classroom practice enhanced. This volume focuses on the integration of environmental education into science teacher education. The book begins by providing readers with foundational knowledge of environmental education as it applies to the discipline of science education. It relates the historical and philosophical underpinnings of EE, as well as current trends in the subject that relate to science teacher education. Later chapters examine the pedagogical practices of environmental education in the context of science teacher education. Case studies of environmental education teaching and learning strategies in science teacher education, and instructional practices in K-12 science classrooms, are included. This book shares knowledge and ideas about environmental education pedagogy and serves as a reliable guide for both science teacher educators and K-12 science educators who wish to insert environmental education into science teacher education. Coverage includes everything from the methods employed in summer camps to the use of podcasting as a pedagogical aid. Studies have shown that schools that do manage to incorporate EE into their teaching programs demonstrate significant growth in student achievement as well as improved student behavior. This text argues that the multidisciplinary nature of environmental education itself requires problem-solving, critical thinking and literacy skills that benefit students` work right across the curriculum. TOC:Preface Alec M. Bodzin, Beth Shiner Klein, and Starlin Weaver PART I. INTRODUCTION TO ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION Chapter 1. The History and Philosophy of Environmental Education Robert L. Carter and Bora Simmons Chapter 2. Professional Preparation for Science Teachers in Environmental Education James T. McDonald and Lynn A. Dominguez Chapter 3. Approaches to Environmental Education Austin A. Winther, Kim Cleary Sadler, and Gerry Saunders Chapter 4. Environmental Education Within the Early Childhood Linda Plevyak and Amy Mayfield Chapter 5. Environmental Education Service-Learning in Science Teacher Education Teddie Phillipson-Mower and April Dean Adams Chapter 6. Beyond terra firma: Bringing Ocean and Aquatic Sciences to Environmental and Science Teacher Education Diana L. Payne and Timothy D. Zimmerman PART II. ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION PEDAGOGY Section 1: Outdoor Learning and Place-Based Environments Chapter 7. Promoting the Use of Outdoor Learning Spaces by K-12 Inservice Science Teachers Through an Outdoor Professional Development Experience Mark A. Bloom, Molly Holden, April T. Sawey, and Molly H. Weinburgh Chapter 8. Integrating Environmental Education Field Trip Pedagogy Into Science Teacher Preparation Bryan Rebar and Larry G. Enochs Chapter 9. "Eeew! There`s Dew On My Toes": Common Characteristics of Preservice Elementary Teacher Learning in Environmental Education and Instructional Strategies for Science Teacher Educators J. William Hug Chapter 10. Name That Plant! Overcoming Plant Blindness and Developing a Sense of Place Using Science and Environmental Education Jennifer Kreps Frisch, Matthew M. Unwin, and Gerald W. Saunders Chapter 11. Place-Based Inquiry: Advancing Environmental Education in Science Teacher Preparation Somnath Sarkar and Richard Frazier Chapter 12. Summer Methods in Summer Camps: Teaching Projects WILD, WET, and Learning Tree at an Outdoor Environmental Education Center Charles J. Eick, Doyle, E. Keasal, Karni Perez, and Sarah Carrier Chapter 13. Teachers Connecting Urban Students to Their Environment Sherri L. Brown, Nikki L. Votaw, and Thomas R. Tretter Section 2: Instructional Strategies Chapter 14. Exploring Preservice Teachers` Mental Models of the Environment Christine Moseley, Blanche Desjean-Perrotta, Courtney Crim Chapter 15. Pedagogy, Environmental Education, and Context: Promoting Knowledge Through Concept Mapping Barbara A Austin and Nina Schmidt Chapter 16. Unraveling the Scientific, Social, Political and Economic Dimensions of Environmental Issues Through Role-Playing Simulations James G. MaKinster Chapter 17. Exploring Environmental Education Through Eco-feminism: Narratives of Embodiment of Science M.E. Spencer and Sherry E. Nichols Chapter 18. The Value of Non-formal Environmental Education-Based Professional Development in Preservice Science Teacher Preparation Tamara E. Peffer and Alec M. Bodzin Chapter 19. Using Environmental Education Project Curricula with Elementary Preservice Teachers Adele C. Schepige, Patricia D. Morrell, Cindi Smith-Walters, Kim Cleary Sadler, Miriam Munck, and Donna Rainboth Section 3: Technology Chapter 20. Situated Learning in Environmental Education: Using Geospatial Technologies for Preservice Secondary Teachers Rita A. Hagevik, Harriett S. Stubbs, and Diane C. Whitaker Chapter 21. Using Podcasting to Address Nature-Deficit Disorder Beth Shiner Klein and Starlin D. Weaver Chapter 22. Integrating Web-based Activities and Site-based Experiences to Investigate Environmental Issues Alec M. Bodzin

If you had any questions about why the mainstream
media is dying and it steadily is losing influence politically in Louisiana and
elsewhere, look no further than the rumpus over a column by Republican Sen. John Kennedy the largest newspaper
chain in the state recently accepted and then rejected.

Last month, Kennedy, whose opinion pieces the
media frequently have published spanning more than a decade, initially had one
published in the Shreveport Times and farmed out to the several other
Gannett newspapers in the state. The piece
exhorted Congress to prohibit natal males from competing as and against natal
females in female-only competitions, citing sustained evidence about the
physiological advantages those born male would have regardless of attempts, if
any, to change physical sex.

After a few days, without making any announcement
or informing Kennedy, the piece was removed from the sites that had published
it. Later still, an explanation
to the broken web link was infused, saying the content had been removed because
it didn't "meet our editorial standards."

Further
inquiry revealed that Times editor Misty Castile claimed "process flaws" were
involved in her outlet's decision to publish the piece which ended up
triggering involvement by "people above my head" initially questioning about
evidential citation, even though the web version had well over a dozen solid
citations linked. Gannett's executive in charge of opinion pieces and standards
went on to clarify the failure to "meet editorial standards" ironically came as
a result of "inflammatory" language featuring the "loaded language" of "biological
male" and "biological female," and said Kennedy could have resubmitted using
different terminology. This leaned on the Associated Press stylebook, which argues
that "female"
is emphasizing biology and reproductive capacity over "gender identity" and alleges
such terms "are sometimes used by opponents of transgender rights to
portray sex as more simplistic than scientists assert."

Pot, meet kettle. The language constraints cited are
"loaded language" itself that privileges a particular ideological viewpoint not
backed by science. And, it's this substitution of moralizing in place of
reporting just the news that hasn't gone unnoticed by a public increasingly
dubious of news organizations, especially newspapers.

