Suchergebnisse

[EN] Objective: To determine differences between men and women in hazardous drinking, heavy cannabis use and hypnosedative use according to educational level and employment status in the economically active population in Spain. Method: Cross-sectional study with data from 2013 Spanish Household Survey on Alcohol and Drugs on individuals aged 25-64 [n=14,113 (women=6,171; men=7,942)]. Dependent variables were hazardous drinking, heavy cannabis use and hypnosedative consumption; the main independent variables were educational level and employment situation. Associations between dependent and independent variables were calculated with Poisson regression models with robust variance. All analyses were stratified by sex. Results: Hazardous drinking and heavy cannabis use were higher in men, while women consumed more hypnosedatives. The lower the educational level, the greater the gender differences in the prevalence of this substances owing to different consumption patterns in men and women. While men with a lower educational level were higher hazardous drinkers [RII=2.57 (95%CI: 1.75-3.78)] and heavy cannabis users [RII=3.03 (95%CI: 1.88-4.89)] compared to higher educational level, in women the prevalence was the same. Women with a lower education level and men with a higher education level had higher hypnosedative consumption. Unemployment was associated with increased heavy cannabis use and hypnosedative use in both women and men and with lower hazardous drinking only in women. Conclusions: There are differences between men and women in the use of psychoactive substances that can be explained by the unequal distribution of substance use in them according to educational level. Unemployment was associated with substance use in both men and women. [ES] Objetivo: Determinar las diferencias entre hombres y mujeres en cuanto a consumo de riesgo de alcohol, de cánnabis y en el consumo de hipnosedantes según el nivel educativo y la situación laboral en la población activa española. Métodos: Estudio transversal con datos de la Encuesta Domiciliaria sobre Alcohol y Drogas en España (2013) de personas de 25-64 años de edad (n = 14.113 [mujeres = 6.171; hombres = 7.942]). Las variables dependientes fueron consumo de riesgo de alcohol, consumo de cánnabis y consumo de hipnosedantes; las principales independientes fueron el nivel de estudios y la situación laboral. Para estimar la asociación entre variables dependientes e independientes se calcularon modelos de regresión de Poisson con varianza robusta. Todos los análisis se estratificaron por sexo. Resultados: Los hombres tenían mayor consumo de riesgo de alcohol y cánnabis, mientras que las mujeres consumían más hipnosedantes. A menor nivel de estudios, mayores diferencias de sexo en el consumo de estas sustancias. Esto fue debido al patrón distinto de mujeres y hombres. Mientras los hombres con un menor nivel de estudios tenían mayor consumo de riesgo de alcohol (RII = 2,57; IC95%: 1,75-3,78) y cánnabis (RII = 3,03; IC95%: 1,88-4,89), en comparación con los de un mayor nivel de estudios, la prevalencia en las mujeres era la misma. Las mujeres con menor nivel de estudios y los hombres con mayor nivel de estudios consumían más hipnosedantes. La desocupación se asociaba a un mayor consumo de riesgo de cánnabis y de hipnosedantes tanto en las mujeres como en los hombres, y a un menor consumo de riesgo de alcohol solo en las mujeres. Conclusiones: Existen diferencias entre los hombres y las mujeres en el consumo de sustancias psicoactivas. Estas diferencias pueden explicarse por la desigual distribución del consumo de sustancias en ambos sexos según el nivel de estudios. La desocupación se asociaba al consumo de sustancias tanto en los hombres como en las mujeres. ; This research was supported by the Health Strategic Action grant (grant number PI13/00183), Spanish Network on Addictive Disorders (grant numbers RD12/0028/0018 and RD16/0017/0013), and had also the financial support of the Master of Public Health from the Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain. The 2013 Spanish Household Survey on Alcohol and Drugs (EDADES) was funded by the Government Delegation for the National Plan on Drugs. Ministry of Health and Social Policy. ; Sí

