Suchergebnisse

A successful integrated ocean acidification (OA) observing network must include (1) scientists and technicians from a range of disciplines from physics to chemistry to biology to technology development; (2) government, private, and intergovernmental support; (3) regional cohorts working together on regionally specific issues; (4) publicly accessible data from the open ocean to coastal to estuarine systems; (5) close integration with other networks focusing on related measurements or issues including the social and economic consequences of OA; and (6) observation-based informational products useful for decision making such as management of fisheries and aquaculture. The Global Ocean Acidification Observing Network (GOA-ON), a key player in this vision, seeks to expand and enhance geographic extent and availability of coastal and open ocean observing data to ultimately inform adaptive measures and policy action, especially in support of the United Nations 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. GOA-ON works to empower and support regional collaborative networks such as the Latin American Ocean Acidification Network, supports new scientists entering the field with training, mentorship, and equipment, refines approaches for tracking biological impacts, and stimulates development of lower-cost methodology and technologies allowing for wider participation of scientists. GOA-ON seeks to collaborate with and complement work done by other observing networks such as those focused on carbon flux into the ocean, tracking of carbon and oxygen in the ocean, observing biological diversity, and determining short- and long-term variability in these and other ocean parameters through space and time.

The subject of the study is the peculiarities of informational and analytical provision of processes for the formation and implementation of public procurement. The purpose of the article is the author's vision of the peculiarities of informational and analytical support for the formation and implementation of public procurement in the economy of Ukraine, as well as directions for its improvement. Methodology of the work – the position of institutional theory, management theory, Keynesian concept. On the basis of a systematic approach using methods of analysis and synthesis, deficiencies of information and analytical support in the field of public procurement were identified, and proposals were made for its improvement. The results of the work – the necessity of proper informational and analytical support of processes of formation and realization of public procurements has been substantiated. The estimation of the status was made and the shortcomings of the information–analytical provision of public procurement in the Ukrainian economy were identified, measures were taken to improve their monitoring. Conclusions – for proper information and analytical support of processes of formation and implementation of public procurement, it is necessary to carry out a complex of measures aimed at increasing the influence of this instrument on the development of the national economy, in particular, on the streamlining of the current legislation in the field of public procurement and public procurement, clarification of the methodological provisions of monitoring for tracking procurement at all the stages of its implementation, the impossibility of manifestation of corruption .

The subject of the research is a set of relations arising in the process of state regulation of the activities of participants in the exchange market. The purpose of writing this article is to study the current problems of regulating the Ukrainian exchange market and justify proposals for their solution as a priority area for the restoration and development of exchange activity in the country. The methodology of the work is the use of a monographic method (in the study of problems of formation and retrospectives of exchange activities in the domestic market), a comparative method (in assessing the state of the Ukrainian exchange market in comparison with its level abroad), a statistical method (in the process of studying the dynamics of quantitative indicators of institutionalization and the volume of exchange trade in Ukraine). The results of the work are the identified shortcomings of the state regulation of exchange activities in Ukraine, which largely determine the problems of the development of the domestic exchange market. The main measures to improve the state position in relation to the exchange commodity and stock markets of Ukraine are indicated, in particular with regard to the legislative support of exchange trade, aimed at the formation of a civilized, liquid exchange market in the country. Conclusions – the exchange market in our country has not taken the appropriate place as required by the experience of developing a market economy. It requires improvement of the legislative and legal framework, organizational and coordination support from the state.

Today the prevention of global challenges (from global security to the problems of poverty) relates to the institutional quality. Nowadays, the social standards or other "social rules" make the part of the market system, since they are built into the country's institutional structure. Neither social nor economic reforms can be implemented without the support through institutional mechanisms. The purpose of this paper is to explore the relationship between social sector institutions and basic institutions, taking into account the economic development of countries and the way in which they are formed. A number of empiric studies confirmed significant role of institutions to provide conditions for economic development. In order to define and assess the link between the basic institutions and the social sector institutions, we formed panel data that includes 20 countries for the period from 2007-2014. We assessed quality of the basic institutions using The Worldwide Governance Indicators (WGI). WGI methodology provides an evaluation of six dimensions of the institutional quality that enables to define the connection and the impact of every dimension on the institutional quality of the social sector. The model additionally evaluates the impact of the incomes distribution inequality, general economic welfare on the institutional quality of the social sector. Among all dimensions of governance "Rule of Law" and "Regulatory Quality" the statistically significant direct impact on the institutional quality of the social sector has been revealed. It confirms the complementarity of basic institutions and institutions of the social sector.