Last year's most recent polling
showed the most people ever didn't trust the mass media to report the news
fully, fairly, and accurately, according to Gallup. Almost no Republicans do,
and among partisans only older Democrats saw the media more trustworthy than
not.

This drives the continuing deterioration in American
newspaper consumption, with circulation in 2022 around
42 million, down a third from 1987, even as the population
increased by a third. But half of this is digital subscriptions to the New
York Times and Wall Street Journal, portraying a far more stunning
loss for state-level outlets. This has reflected in newsroom employment at newspapers,
which fell 57 percent from 2008 to 2020 to 31,000 total. Such trends have made
a number of newspapers into "zombies" that publish little local news and much
of what does make it into print being sourced from other locations and outside
the area, which has become the norm of Louisiana's Gannett papers (Gannett currently
is part
of a United Arab Emirates state-owned entity).

The Shreveport Times now has in its
newsroom Castile – who
came from out of the area in 2021 under Gannett's previous owner with
little traditional newsroom experience – two reporters (one for sports) and a
photographer to cover a region of around 350,000 people without same-day home
print delivery. On good days it might run two locally-sourced stories, with the
rest of its very few news hole column-inches taken up by other providers (reduced
to running content even from the far-left Louisiana Illuminator website.)

(Contrast this to some three decades ago, when I
remember going to a party thrown by a former student of mine, sadly
no longer with us, who had latched onto employment at the Times.
There at it were no fewer than four Times reporters who had interviewed
me in the previous couple of years.)

The Monroe News Star is even worse off. Serving
a region of roughly 200,000 people, all it has is an editor, a reporter who
appears to have a narrow beat, and two sports reporters. It may report on City
Hall once a month. The curious can find more comprehensive local coverage in
the independent, locally-owned Ouachita Citizen.

The saga behind Kennedy's spiked column explains the
grim results for Gannett outlets in Louisiana. Not just in choices what stories
to print but also in the bowdlerized language that accompanies these is just
too much for people who can see with their own eyes and hear with their own
ears. But don't cry over their vastly smaller reach and therefore influence, because
it's something they've done to themselves by placing an agenda ahead of acting
as a trusted information source.

We actually do make, in our PhD research work, a tough choice on studying mobility at the crossroads of Territorial Intelligence Process and Sustainable Mobility through Communication Science sensitive approach with the help of IT (Information Technologies). Because mobility, or absence of, can lead to isolation (may be seclusion) or even exclusion, especially for the most vulnerable people, is a subject of high political and scientific relevance, raising questions and involving processes far beyond the usual and specific questions of transportation (Bonnet, Desjeux, 2000, p. 201). We stress the point about the link between « Territorial Intelligence and Sustainable Mobility » with a focus on shared displacement, goods and people, which means, and can be seen as, a social communication factor and development of territorial equilibrium; We conducted a simultaneous study both in East Africa and Euro Mediterranean space (PACA and Corsica), to recap learned lessons. Bertacchini, Girardot, and Grammacia (2006), shown Territorial Intelligence (IT) as a theory, posture, and bottom-up approach of collective intelligence based on citizen's approach of territorial development. And for that purpose, we underlined the need of action based on analysis of travel needs of residents and how to create new ways of structuring mobility offer through the development of communications suggested by Territorial Intelligence (IT), social cohesion, conviviality, equity, assumptions of IT and with the ability of communication to promote territorial mediation. For local stakeholders mobility is a matter of life and at the crossroads of their daily economic and social life, mobility is an issue with multiple challenges: impact on global warming, rights to mobility, economy development, jobs accessibility, town planning and environment, road safety and public health. The need for mobility can be addressed or even satisfied by several ways, either by responding to the need for mobility, or by providing a response to the mode of mobility. Thus, the transportation sector needs using information technology. These information technologies are studied through numerous ways on mobility and non-mobility, particularly focusing on how reducing physical displacements made necessary and call for the control of greenhouse gas emissions. Information technologies by hybridizing territories, as described within Territorial Intelligence assumptions, can be tools for a comprehensive and sustainable management of territorial displacements. ; La mobilité, en particulier la mobilité urbaine est aujourd'hui un thème d'une grande actualité politique et scientifique, qui soulève des questions et engage des démarches qui vont bien au-delà des problématiques habituelles des transports (Bonnet, Desjeux, 2000, p.201). Au centre de la vie quotidienne, économique et/ou sociale des acteurs locaux, la mobilité est un problème aux multiples enjeux : impact sur le réchauffement climatique, droit à la mobilité, économie, urbanisme et cadre de vie, équilibre entre ville et campagne, sécurité routière et santé publique. Le besoin de mobilité peut être traité, voire satisfait, de plusieurs façons, soit en apportant une réponse au besoin de déplacement soit en apportant une réponse au mode de mobilité. La question de la mobilité est un des enjeux majeurs pour l'accès aux emplois comme aux services dans les territoires et lorsque celle-ci se heurte au manque de transports collectifs, publics et privés, ce manque entraîne l'isolement voire l'exclusion, surtout pour les populations les plus fragiles avec pour corollaire la saturation des infrastructures routières par le recours à l'utilisation intensive des véhicules individuels dans les zones péri-urbaines. Ainsi, le secteur des transports a besoin d'utiliser les technologies de l'information. Ces technologies de l'information (TI) sont au centre de nombreuses réflexions sur la mobilité et la non mobilité, en particulier dans le cadre de la réduction des déplacements physiques rendus nécessaire par la maitrise des émissions de gaz à effet de serre. Les technologies de l'information en hybridant les territoires, peuvent être des outils d'une gestion globale et durable des déplacements territoriaux. Dans cette recherche, nous avons mis l'accent sur le croisement de l'« Intelligence Territoriale et mobilité durable » avec une orientation sur le déplacement partagé, biens et personnes, facteur de communication sociale, et de développement d'équilibre territorial en menant en parallèle une double étude entre l'Afrique de l'Est (la CAE) et l'Euro Méditerranée (PACA et Corse), pour en tirer des enseignements. Bertacchini, Girardot, et Grammacia (2006), présentent l'intelligence territoriale (IT) comme étant une théorie, posture, et démarche ascendante d'intelligence collective fondée sur une approche citoyenne de la valorisation territoriale. Nous avons insisté sur la nécessité de fonder l'action sur une analyse fine des besoins des habitants en matière de déplacement et comment inventer de nouvelles modalités d'organisation des services par le développement des stratégies de communications qui s'inspirent de l'intelligence territoriale (IT), la cohésion sociale, la convivialité, l'équité, les hypothèses de l'IT et la capacité de la communication à promouvoir la médiation territoriale