Tax policy in the 21st century faces three key challenges: mitigating inequality, the possibility of high levels of global warming through the unregulated release of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere and a lack of investment in infrastructure. Global warming and underfinanced infrastructure are a consequence of mismanaged common goods. This thesis argues that policies regulating the use and the supply of these common goods can also have beneficial effects on the distribution of wealth and income. For that purpose I analyze the distributional effects of different policy designs which regulate the use and supply of common goods. The thesis consists of two parts each corresponding to one common good: In the first part, I study policies that manage the common good of the atmosphere in its function as a carbon sink and their distributional impacts. Such climate policies can affect poor households disproportionally since they spend a higher share of their income on carbon-intensive subsistence goods. The overarching research question in Part I is: how can climate policies be designed such that they are distributionally neutral or progressive? In this context I also discuss the following, more general question: to what extent can interactions between public and climate policies enhance welfare? Part II of this thesis focuses on infrastructure in a broad sense including transport and energy infrastructure as well as investment in the education sector. Infrastructure is of major importance for an economy's growth trajectory, but also underfinanced in large parts of the world. I therefore analyze the equity and efficiency impacts of different financing mechanisms for public investment in infrastructure. The main research question is: how can public investment in infrastructure be financed to be distribution-neutral or even inequality-reducing? I further use a model in which wealth is disaggregated into physical capital and land, and in which households differ in the strength of their savings motive, to answer the following question: which combination of wealth-based taxes can reduce inequality without harming efficiency? This thesis analyzes different design options for policies that regulate common goods in terms of their equity and efficiency implications. The main finding of this thesis is that, when equity considerations are included in the assessment of policies which regulate common goods, these policies can be designed to be distribution-neutral or even progressive. It thus provides additional reasons for implementing stricter common good policies, such as a higher carbon price and increased public investment in infrastructure. It further argues that accounting for interactions between public and climate policies is needed for a sound appraisal of second-best policies. Finally, this thesis demonstrates that wealth inequality can be reduced without harming economic output. ; Drei der wichtigsten politischen Herausforderungen für Finanzpolitik im 21. Jahrhundert sind: die Reduzierung von Ungleichheit, globale Erwärmung durch den unkontrollierten Ausstoß von Treibhausgasen in die Atmosphäre und ein Mangel an Investitionen in Infrastruktur. Eine zu hohe Konzentration von Treibhausgasen in der Atmosphäre sowie unterfinanzierte Infrastruktur sind eine Folge schlecht verwalteter Allmendegüter. Die vorliegende Dissertation vergleicht verschiedene Politikentwürfe zur Regulierung der Nutzung und Bereitstellung von Allmendegütern und deren Wechselwirkungen mit Ungleichheit. Es wird gezeigt, dass Politikinstrumente zur Regulierung von Allmendegütern so gestaltet werden können, dass sie gleichzeitig die Ungleichheit verringern. Die Dissertation besteht aus zwei Teilen die jeweils einem Allmendegut entsprechen. In Teil I untersuche ich die Verteilungswirkungen von Politikinstrumenten zur Regulierung der Nutzung der Atmosphäre als Senke für CO2 Emissionen. Klimapolitik kann arme Haushalte stärker treffen als reiche Haushalte, da erstere einen höheren Anteil ihres Einkommens für CO2-intensive Güter ausgeben. Die Forschungsfrage in Teil I ist daher: Wie kann Klimapolitik konzipiert werden, so dass sie verteilungsneutral oder progressiv wirkt? Außerdem diskutiere ich, inwieweit Wechselwirkungen zwischen Wirtschafts- und Umweltpolitik die Kosten von Umweltpolitik senken können. Teil II behandelt das Thema der öffentlichen Finanzierung von Infrastruktur. Öffentliche Transport-, Energie-, Kommunikations- und Bildungs-Strukturen sind äußerst relevant für das Wirtschaftswachstum. Allerdings liegen die jährlichen Investitionen in Infrastruktur deutlich unter dem optimalen Niveau. Der zweite Teil befasst sich daher mit folgender Forschungsfrage: Wie können öffentliche Investitionen so finanziert werden, dass die Ungleichheit verringert wird, oder zumindest unverändert bleibt? Darüber hinaus untersuche ich die Frage ob Steuern, die nur auf bestimmte Vermögenskomponenten erhoben werden (wie z.B. auf Landrenten oder Erbschaften), die Ungleichheit senken können, ohne der Wirtschaft zu schaden. Die vorliegende Dissertation zeigt auf, dass Politikinstrumente, die die Nutzung und Bereitstellung von Allmendegütern (wie der Atmosphäre und Infrastruktur) regulieren, so konzipiert werden können, dass sie Ungleichheit verringern oder unverändert lassen. Die Reduzierung von Ungleichheit kann deshalb eine zusätzliche Motivation darstellen für strengere Klimapolitik und gesteigerte Investitionen in Infrastruktur. Darüber hinaus wird gezeigt, dass Wechselwirkungen zwischen Wirtschafts- und Umweltpolitik die Kosten von Umweltpolitik deutlich verringern können, und dass Vermögensungleichheit reduziert werden kann, ohne dadurch die Wirtschaftsleistung einzuschränken.