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate effects on global supply chain reconfigured in the customs duty rate of parts and specific material types brought about by Brexit and the Trans-Pacific Partnership. Design/methodology/approach – The supply chain network is modeled and formulated using mixed integer programming. Numerical experiments are conducted using bill of materials with information such as the procurement cost of each part, 3D-CAD and an industry census. Findings – The experiments indicates that if the customs duty rate increases by Brexit, manufacturers would be necessary to restructure supply chain configuration and locate the domestic factory and market. Additionally, when the UK leaves the EU and joins the TPP, there is a case where the total cost decreases in the global supply chain network compared to the baseline without Brexit. Therefore, it is reasonable for the UK to join the TPP. Practical implications – The study shows how a new trading rules from non-partnership countries can critically disrupt existing global supply chain equilibrium. Asian manufacturers should evaluate a move to more local sourcing, opening new facilities and setting up warehouses to stock finished goods or raw materials in different trading areas to overcome any barriers to the goods movement. Originality/value – This study enables us to quantitatively evaluate what there are opportunities or cost increasing risks by the selection of supply chain configuration for Asian manufacturers by political and economic factors of each country such as Brexit and participation in TPP.

Objective – The objective of this study is to investigate the influence of the implementation of SIMAK system at agency level and management of state property on financial report quality of Indonesian Ministry of Finance work units. Design/methodology – The study was carried out involving Finance Department of Republic of Indonesia Ministry for the period of 2017 until 2019. The samples selection of Department in Finance Ministry was based on certain criteria. The data was collected from questionnaires that were filled by staff and operator in the departments of Finance Ministry. In total, there were seventy respondents with 100% response rate. Multiple regression approach was used to analyze the survey results. Results – This study demonstrates that implementation on SAKTI system and management of state property has an impact on financial report quality of department in Finance Ministry. This finding implies that the easier use of the fixed asset module in the application will make the process of preparing financial statements accurate and in accordance with the application of government accounting standards. Furthermore the better the role and function of BMN managers in administering assets will improve financial reports quality in the presentation of assets in a complete and reliable manner. Research limitations/implications - This research is limited to the subject of the Ministry of Finance work units, in which the characteristics and activities of this research subject are specific. The analysis unit/respondents that are selected in this study were limited to work units that are represented only by staff and operators.

Object/context: Natural parks are usually presented as the most important state-led strategy to promote the environmental conservation of a particular area. However, scarce anthropological and political science literature on this topic suggests that natural parks contribute to consolidate state power as well. This article explains how natural parks achieve said goal by studying the declaration and the initial years of the Alto Fragua-Indi Wasi Natural Park (located in Caquetá, Colombia). Methodology: The data for this study was gathered from official documents, historical archives and at least twenty in-depth interviews with state officials and social leaders. Conclusions: The article argues three central points. First, natural parks favor state power because they tend to make population and territories more legible. Second, there are six types of state legibility (convergent, denied, agreed, imposed, stopped and indifferent), which correspond to the historical moment and the social actors that relate to the state. Third, state legibility in the Alto Fragua-Indi Wasi Natural Park increased as the result of a political process characterized by the convergence of state and social interests. Contribution: The article provides conceptual and empirical tools to illustrate how natural parks strengthen the state and make state-society relations more complex. In general terms, this research paper is an invitation to study problems related to the state's environmental and territorial planning from the optic of political science. © 2019 Universidad de los Andes, Bogota Colombia. All rights reserved.

Purpose This paper explores how stable employment, company culture, and tailored health, digital, and core skills training provided by a social enterprise (SE) in the Philippines affect survivors of exploitation. Research shows survivors experience adverse social conditions and physical and mental health outcomes caused by their exploitative experience. Stable, decent employment has been identified as critical to their recovery and reintegration. This paper discusses the SE's impact on the employees' physical, mental, and social health and behaviour. Based on our findings, we discuss the contribution of SE in improving health outcomes and providing health services, and conclude that SEs should not replace but complement public health government programmes. Design/methodology/approach This paper uses mixed methods, presenting data from a longitudinal survey (household income, mental health, and social wellbeing, among others), and a follow-up qualitative study, which uses in-depth interviews and participatory videos to explore survey findings. Findings The quantitative analysis demonstrates positive, but gradual, changes in sexual and reproductive health behaviour; personal empowerment; and trauma, anxiety, and depressive symptoms. The qualitative findings show how improvements in executive functioning, self-regulation, and self-esteem occur incrementally over time. As their self-efficacy improves, employees need to avoid being overly dependent on the SE, to support their autonomy, therefore access to complementary public health services is fundamental. Originality/value This paper focuses, to our knowledge, on a unique SE, which hires survivors of exploitation, without losing their competitiveness in the market.