The background of this study is that the study is closely related to morals and manners, the companions of Allah's Apostle Shallallahu alaihi wasallam began studying to learn manners and morals. Having manners and morals will make easy science to be learned from a teacher, so blessing and will be absorbed into the benefits of life. Knowing the purpose of this study is the concept of the sheikh Bakr bin Abdullah and Shaykh Abdul Qadir bin Abdul Aziz on manners and morals prosecution of science. Tracing paper is Ḥilyah Ṭālib al-'Ilm sheikh Bakr and works sheikh Abdul Qadir Al Jāmi` fī Ṭolabil `Ilmisy Syarīf. As well as knowing the differences and similarities view of Sheikh Bakr bin Abdullah and Sheikh Abdul Qadir Abdul Aziz on manners and morals prosecution of science. Difficulties encountered in this study is a book by Shaykh Abdul Qadir bin Abdul Aziz Al Jāmi` fī Ṭolabil `Ilmisy Syarīf unsold `free. He was a prisoner and was sentenced to life imprisonment by the Egyptian government because its association with global jihad. The method used is the literature using this type of comparative research, the approach used in this study is a philosophical approach, which is to examine the figures and reveal the thinking behind the visible nature of things. Methods of data collection in this study using the method of document review. The results showed that the First: Comparison of manners and morals prosecution of science in the eyes of the sheikh Bakr and Sheikhs Abdul Qadir refer book Ḥilyah Ṭālib al-'Ilm and book Al Jāmi` fī Ṭolabil `Ilmisy Syarīf does not have much difference. Both are consistent with the Qur'an and Sunnah, as well as determine the good and bad morals through the Qur'an and the Sunnah and not others. Second: Second: the conclusion of the book Al Jāmi` fī Ṭolabil `Ilmisy Syarīf by Sheikh Abdul Qadir morals relating to `Alim and Muta'alim is sincere in the intention, really use the time, occupy yourself with your most important science, right in choosing the source (reference) book, beginning with science, patience to study and teach it. Third: The conclusion of book Ḥilyah Ṭālib al-'Ilm is a self-contained in the claimant of science such as Science is worship, follow the path of the salafus ṣolih, always fear Allah Subhānahu wa ta'ālā. Manners in the scientific life of the spirit in science, passionate in studying, traveling far in their studies, keep the knowledge in writing. Invalidate-canceling this provision include resentment, envy, prejudice, sit together heretical, stepped to the forbidden. Latar belakang penelitian ini adalah bahwa menuntut ilmu berkaitan erat dengan akhlak dan adab, para sahabat Rasulallah Shallallahu alaihi wasallam mulai menimba ilmu dengan belajar adab dan akhlak. Memiliki adab dan akhlak akan menjadikan mudahnya ilmu yang akan dipelajari dari seorang guru, sehingga berbarokah dan akan terserap menjadi manfaat dalam hidup. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah Mengetahui konsep syeikh Bakr bin Abdullah dan syeikh Abdul Qadir bin Abdul Aziz tentang adab dan akhlak penuntut ilmu. Menelusuri karya syeikh Bakr yaitu Ḥilyah Ṭālib al-'Ilm dan karya syeikh Abdul Qadir Al Jāmi` fī Ṭolabil `Ilmisy Syarīf. Serta mengetahui perbedaan dan persamaan pandangan Syeikh Bakr bin Abdullah dan Syeikh Abdul Qadir Abdul Aziz tentang adab dan akhlak penuntut ilmu. Kesulitan yang dihadapai dalam penelitian ini yaitu buku karya syeikh Abdul Qadir bin Abdul Aziz Al Jāmi` fī Ṭolabil `Ilmisy Syarīf tidak terjual bebas. Beliau menjadi tahanan dan divonis penjara seumur hidup oleh pemerintah Mesir sebab keterkaitannya dengan jihad global. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah kepustakaan (library research) menggunakan jenis penelitian perbandingan atau komparatif, pendekatan yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah pendekatan filosofis, yaitu untuk meneliti pemikiran tokoh dan mengungkapkan dibalik hakikat segala sesuatu yang nampak. Metode pengumpulan data dalam kajian ini menggunakan metode telaah dokumen. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Pertama: Perbandingan adab dan akhlak penuntut ilmu menurut pandangan syeikh Bakr dan syeikh Abdul Qadir merujuk pada buku Ḥilyah Ṭālib al-'Ilm dan buku Al Jāmi` fī Ṭolabil `Ilmisy Syarīf tidak memiliki perbedaan yang jauh. Keduanya bersesuaian dengan al Qur'an dan as Sunnah, serta menentukan baik dan buruk akhlak melalui al-Qur'an dan Sunnah, bukan yang lain-lainnya. Kedua: kesimpulan buku Al Jāmi` fī Ṭolabil `Ilmisy Syarīf karya syeikh Abdul Qadir adab-­adab yang berkaitan dengan Alim dan Muta'aalim ialah ikhlas dalam niat, betul­-betul memanfaatkan waktu, menyibukkan diri dengan ilmu-­ilmu yang paling penting, tepat dalam memilih sumber (referensi) buku, berawal dengan ilmu, sabar untuk menuntut ilmu dan mengajarakannya. Ketiga: Kesimpulan buku Ḥilyah Ṭālib al-'Ilm karya syeikh Bakr ialah: Adab-adab diri penuntut ilmu diantaranya Ilmu adalah ibadah, ikutilah jalan para salafus ṣolih, selalu takut kepada Allah Subhānahu wa ta'ālā. Adab dalam kehidupan ilmiah diantaranya semangat tinggi dalam ilmu, bergairah dalam menuntut ilmu, melakukan pekerjaan jauh dalam menuntut ilmu, menjaga ilmu secara tertulis. Pembatal-pembatal bekal ini diantaranya dendam, dengki, buruk sangka, duduk bersama ahli bid'ah, melangkahkan kaki kepada yang diharamkan.