Purpose of the studyTo determine factors associated with suppressed or unsuppressed HIV in adults receiving combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) in Zambia.MethodsThis was a cross‐sectional study conducted between August 2008 and October 2009 in 16 Zambian communities nested within the ZAMSTAR trial [1]. Adult TB cases identified at a TB clinic of each community and their adult household members were invited to participate in the study. A structured interview was used to obtain information on the participants' social, demographic and clinical characteristics. Socio‐economic position (SEP) was measured using household wealth indices used in demographic health surveys. Principal component analysis was used to determine the cut‐off for high (wealthy) and low (poor) SEP. Depression symptoms were measured using the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression scale (CES‐D). A cut‐off of≥22 on the CES‐D was used to define current depression [2]. Participants were included in this analysis if they were found to be receiving cART for>90 days at the time of the interview. The outcome was HIV suppression (viral load≤300 copies/ml). In both univariable and multivariable analyses, log Poisson regression models with robust standard errors adjusted for the 16 communities were used to calculate the risk ratios (RR), 95% confidence intervals (CI) and p‐values of factors associated with HIV suppression. In multivariable analysis, each variable was independently assessed for its association with HIV suppression while minimally adjusting for a priori confounders (age, gender and education level).Summary of resultsThere were 520 patients receiving cART for>90 days. The median age was 35 years (inter‐quartile range: 31–41) and 328/520 (63.1%) were married (Table).















HIV suppression
HIV suppression vs. no suppression



n=520
Yes
No
Unadjusted
Adjusted



N (column %)
N (row %)
N (row %)
RR (95% CI)
p‐value
RR (95% CI)
p‐value




Age group, years


16 to 25
47 (9.0)
39 (83.0)
8 (17.0)
1





26 to 35
220 (42.3)
183 (83.2)
37 (16.8)
1.00 (0.85–1.18)
0.976




36 to 45
187 (36.0)
162 (86.6)
25 (13.4)
1.04 (0.91–1.20)
0.541




Above 45
66 (12.7)
58 (87.9)
8 (12.1)
1.06 (0.90–1.25)
0.503




Gender


Men
204 (39.2)
169 (82.8)
35 (17.2)
1





Women
316 (60.8)
273 (86.4)
43 (13.6)
1.04 (0.97–1.12)
0.261




Education level


None/Primary
241 (46.3)
200 (83.0)
41 (17.0)
1





Secondary
279 (53.7)
242 (86.7)
37 (13.3)
1.05 (0.95–1.15)
0.358




Socio‐economic position (SEP)


Low
287 (55.2)
252 (87.8)
35 (12.2)
1

1



High
220 (42.3)
177 (80.5)
43 (19.5)
0.92 (0.86–0.98)
0.009
0.90 (0.84 – 0.96)
0.001


Missing
13 (2.5)
12 (92.3)
1 (7.7)






Type of cART


Tenofovir (TDF)+emtricitabine (FTC)+nevirapine (NVP)
61 (11.7)
48 (78.7)
13 (21.3)
1

1



TDF+FTC+efavirenz (EFV)
182 (35.0)
154 (84.6)
28 (15.4)
1.08 (0.95–1.22)
0.26
1.09 (0.96–1.25)
0.187


Stavudine (d4T)+lamivudine (3TC)+NVP
197 (37.9)
168 (85.3)
29 (14.7)
1.08 (0.97–1.21)
0.158
1.05 (0.94–1.18)
0.379


Zidovudine (ZDV)+3TC+EFV
78 (15.0)
70 (89.7)
8 (10.3)
1.14 (1.01–1.28)
0.027
1.11 (0.99–1.25)
0.071


Missing
2 (0.4)
2 (100.0)
0 (0.0)






History of tuberculosis


No
108 (20.8)
92 (85.2)
16 (14.8)
1

1



Yes
412 (79.2)
350 (85.0)
62 (15.0)
1.00 (0.89–1.11)
0.961
1.01 (0.91–1.13)
0.818


Current depression


No
416 (80.0)
355 (85.3)
61 (14.7)
1

1



Yes
77 (14.8)
63 (81.8)
14 (18.2)
0.96 (0.84–1.09)
0.523
0.96 (0.84–1.09)
0.493


Missing
27 (5.2)
24 (88.9)
3 (11.1)








Of the 520 patients, 442 (85.0%) had HIV suppression while 78 (15.0%) did not. At univariable analysis, having high SEP was negatively associated with HIV suppression while receiving ZDV+3TC+EFV was positively associated with HIV suppression. At multivariable analysis, patients with high SEP were less likely to have HIV suppression than those with low SEP.ConclusionsPatients with high SEP were found to be at risk of having unsuppressed HIV. There is need for targeted interventions that can improve HIV outcomes in this group of patients receiving cART in Zambia.

Anthropogenic climate change and the mitigation strategies aimed to attenuate it are both issues of great importance for human rights, public health, and socioeconomic equity. To understand these concerns and to better inform policy and strategic action it is critical to explore: 1) the disparities in the costs and benefits of climate shifts; 2) the abilities of different populations to adapt to these shifts; and 3) the social and health equity dimensions of the climate change mitigation strategies imposed. The health and equity implications associated with anthropogenic climate change mitigation are multi-scaled and range from the household level (i.e., in the case of household-level energy efficiency and fuel switching projects); to the regional and community levels (i.e., in the case of communities that benefit and are impacted by California's Global Warming Solutions Act, or AB 32); to the national and international levels where resource transfers from more developed nations to less developed nations are key to reaching climate mitigation goals.Critical to the generation of sound and equitable climate mitigation policy is the manner in which climate change mitigation efforts are measured, monitored and evaluated. In other words, methods and metrics determine what is seen and what is rendered invisible. These measurements act as a partial determinant of the observed outcomes and subsequently, the policy decisions that are guided and bolstered by their results. It is therefore crucial to unpack the methodologies and metrics used to measure and evaluate climate change mitigation strategies in order to understand and predict impacts and benefits, and to assess the equity dimensions of different mitigation measures.Chapter 2 focuses on the environmental health and equity dimensions of both anthropogenic climate change and the California Global Warming Solutions act of 2006 (AB 32) in California. I argue here that anthropogenic climate change is an issue of great importance for human rights, public health, and socioeconomic equity because of its diverse consequences overall as well as its disproportionate impact on vulnerable and socially marginalized populations. It is clear that that anthropogenic climate change will affect industrial and agricultural sectors, as well as transportation, health, and energy infrastructure and these shifts hold significant health and economic consequences for diverse communities throughout California. Without proactive policies to address these equity concerns, climate change will likely reinforce and amplify current as well as future socioeconomic disparities leaving low-income, minority, and politically marginalized groups with fewer economic opportunities and more environmental and health burdens. Chapter 3 explores the rapidly expanding scientific literature that describes black carbon (BC) emissions and their climatic and human health effects. In addition to scientific uncertainties due to differences in atmospheric models and how to sort out regional effects, inconsistencies in definitions, metric and measurement methods, data collection and characterization, system boundaries, and time horizons, have led to confusion about the importance of BC as a climate-forcing and health-damaging agent relative to other climate-altering and health-damaging pollutants. The focus on metrics and measurement issues in Chapter 3 leads into Chapter 4 where I shift my gaze to the carbon-offset market and look at accountability components of the monitoring and evaluation (M&E) of cookstove carbon offset projects. While many studies focus on accountability mechanisms between social actors in the carbon-offset arena, there are no studies that have looked at M&E requirements as a source of accountability themselves. I contend that the Gold Standard Foundation (GSF), the primary certifying body of carbon credits on the voluntary market could develop metrics and M&E requirements to discipline evaluators and project developers into more responsible and accountable behavior. This in turn may produce M&E results with a higher standard of veracity to be reported to the certifying institutions and other stakeholders. I identify the existing accountability flaws in the GSF monitoring methodology and make recommendations to improve the M&E requirements. These improvements could further strengthen the authoritativeness of the GSF, make the accountability system more influential, and hopefully lead to more trusted carbon credits, more effective emission reductions, and greater sustainable development gains.