We actually do make, in our PhD research work, a tough choice on studying mobility at the crossroads of Territorial Intelligence Process and Sustainable Mobility through Communication Science sensitive approach with the help of IT (Information Technologies). Because mobility, or absence of, can lead to isolation (may be seclusion) or even exclusion, especially for the most vulnerable people, is a subject of high political and scientific relevance, raising questions and involving processes far beyond the usual and specific questions of transportation (Bonnet, Desjeux, 2000, p. 201). We stress the point about the link between « Territorial Intelligence and Sustainable Mobility » with a focus on shared displacement, goods and people, which means, and can be seen as, a social communication factor and development of territorial equilibrium; We conducted a simultaneous study both in East Africa and Euro Mediterranean space (PACA and Corsica), to recap learned lessons. Bertacchini, Girardot, and Grammacia (2006), shown Territorial Intelligence (IT) as a theory, posture, and bottom-up approach of collective intelligence based on citizen's approach of territorial development. And for that purpose, we underlined the need of action based on analysis of travel needs of residents and how to create new ways of structuring mobility offer through the development of communications suggested by Territorial Intelligence (IT), social cohesion, conviviality, equity, assumptions of IT and with the ability of communication to promote territorial mediation. For local stakeholders mobility is a matter of life and at the crossroads of their daily economic and social life, mobility is an issue with multiple challenges: impact on global warming, rights to mobility, economy development, jobs accessibility, town planning and environment, road safety and public health. The need for mobility can be addressed or even satisfied by several ways, either by responding to the need for mobility, or by providing a response to the mode of mobility. Thus, the transportation sector needs using information technology. These information technologies are studied through numerous ways on mobility and non-mobility, particularly focusing on how reducing physical displacements made necessary and call for the control of greenhouse gas emissions. Information technologies by hybridizing territories, as described within Territorial Intelligence assumptions, can be tools for a comprehensive and sustainable management of territorial displacements. ; La mobilité, en particulier la mobilité urbaine est aujourd'hui un thème d'une grande actualité politique et scientifique, qui soulève des questions et engage des démarches qui vont bien au-delà des problématiques habituelles des transports (Bonnet, Desjeux, 2000, p.201). Au centre de la vie quotidienne, économique et/ou sociale des acteurs locaux, la mobilité est un problème aux multiples enjeux : impact sur le réchauffement climatique, droit à la mobilité, économie, urbanisme et cadre de vie, équilibre entre ville et campagne, sécurité routière et santé publique. Le besoin de mobilité peut être traité, voire satisfait, de plusieurs façons, soit en apportant une réponse au besoin de déplacement soit en apportant une réponse au mode de mobilité. La question de la mobilité est un des enjeux majeurs pour l'accès aux emplois comme aux services dans les territoires et lorsque celle-ci se heurte au manque de transports collectifs, publics et privés, ce manque entraîne l'isolement voire l'exclusion, surtout pour les populations les plus fragiles avec pour corollaire la saturation des infrastructures routières par le recours à l'utilisation intensive des véhicules individuels dans les zones péri-urbaines. Ainsi, le secteur des transports a besoin d'utiliser les technologies de l'information. Ces technologies de l'information (TI) sont au centre de nombreuses réflexions sur la mobilité et la non mobilité, en particulier dans le cadre de la réduction des déplacements physiques rendus nécessaire par la maitrise des émissions de gaz à effet de serre. Les technologies de l'information en hybridant les territoires, peuvent être des outils d'une gestion globale et durable des déplacements territoriaux. Dans cette recherche, nous avons mis l'accent sur le croisement de l'« Intelligence Territoriale et mobilité durable » avec une orientation sur le déplacement partagé, biens et personnes, facteur de communication sociale, et de développement d'équilibre territorial en menant en parallèle une double étude entre l'Afrique de l'Est (la CAE) et l'Euro Méditerranée (PACA et Corse), pour en tirer des enseignements. Bertacchini, Girardot, et Grammacia (2006), présentent l'intelligence territoriale (IT) comme étant une théorie, posture, et démarche ascendante d'intelligence collective fondée sur une approche citoyenne de la valorisation territoriale. Nous avons insisté sur la nécessité de fonder l'action sur une analyse fine des besoins des habitants en matière de déplacement et comment inventer de nouvelles modalités d'organisation des services par le développement des stratégies de communications qui s'inspirent de l'intelligence territoriale (IT), la cohésion sociale, la convivialité, l'équité, les hypothèses de l'IT et la capacité de la communication à promouvoir la médiation territoriale

65 páginas. ; La problemática pensional que afronta el personal civil y no uniformado que se desempeña al interior de las fuerzas militares y de la policía nacional de Colombia, es paradójico teniendo en cuenta que este personal es parte vital de la misión de la Fuerza Pública, en el apoyo y asesoría de los temas de seguridad ciudadana y defensa nacional a lo largo del país. Luego de terminarse el régimen de excepción pensional regido por el Decreto 1214 de 1990, que permitía que los funcionarios se pensionaran con veinte años de servicio y con factores que reemplazaban totalmente la asignación mensual que venían devengado en actividad, se pasa ahora a las condiciones del sistema general de pensiones que plasma la Ley 100 de 1993 y que deberán afrontar los servidores públicos que ingresaron al Sector Defensa con posterioridad al 1 de abril de 1994, fecha en la cual empieza a regir dicha Ley. En el caso de no implementarse las acciones necesarias por parte del Ministerio de Defensa Nacional de Colombia o no suscitarse una reforma pensional que corrija los yerros establecidos en la normatividad actual, se empezara a contar un elevado número de demandas contra la nación en Estrados Judiciales, lo anterior según informe de litigiosidad del año 2016 del Ministerio de Defensa Nacional por parte del Grupo Contencioso Constitucional, las demandas por nulidad y restablecimiento del derecho son incoadas por cotizaciones al sistema general de seguridad social integral (SGSSI) al no cotizarse al sistema con el valor total devengado por cada funcionario, novedad que se puede constatar con cualquier extracto de fondo de pensiones; por otro lado se somete a los trabajadores del país a cotizar por más de cuarenta y cuatro años, y al momento de solicitar pensión de vejez, al parecer se encontraran con una mesada pensional que correspondería a menos de la tercera parte de lo que reciben actualmente como salario. ; Excepcionalidad pensional del personal civil y no uniformado de las Fuerzas Militares y la Policía Nacional de Colombia 5 Resumen 5 Abstrac 6 Palabras Clave: 6 Key Words: 6 Introducción 7 Problema de Investigación 9 Hipótesis 10 Objetivo General 11 Objetivos específicos 11 Metodología 12 CAPÍTULO PRIMERO 13 Origen del personal civil y no uniformado en los ejércitos 13 Clasificación actual del personal civil y no uniformado 15 Criterio normativo 18 Criterio jurisprudencial que determinó que el personal civil y no uniformado, no es fuerza pública. 21 Integrantes o apoyo a la Fuerza Publica 28 CAPITULO SEGUNDO 33 Problemática pensional 33 Una pensión de sobrevivientes que nos invita a reaccionar 35 CAPÍTULO TERCERO 39 Sistema pensional excepcional 39 Pensión de vejez de alto riesgo 44 Ingreso base cotización 50 Mínimo vital 53 Conclusiones 58 Referencias 60 ; The problem of pensions faced by civilian and non-uniformed personnel within the Colombian military and police forces is paradoxical since these personnel are a vital part of the Public Force's mission in providing support and advice of issues of citizen security and national defense throughout the country. After the termination of the pension exemption regime governed by decree 1214 of 1990, which allowed officials to retire with twenty years of service and with factors that completely replaced the monthly allowance that had been accrued in activity, it is passed to the conditions of the system general pension that forms the law 100 of 1993 and that must face the public servants who entered the Defense Sector after April 1, 1994, the date on which that Law begins to govern. Should the necessary actions not be implemented by the Ministry of National Defense of Colombia or not to raise a pension reform that corrects the mistakes established in current regulations, a high number of lawsuits against the nation will begin to count in judicial courts, According to the litigation report of the Ministry of National Defense of 2016 by the Constitutional Litigation Group, the claims for nullity and reinstatement of the right are initiated by contributions to the general social security system (SGSSI), as it is not quoted to the system with the total value accrued by each official, a novelty that can be verified with any extract of pension fund; on the other hand, the workers of the country are subject to contributions for more than forty-four years, and at the time of applying for old age pension, they appear to have a pension allowance corresponding to less than a third of what they currently receive as wages.