Agricultural development strategies that are put forward by individual African countries delineate priorities for actions to enhance agricultural and overall development. Understanding alternative agricultural growth options and their linkages with poverty reduction and prioritizing agricultural investments are the two key components of an agricultural development strategy. However, the relationships between growth and poverty reduction and between targeted growth and required public investment are not straightforward, and solid research is needed to support an evidence-based policymaking process. This monograph provides such a study using Rwanda as a case. An economywide model is developed for the study and is applied to the most recent economic data and public investment information to analyze agricultural growth and investment options for poverty reduction in Rwanda. The monograph shows that the country�s targeted agricultural subsector growth, if achieved, would allow Rwanda to meet the Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Programme (CAADP) target of 6 percent annual growth in agricultural gross domestic product (GDP) by 2020. With comparable growth in the nonagricultural sector, rapid economic growth would result in the national poverty rate falling to 35.5 percent by 2015, a reduction of 25 percentage points over the 1999 rate. Although the majority of rural households benefit from rapid agricultural growth, the most vulnerable households�those with very small landholdings and with few opportunities to participate in the production of export crops�appear to benefit less. The report shows that economywide growth led by the agricultural sector has a greater effect on poverty reduction than does the same level of growth driven by the nonagricultural sector. Among agricultural subsectors, growth driven mainly by increased productivity in staple crops has the greatest poverty reduction effect. The report points out that meeting the CAADP 6 percent agricultural growth target in Rwanda will require the allocation of public resources to the agricultural sector to rise significantly and reach 10 percent of the total government budget. Estimated economywide returns to public investment in agriculture are high and will come not only from growth in the agricultural sector. Through linkage and multiplier effects, one dollar of public investment in agricultural staples generates US$3.63 of increased agricultural GDP (AgGDP) and US$0.21 of increased nonagricultural GDP. In the agricultural sector, economywide returns from investing in staple foods, including staple crops and livestock, are much higher than those from investing in export crops. But even though the investment returns are high, the planned amount of investment in Rwanda will not be enough to significantly improve the current low yields of many foodcrops in the country. The average yield for maize will stay at a low level in 2015�a level already reached by many African countries today. The report also points out the trade-offs between rapid growth and low economywide returns from investing in the export sector. Targeting the export sector through public policy and investment will bring double-digit growth to the sector, measured by an increase in GDP; however, economywide returns to such investments are low. The weak linkages of the export sector with other economic activities on both the supply and demand sides reduce the role of the export sector as a key driver in both overall economic growth and poverty reduction. Nevertheless, the export sector has often attracted more government attention than has the agricultural sector in many African countries, with favorable policies and investment support. The findings of this report, which show relatively low economywide returns to public spending in the export sector and relatively less poverty reduction from growth led by exports, further emphasize the importance of broad-based agricultural growth. Agricultural development strategy, including effective public investment strategy, has to focus on growth that benefits a majority of farmers. Only such a strategy can be expected to be efficient and effective for growth, poverty reduction, and economic development in general. ; PR ; IFPRI1; DCA ; DGO; DSGD

In response to the pandemic of COVID-19 and in lack of pharmaceutical solutions, many countries have introduced social and physical distancing regulations to contain the transmission of the virus. These measures are effective insofar as they are able to quickly change people's habits. This is achieved by changing the monetary incentives of rule violators but also by shifting people's perception regarding the appropriateness of socialization. We studied the effect of introducing, and then lifting, distancing regulations on the perceived norm regarding social encounters. We conducted an online incentivized experiment in France where we elicited the same participants' perceived norm and social distancing behavior every week for three months. We found that people shifted behavior and norm perception as soon as the government introduced or removed distancing measures. This effect was fast acting and long lasting. This is informative for future interventions, especially in light of a possible COVID-19 recurrence.