In the 1970's Turkey was polarized right and left and had experienced intense chaos, instability, anarchism and economic crises in the political and social arena, and the country came to the brink of civil war. The two general election results had been condemned to the coalition governments, and the coalition unions had not been able to yield any results. Moreover, the uncompromising attitudes of politicians struck this turmoil. In political life, there was a multi-part structure consisting of CHP, AP, MSP, MHP, CGP, DP and independents. This structure was a fragile structure in which even a single deputy could encourage multi-party negotiations and divisions, also small parties could be subject to negotiations on behalf of government. The establishment of seven short-lived governments between 1973 elections and 12 September Military Coup is another indication of political instability. In such a troubled period, the intelligentsia of the country proposed the CHP-AP coalition and thought that this would be the only solution; But this partnership could not be realized as it is hoped. The reasons such as the low level of socio-economic development of the society, the polarization of the political parties, the whole violence in the society, the arrival of the partisanship and the staffing to the extreme, the stubbornness despite the stimulation of the politics, the uncompromising attitudes and insensitivity made the option of making a new start. As a result, the developments experienced after the elections in 1973 and especially in 1977 made it clear that democratic remedies were exhausted, a civilized development of "co-operative culture" had not yet developed, the political and democratic culture had not yet matured and democratic life might be better with a single contemporary and secular party. The 70s, in which two general elections held in this period did not stabilize the country, remained in memories as a period of depression, an undemocratic era in which the democratic order brought separation to the country. In the study, diversity of resource type and versatility were taken as basis and an interdisciplinary study was conducted by acting in cooperation with other social sciences. In addition to written documents, visual and verbal sources were also utilized and talks were held with people living in the period within oral history. In the introductory part of the work, the definition of the subject, the method of the research, the researches about the subject, the conceptual substructure and the development of the selection case in Turkey are emphasized. The first part deals with the process leading to the March 12, 1973 elections in the second, 1975 elections in the third, 1977 elections in the fourth, 1979 and 1980 elections in the fifth. ; 1970'li yıllar, Türkiye'nin sağ ve sol şeklinde kutuplaştığı, siyasal ve sosyal alanda yoğun bir kaosun, istikrarsızlığın, anarşinin ve ekonomik krizlerin yaşandığı, ülkenin iç savaşın eşiğine geldiği bir dönemdir. Yapılan iki genel seçim sonucu ülke koalisyon hükümetlerine mahkûm olmuş, koalisyon birlikteliklerinden de verim alınamamıştır. Ayrıca siyasetçilerin uzlaşmaz tavırları bu döneme damgasını vurmuş; siyasal hayatta CHP, AP, MSP, MHP, CGP, DP ve bağımsızlardan oluşan çok parçalı bir yapı söz konusu olmuştur. Bu yapı; çok partili, bölünmeleri ve küçük partileri teşvik eden, kırılgan, tek bir milletvekilinin bile hükümet kurabilme adına pazarlıklara konu olabildiği bir yapıdır. 1973 seçimleri ile 12 Eylül Askeri Darbesi arasında yedi hükümet kurulması ve bunların da kısa ömürlü olması, bahse konu siyasal istikrarsızlığın bir başka göstergesidir. Türkiye için buhran yıllarının hüküm sürdüğü böylesi sıkıntılı bir dönemde, ülkenin aydın kesimi CHP-AP koalisyonunu önermiş ve bunun tek çözüm olacağını düşünmüş; ancak umut görülen olarak bu ortaklık bir türlü gerçekleşememiştir. Toplumun sosyoekonomik gelişmişlik düzeyinin düşüklüğü, siyasi partiler arasındaki kutuplaşmanın topluma da bütün şiddetiyle sirayet etmesi, partizanlığın ve kadrolaşmanın had safhaya varması, siyasilerin uyarılmalarına rağmen inatlaşmaları, uzlaşmaz tavırları, ciddiyetsizlikleri ve duyarsızlıkları, toplumda köklü bir bozulmanın yaşanması gibi nedenler, yeni ve taze bir başlangıç yapılması seçeneğini gündeme getirmiştir. Sonuç olarak 1973 ve özellikle 1977 seçimleri sonrasında yaşanan gelişmeler, demokraside çarelerin tükendiğini, medeni bir gelişme olan "birlikte iş görme kültürü"nün henüz gelişmediğini, siyasi ve demokratik kültürün hala olgunlaşmadığını, çağdaş ve laik tek bir partiyle demokratik yaşamın sanki daha iyi olabileceğini düşündürmüştür. Bu dönemde yapılan seçimlerin ülkeye istikrar getirmediği 70'li yıllar, demokratik düzenin ülkeye ayrılık getirdiği, hatırlanmak istenmeyen bir buhran dönemi olarak hafızalarda kalmıştır. Çalışmada kaynak türü çeşitliliği ve çok yönlülük esas alınmış, diğer sosyal bilimlerle iş birliği içinde hareket edilerek disiplinler arası bir çalışma ortaya konmuştur. Yazılı belgelerin yanı sıra görsel ve sözlü kaynaklardan da istifade edilmiş, sözlü tarih kapsamında dönemi yaşayan kişilerle görüşmeler yapılmıştır. Çalışmanın giriş bölümünde, konunun tanımı, araştırmanın yöntemi, konu ile ilgili araştırmalar, kavramsal alt yapı ve Türkiye'deki seçim olgusunun gelişimi üzerinde durulmuştur. Birinci bölümde 12 Mart Muhtırasına giden süreç, ikinci bölümde 1973 seçimleri, üçüncü bölümde 1975 seçimleri, dördüncü bölümde 1977 seçimleri, beşinci bölümde 1979 ve 1980 seçimleri ele alınmıştır.