In response to the pandemic of COVID-19 and in lack of pharmaceutical solutions, many countries have introduced social and physical distancing regulations to contain the transmission of the virus. These measures are effective insofar as they are able to quickly change people's habits. This is achieved by changing the monetary incentives of rule violators but also by shifting people's perception regarding the appropriateness of socialization. We studied the effect of introducing, and then lifting, distancing regulations on the perceived norm regarding social encounters. We conducted an online incentivized experiment in France where we elicited the same participants' perceived norm and social distancing behavior every week for three months. We found that people shifted behavior and norm perception as soon as the government introduced or removed distancing measures. This effect was fast acting and long lasting. This is informative for future interventions, especially in light of a possible COVID-19 recurrence.

In response to the pandemic of COVID-19 and in lack of pharmaceutical solutions, many countries have introduced social and physical distancing regulations to contain the transmission of the virus. These measures are effective insofar as they are able to quickly change people's habits. This is achieved by changing the monetary incentives of rule violators but also by shifting people's perception regarding the appropriateness of socialization. We studied the effect of introducing, and then lifting, distancing regulations on the perceived norm regarding social encounters. We conducted an online incentivized experiment in France where we elicited the same participants' perceived norm and social distancing behavior every week for three months. We found that people shifted behavior and norm perception as soon as the government introduced or removed distancing measures. This effect was fast acting and long lasting. This is informative for future interventions, especially in light of a possible COVID-19 recurrence.

In response to the pandemic of COVID-19 and in lack of pharmaceutical solutions, many countries have introduced social and physical distancing regulations to contain the transmission of the virus. These measures are effective insofar as they are able to quickly change people's habits. This is achieved by changing the monetary incentives of rule violators but also by shifting people's perception regarding the appropriateness of socialization. We studied the effect of introducing, and then lifting, distancing regulations on the perceived norm regarding social encounters. We conducted an online incentivized experiment in France where we elicited the same participants' perceived norm and social distancing behavior every week for three months. We found that people shifted behavior and norm perception as soon as the government introduced or removed distancing measures. This effect was fast acting and long lasting. This is informative for future interventions, especially in light of a possible COVID-19 recurrence.

International audience We provide a theoretical and empirical framework for evaluating the eects of policy reforms on physician labor supply. We argue that any policy evaluation must account for both the quality and the quantity of services provided. The introduction of quality into the analysis has implications for both the theoretical and empirical analysis of labor supply, and consequently policy evaluation. In particular, endogenous quality choices introduce non- linearities into the budget constraint since the marginal return to an hour of work depends on the quality of services provided. We illustrate by considering a particular example: the recent reform in compensation contracts for specialist physicians in the province of Quebec (Canada). Prior to 1999, most Quebec specialist physicians were paid fee-for-service con- tracts; they received a piece rate for each clinical service provided. In 1999, the government introduced a mixed remuneration system, under which physicians received a base (half-daily or daily) wage, independent of services provided, and a reduced fee-for-service. Moreover, the government allowed physicians to choose their contract. We derive theoretical results for the eect of the reform on the quantity and quality of services supplied by analyzing "local" prices and virtual income. We propose discretizing the choice set as an empirical approach to policy evaluation in the presence of non-linear budget constraints.

International audience We provide a theoretical and empirical framework for evaluating the eects of policy reforms on physician labor supply. We argue that any policy evaluation must account for both the quality and the quantity of services provided. The introduction of quality into the analysis has implications for both the theoretical and empirical analysis of labor supply, and consequently policy evaluation. In particular, endogenous quality choices introduce non- linearities into the budget constraint since the marginal return to an hour of work depends on the quality of services provided. We illustrate by considering a particular example: the recent reform in compensation contracts for specialist physicians in the province of Quebec (Canada). Prior to 1999, most Quebec specialist physicians were paid fee-for-service con- tracts; they received a piece rate for each clinical service provided. In 1999, the government introduced a mixed remuneration system, under which physicians received a base (half-daily or daily) wage, independent of services provided, and a reduced fee-for-service. Moreover, the government allowed physicians to choose their contract. We derive theoretical results for the eect of the reform on the quantity and quality of services supplied by analyzing "local" prices and virtual income. We propose discretizing the choice set as an empirical approach to policy evaluation in the presence of non-linear budget constraints.