The Tucuman Parrot (Amazona tucumana), which is restricted to Southern Yungas forest of Argentina and Bolivia, has not recovered from severe population declines in the 1980s. We assessed habitat conservation targets for this species and asked, "What constitutes the right target?" For species with small ranges, maximizing the proportion of the range under protection is an established strategy to safeguard against threats. However, designating an amount for protection based on range alone (i.e. a 'representation target') may set a misguided conservation target if critical resources are not considered. We used an ensemble model ('biomod2') to map suitable breeding and nonbreeding habitat of the Tucuman Parrot based on environmental variables and key resources (breeding) or the species' occurrence (nonbreeding). Pino blanco (Podocarpus parlatorei) seeds are critical food for Tucuman Parrot nestlings, so we modeled the distribution of this tree as a proxy for potential breeding habitat. We then examined the adequacy of current habitat protection relative to representation targets and in light of known threats, including forest degradation and loss, and poaching. Overall, 17% of the 110,122 km2 Southern Yungas is protected, which is close to the proportion recommended (the target; 22%), based on the ecoregion's size, for inclusion in a conservation network. Similarly, 26% of the 46,263 km2 of nonbreeding habitat is protected, also relatively successful at 71% of the target (36%). However, of the scant ~21,000 km2 of breeding habitat, only 15% is protected, much less than the representation target (49%) recommended for maximizing the probability of population persistence. Poaching of nestlings further undermines the value of some nesting habitat in Bolivia. For Tucuman Parrots, increased enforcement of protection in Bolivia and protection of additional nesting habitat in Argentina are the most efficient ways to enhance persistence. Our results illustrate how habitat conservation targets based on area alone may be inadequate if important biological information is overlooked. ; El Amazona tucumana es una especie restringida a las Yungas australes de Argentina y Bolivia que no se ha recuperado de la severa declinación de sus poblaciones durante la década de los 80s. Evaluamos los objetivos de conservación del hábitat del Amazona tucumana y nos preguntamos, ¿cual constituye el objetivo adecuado? Maximizar la proporción del área bajo protección de especies con rangos pequeños es una estrategia común para resguardarlas de eventos estocásticos y de otras amenazas. Sin embargo, basar la designación de la cantidad de área a proteger sólo en su rango (es decir, en un objetivo de representación) puede ser un objetivo de conservación erróneo si no se consideran los recursos críticos para la especie. En este trabajo utilizamos un modelo conjunto ('biomod2') para mapear el hábitat reproductivo y no reproductivo adecuado para el Amazona tucumana basado en variables ambientales y recursos clave (durante la época reproductiva) o en la ocurrencia de la especie (en la época no reproductiva). Las semillas de Podocarpus parlatorei constituyen un alimento crítico para los pichones de Amazona tucumana, por lo que modelamos la distribución de esta especie de árbol como una representación del hábitat reproductivo potencial. Luego examinamos si es adecuada la protección actual de su hábitat en relación a objetivos de representación y a la luz de las amenazas conocidas, incluyendo la degradación y pérdida de bosque y la extracción de pichones. En total, el 17% de los 110,122 km2 de Yungas australes están protegidos, lo cual está cerca de la proporción recomendada (22%) para ser incluido en un sistema de áreas de conservación, basado en el tamaño de la ecorregión. De igual manera, el 26% de los 46,263 km2 de hábitat no reproductivo está protegido, siendo relativamente exitoso al alcanzar el 71% del objetivo de conservación (36%). Sin embargo, de los escasos ~21,000 km2 de hábitat reproductivo, solamente el 15% está protegido, mucho menos que el objetivo de representación (49%) recomendable para una probabilidad máxima de persistencia de la población. La extracción de pichones además, disminuye el valor de algunos hábitats de nidificación de la especie en Bolivia. Para el Amazona tucumana, un mayor cumplimiento de su protección en Bolivia y la protección de hábitat de nidificación adicional en Argentina sería la forma más eficiente de mejorar sus posibilidades de persistencia. Nuestros resultados muestran como los objetivos de conservación de hábitat basados solamente en área pueden ser inadecuados si la información biológica importante es soslayada. ; Fil: Pidgeon, Anna Michle. University of Wisconsin; Estados Unidos ; Fil: Rivera, Luis Osvaldo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Jujuy. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias; Argentina ; Fil: Martinuzzi, Sebastián. University of Wisconsin; Estados Unidos ; Fil: Politi, Natalia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Jujuy. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias; Argentina ; Fil: Bateman, Brooke. University of Wisconsin; Estados Unidos

The analysis of the consequences of the diversification of the Transport Sector energy mix is the main focus of this thesis. As a sector highly powered by fossil fuels, the promotion of alternative energy sources such as electricity and renewable fuels has to be pursued to reduce the use of oil, and consequently cut greenhouse gases emissions. However, currently, the alternative sources are faced with several challenges. To address some of these challenges, this thesis performs four analyses organized into three main parts. In the first one, the interactions between both conventional and alternative transports' energy sources, economic growth and carbon dioxide emissions have been examined. Two essays have been carried out in the first part, to achieve these objectives. The recent methods of Panel-Vector Autoregressive and the Autoregressive Distributed lag models have been applied. The main findings suggest that the electricity use in the transport sector only contributes to reducing GHG emissions if this electricity is coming from renewable sources. At the same time, the alternative energy sources could compromise the economic growth highlighting that their cost-effectiveness must be enlarged. With adequate policy supporting, the penetration of the electricity in transport sector could have a great potential in, for instance, storing renewable electricity, improving renewable electricity utilisation. For that, the deployment of electricity on the road transportation is required. These evidences have definitively motivated the second and third main parts of this thesis. They are focused on the main challenges that the electric mobility on road transportation is faced: the penetration of electric vehicles in the automotive market and the impact of these vehicles on the electricity system management and renewables integration. Thus, the second part of this thesis aims to analyse the driving factors of electric vehicles adoption. This analysis goes further by distinguishing the adoption drivers of 100% electric vehicles, also known as battery electric vehicles, and plug-in electric vehicles. The factors analysed include: political, social, economic, environmental, and technical. A Panel-Corrected Standard Errors (PCSE) estimator is used for European Union countries and the robustness of the results has been confirmed by employing a Seemingly Unrelated Regression (SUR) method. Actually, the main challenge for both 100% electric vehicles and plug-in electric vehicles adoption is the technological progress of the batteries. Furthermore, this analysis highlights that the policymaking should be focused on each type of vehicle technology instead of electric vehicles as a whole. In line with the findings of the first part of this thesis, countries with high endogenous potential should promote more 100% electric vehicles than plug-in electric vehicles to take advantage of the renewable electricity. While countries with low renewable potential should promote more plug-in electric vehicles. The policies supporting electric mobility have been effective in the 100% electric vehicles market share enlargement, but not for plug-in electric vehicles. With an appropriated policy support and technological development, the 100% electric vehicles could contribute to increasing the efficiency of the electricity system and renewables integration. These evidences constitute the main motivation for the third part of this thesis. Therefore, the main objective of the third part is to analyse the drivers of both peak electricity demand and renewables integration, providing special attention to the role played by battery electric vehicles to this equilibrium. Both Panel-Corrected Standard Errors and Driscoll-Kraay estimators have been applied for European Union countries. Different models' specifications have been used to confirm the robustness of the results found. This part highlights that the deployment of the 100% electric vehicles has led to a decrease of the peak electricity demand, which is indeed a desirable effect. Still, it should deserve further attention since the deployment of the large amounts of battery electric vehicles could modify this effect. At the same time, the 100% electric vehicles have not contributed to renewables integration. The policies focused on demand side management have been effective in integrating renewables in contrast to their lack of success in reducing peak electricity demand. The policymakers should design demand side management efficient policies to reduce the peak load demand. The promotion of Demand Response measures, such as differentiated electricity tariffs in peak periods and out-off peak periods could be an efficient way to achieve it. ; A presente tese foca-se em analisar as consequências da diversificação do mix de energia no sector dos transportes. Este sector é intensivo no consumo de combustíveis fósseis e consequentemente, é responsável por elevados níveis de emissões de gases com efeito de estufa. De forma a mitigar o seu impacto ambiental, o uso de fontes de energia alternativas, tais como eletricidade e combustíveis renováveis deve ser incentivado. Contudo, existem inúmeros desafios associados à utilização destas fontes. Com o intuito de abordar alguns dos desafios enfrentados, a presente tese realiza quatro ensaios, organizados em três partes. Na parte inicial, são estudadas as interações entre o consumo de fontes de energia convencionais e alternativas no sector dos transportes, bem como a sua relação com o crescimento económico e com as emissões de dióxido de carbono. De forma a analisar essas interações, foram realizados dois ensaios. Neles, foram aplicadas duas metodologias recentes de análise de dados em painel: Vetor Autorregressivo em Painel (Panel Vector Autoregressive - PVAR) e o Modelo Autorregressivo com Desfasamento Distribuído (Autoregressive Distributed Lag - ARDL). Os principais resultados sugerem que o consumo de eletricidade no setor dos transportes será benéfico para o ambiente, se essa eletricidade for gerada a partir de fontes de energia renováveis. Enquanto isso, as fontes alternativas poderão estar a comprometer o crescimento económico, enfatizando que o custo-benefício dessas fontes deve ser melhorado. A introdução de eletricidade no mix energético do setor dos transportes poderá ter um grande potencial em, por exemplo, possibilitar o armazenamento de eletricidade renovável aumentando assim a sua utilização. Para isso, as políticas devem promover o carregamento dos veículos quando existe excesso de geração de eletricidade renovável. Para que seja possível capturar esses benefícios, é necessária a implementação de eletricidade no transporte rodoviário. Definitivamente, estas evidências motivaram a segunda e terceira parte desta tese. As mesmas incidem nos principais desafios que a mobilidade elétrica rodoviária enfrenta: a penetração de veículos elétricos no mercado automóvel e o impacto dos veículos elétricos, quer na gestão do sistema elétrico quer na integração de energias renováveis. Assim, a segunda parte pretende analisar os fatores que suportam a adoção de veículos elétricos, abordando o seu papel individualmente tanto nos veículos 100% elétricos como nos híbridos plug-in. Fatores políticos, sociais, económicos, ambientais e técnicos foram incluídos e analisados. A Regressão Linear com Erros Padrão Corrigidos para Painel (Panel Corrected Standard Errors - PCSE) foi aplicada para analisar países da União Europeia e a robustez dos resultados foi comprovada mediante a aplicação de modelos de Regressão Aparentemente não Relacionada (Seemingly Unrelated Regression - SUR). A análise mostrou que o progresso tecnológico das baterias tem se revelado como um dos principais desafios para a implementação dos veículos 100% elétricos e dos híbridos plug-in. Além disso, este ensaio realça que as políticas devem ser focadas em cada tipo de veículo individualmente em vez de concentradas na mobilidade elétrica como um todo. Tendo em conta os resultados obtidos na primeira parte desta tese, países com elevado potencial em energias renováveis devem promover mais os veículos 100% elétricos do que os veículos híbridos plug-in, de forma a conseguir tirar maior vantagem da utilização intensiva de eletricidade renovável. Pelo contrário, países com baixo potencial em renováveis devem promover mais a utilização de híbridos plug-in. Poderão os veículos 100% elétricos contribuir para o aumento da eficiência do sistema elétrico e para a integração de renováveis? Esta curiosidade constitui-se como a essencial motivação para a terceira parte. O seu principal objetivo é analisar os impulsionadores do pico de consumo de eletricidade e de integração de renováveis, dando especial foco ao papel que os veículos 100% elétricos desempenham nesse equilíbrio. A Regressão Linear com Erros Padrão Corrigidos para Painel (Panel Corrected Standard Errors - PCSE) e a Regressão com Erros Padrão de Driscoll-Kraay (Regression with Driscoll-Kraay standard errors) foram os modelos aplicados para analisar países da União Europeia. Foram testadas diferentes especificações nos modelos, confirmando assim a robustez dos resultados. Esta parte salienta que o aumento da quota de mercado de veículos elétricos gera um decréscimo do pico de consumo de eletricidade, o que é, na verdade, um efeito desejável num sistema electroprodutor. Este efeito deve, no entanto, merecer atenção dos decisores de políticas, uma vez que, a implementação de um elevado número de veículos 100% elétricos, poderá alterar este efeito colocando picos de consumo em outros períodos. Importa salientar também que os resultados sugerem que as políticas aplicadas para a gestão ativa da procura (Demand Side Management - DSM) de eletricidade têm sido efetivas na integração de renováveis, mas não têm contribuído para reduzir o pico de consumo. Os decisores de políticas devem delinear políticas de DSM eficientes, promovendo, por exemplo, medidas de resposta da procura, tais como tarifas de eletricidade com preços diferenciados entre períodos de pico e períodos fora de pico.