In this paper, we investigate the determinants of the regional patterns of Mexico-US migration flows.Along with traditional economic determinants, we examine the role played by environmental factorsand violence in Mexico in determining migration patterns and their evolutions. We estimate a microgroundedgravity model of migration using a panel dataset of state-to-state emigration and returnmigration flows between Mexico and the US for the period 1995-2012. We exploit the time anddyadic dimension of the data to control for time-invariant and time-variant characteristics ofdestination states, including migration policies. Our results suggest that along with the traditionaleconomic determinants of migration, climatic and social factors contribute to shaping regionalmigration patterns. ; Nous étudions dans cet article les déterminants des tendances régionales des flux migratoires entre leMexique et les Etats-Unis. A côté des déterminants économiques traditionnels des migrations, nousexplorons le rôle de facteurs environnementaux et sociaux sur les caractéristiques et l'évolution desflux migratoires entre états. Nous estimons un modèle de gravité micro-fondé, à partir de données depanel sur les flux migratoires entrants et de retour entre états mexicains et états-uniens sur la période1995-2012. Nous exploitons la dimension temporelle et dyadique de nos données pour contrôler pourles caractéristiques des états de destination susceptibles d'affecter les flux migratoires, notamment leschangements de politiques migratoires. Nos résultats suggèrent que les facteurs sociaux et climatiquescontribuent à expliquer les tendances régionales observées.

In this paper, we investigate the determinants of the regional patterns of Mexico-US migration flows.Along with traditional economic determinants, we examine the role played by environmental factorsand violence in Mexico in determining migration patterns and their evolutions. We estimate a microgroundedgravity model of migration using a panel dataset of state-to-state emigration and returnmigration flows between Mexico and the US for the period 1995-2012. We exploit the time anddyadic dimension of the data to control for time-invariant and time-variant characteristics ofdestination states, including migration policies. Our results suggest that along with the traditionaleconomic determinants of migration, climatic and social factors contribute to shaping regionalmigration patterns. ; Nous étudions dans cet article les déterminants des tendances régionales des flux migratoires entre leMexique et les Etats-Unis. A côté des déterminants économiques traditionnels des migrations, nousexplorons le rôle de facteurs environnementaux et sociaux sur les caractéristiques et l'évolution desflux migratoires entre états. Nous estimons un modèle de gravité micro-fondé, à partir de données depanel sur les flux migratoires entrants et de retour entre états mexicains et états-uniens sur la période1995-2012. Nous exploitons la dimension temporelle et dyadique de nos données pour contrôler pourles caractéristiques des états de destination susceptibles d'affecter les flux migratoires, notamment leschangements de politiques migratoires. Nos résultats suggèrent que les facteurs sociaux et climatiquescontribuent à expliquer les tendances régionales observées.

In this paper, we investigate the determinants of the regional patterns of Mexico-US migration flows.Along with traditional economic determinants, we examine the role played by environmental factorsand violence in Mexico in determining migration patterns and their evolutions. We estimate a microgroundedgravity model of migration using a panel dataset of state-to-state emigration and returnmigration flows between Mexico and the US for the period 1995-2012. We exploit the time anddyadic dimension of the data to control for time-invariant and time-variant characteristics ofdestination states, including migration policies. Our results suggest that along with the traditionaleconomic determinants of migration, climatic and social factors contribute to shaping regionalmigration patterns. ; Nous étudions dans cet article les déterminants des tendances régionales des flux migratoires entre leMexique et les Etats-Unis. A côté des déterminants économiques traditionnels des migrations, nousexplorons le rôle de facteurs environnementaux et sociaux sur les caractéristiques et l'évolution desflux migratoires entre états. Nous estimons un modèle de gravité micro-fondé, à partir de données depanel sur les flux migratoires entrants et de retour entre états mexicains et états-uniens sur la période1995-2012. Nous exploitons la dimension temporelle et dyadique de nos données pour contrôler pourles caractéristiques des états de destination susceptibles d'affecter les flux migratoires, notamment leschangements de politiques migratoires. Nos résultats suggèrent que les facteurs sociaux et climatiquescontribuent à expliquer les tendances régionales observées.