Topical focus of modern historiography is the analysis of Old Believers culture, conditions of preservation and transferring to the next generations of ethnic and religious identity. The fundamental component of Old Believers culture is the religious daily life. Places of worship of Old Believers played an important role in the confessional culture of the old faith representatives. The analysis of the policy of the tsarist government and the Orthodox clergy concerning religious buildings of the Old Believers of the Kharkiv province in the XIX century and the role of their chapels in religious everyday life was made.The article examines the issues of the struggle of the tsarist authorities and the official church with the Old Believers places of worship in the XIX century on the example of the Kharkiv province. The process of closing the houses of worship, the restriction of the Old Believers in the free practice of religious rituals, was analyzed. Such prohibitions should lead to a gradual transition of representatives of Old faith into the official Orthodoxy.On the basis of an analysis of archival sources introduced into scientific research, the author has examined the opposition of the Old Believers to repression by the authorities, attempts to protect religious buildings and the right to freely practice the rituals, to preserve the traditions of the Old Believers.In conclusion, the author focuses on the fact that the religious buildings played an important role in the religious daily life of the Old Believers as a place of spiritual consolidation, spiritual development and the educational center of youth. Collective rituals (prayers, sacraments) were the defining element of preserving the confessional identity and relaying it to the next generations. The struggle against the places of worship of the Old Believers was a fundamental element of the repressive policy of the tsarist regime against representatives of this this confession. Closure and gradual destruction of the prayer houses of the Old Believers had to accelerate the transition of the supporters of the old faith into the bosom of the dominant Church.However, the repression and persecution rallied the Old Believers, who sought various ways of preserving the faith of the fathers, the performance of religious rites in their own chapels. ; Актуальным направлением современной историографии является изучение культуры старообрядцев, условий сохранения и ретрансляции этноконфессиональной идентичности, оснополагающим элементом которой выступает религиозная повседневность. Культовые сооружения старообрядцев играли важную роль в конфессиональной культуре представителей старой веры. Целью данной работы является исследование политики царского правительства и православного духовенства в области культовых сооружений старообрядцев в Харьковской губернии в XIX в., а также роли старообрядческих часовен в религиозной повседневности представителей исследуемой общины.В статье рассмотрены вопросы борьбы царской власти и официальной церкви с культовыми сооружениями старообрядцев в XIX столетии на примере Харьковской губернии. Проанализирован процесс закрытия молитвенных домов, ограничения старообрядцев в свободном отправлении религиозных обрядов, что должно было привести к постепенному переходу представителей данной конфессии в официальное православие. На основе анализа введенных в научный оборот архивных источников исследовано противостояние старообрядцев репрессиям со стороны властей, попытки защитить культовые сооружения и право свободно отправ- лять обряды, сохраняя традиции старообрядчества.В заключении автор акцентирует внимание на том, что культовые сооружения играли важную роль в религиозной повседневности старообрядцев как место духовной консолидации, духовного развития и воспитания молодежи. Коллективные отправления обрядов (молитвы, таинства) были определяющим элементом сохранения конфессиональной идентичности и ретрансляции ее следующим поколениям. Борьба с культовыми сооружениями старообрядцев была основополагающим элементом репрессивной политики царизма против представителей данной конфессии. Закрытие и постепенное уничтожение молитвенных домов старообрядцев- беспоповцев должно было, по мнению представителей гражданской власти и официального православия, ускорить переход сторонников «раскола» в лоно господствующей церкви. Однако репрессии и гонения сплачивали старообрядцев, искавших различные пути сохранения веры отцов, отправления религиозных обрядов в собственных молельнях. ; Актуальним напрямом сучасної історіографії є дослідження культури старообрядців, умов збереження та ретрансляції етноконфесійної ідентичності, провідною складовою якої виступає релігійне повсякдення. Культові споруди старообрядців відігравали важливу роль в етноконфесійній культурі прибічників старої віри. Аналіз політики царського уряду та православного духівництва щодо культових споруд старообрядців в Харківській губернії в ХІХ ст., а також ролі старообрядницьких каплиць в релігійному повсякденні представників досліджуваної общини є метою даної роботи.У статті розглянуті питання боротьби царської влади та офіційної церкви з культовими спорудами старообрядців в ХІХ столітті на прикладі Харківської губернії. Проаналізовано процес закриття молитовних будинків, обмеження старообрядців вільно відправляти релігійні обряди, що мало б призвести до поступового переходу представників даної конфесії до офіційного православ'я. На основі аналізу залучених до наукового обігу архівних джерел автор дослідив протистояння старообрядців репресіям із боку влади, намагання захистити культові споруди, право вільно відправляти обряди та зберегти традиції старообрядництва.У висновках автор акцентує увагу на тому, що культові споруди відігравали важливу роль у релігійному повсякденні старообрядців як місце духовної консолідації, духовного розвитку та виховного центру молоді. Колективні відправлення обрядів (молитви, таїнства) були визначальним елементом збереження конфесійної ідентичності та ретрансляції її наступним поколінням. Боротьба із культовими спорудами старообрядців була провідною складовою репресивної політики царату проти представників даної конфесії. Закриття та поступове знищення молитовних будинків старообрядців-безпоповців мало, на думку представників цивільної влади та офіційного православ'я, прискорити перехід прибічників «розколу» в лоно панівної церкви. Проте репресії та гоніння згуртовували старообрядців, які шукали різноманітні шляхи зберегти віру батьків, відправляти релігійні обряди у власних молитовнях.