Purpose This study aims to develop an Islamic crowdfunding model based on a website platform for startup companies. Design/methodology/approach Apart from reviewing related literature, specifically focus group discussion with 16 CEO of startup companies, in-depth interview with two crowdfunding provider, Fiqh expert and technology platform expert for the development of an Islamic crowdfunding website platform for startup companies. Findings The concept of Islamic crowdfunding is recommended as a funding solution for small and medium-sized enterprises and startup companies. Therefore, it was deemed crucial for this study to develop an Islamic crowdfunding model based on a website platform as a form of innovative acceleration to provide alternative funding for a startup company, which subsequently expands to a growing and sustainable business. Furthermore, the use of a website platform for the operation of a crowdfunding mechanism is deemed as an effective means to link cross-geographical investors with the startup company owners in Indonesia, specifically East Java. Practical implications Islamic crowdfunding website platform can be the solution for startup companies to obtain capital funds while startup companies are not able to provide collateral to attain financial assistance and experience problems. Expectedly, the government should provide legality, regulation, licensing and socialization matters pertaining to crowdfunding to obtain legal legality from the country. Originality/value There is still no research to develop the Islamic crowdfunding model using a website platform. This study was expected to provide essential insights on the effective development of an Islamic crowdfunding website platform integrated with startup companies, investors and Sharia committee.

OBJECTIVE:To provide insights into complexities of seeking access to state and federal cross-jurisdictional data for linkage with the Australian Childhood Immunisation Register (ACIR). We provide recommendations for improving access and receipt of linked datasets involving Australian Government-administered data. METHODS:We describe requirements for linking eleven federal and state data sources to establish a national linked dataset for safety evaluation of vaccines. The required data linkage methodology for integrating cross-jurisdictional data sources is also described. RESULTS:Extensive negotiation was required with 18 different agencies for 21 separate authorisations and 12 ethics approvals. Three variations of the 'best practice' linkage model were implemented. Australian Government approval requests spanned nearly four years from initial request for data, with a further year before ACIR data transfer to the linkage agency. CONCLUSIONS:Integration of immunisation registers with other data collections is achievable in Australia but infeasible for routine and rapid identification of vaccine safety concerns. Lengthy authorisation requirements, convoluted disparate application processes and inconsistencies in data supplied all contribute to delayed data availability. Implications for public health: Delayed data access for safety surveillance prevents timely epidemiological reviews. Poor responsiveness to safety concerns may erode public confidence, compromising effectiveness of vaccination programs through reduced participation. ; Katherine M. Duszynski, Nicole L. Pratt, John W. Lynch, Annette Braunack-Mayer, Lee K. Taylor, Jesia G. Berry, Vicki Xafis, Jim Buttery, Michael S. Gold, on behalf of the Vaccine Assessment Using Linked Data, VALiD, Working Group

We solve an infinite time-horizon bounded-variation stochastic control problem with regime switching between N states. This is motivated by the problem of a government that wants to control the country's debt-to-GDP (gross domestic product) ratio. In our formulation, the debt-to-GDP ratio evolves stochastically in continuous time, and its drift - given by the interest rate on government debt, net of the growth rate of GDP - is affected by an exogenous macroeconomic risk process modelled by a continuous-time Markov chain with N states. The government can act on the public debt by increasing or decreasing its level, and it aims at minimising a net expected cost functional. Without relying on a guess-and-verify approach, but performing a direct probabilistic study, we show that it is optimal to keep the debt-to-GDP ratio in an interval, whose boundaries depend on the states of the risk process. These boundaries are given through a zero-sum optimal stopping game with regime switching with N states and we completely characterise them as solutions to a system of nonlinear algebraic equations with constraints. To the best of our knowledge, such a result appears here for the first time. Finally, we put in practice our methodology in a case study of a Markov chain with N = 2 states; we provide a thorough analysis and we complement our theoretical results by a detailed numerical study on the sensitivity of the optimal debt ratio management policy with respect to the problem's parameters.

Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to critically examine the impact of growth enhancement support scheme (GESS) on the enabling environment of smallholder farmers in sub-Saharan Africa. Its special focus is to investigate the GESS impact on access to rural farm credit and transport cost of smallholder farmers in the agricultural transformation agenda (ATA) in Nigeria. Design/methodology/approach - This paper adopts a survey research technique, aimed at gathering information from a representative sample of the population, as it is essentially cross-sectional that describes and interprets what exist at present. A total of one thousand, two hundred farmers were sampled across the six geopolitical zones of Nigeria. Findings - Results from the use of a double-hurdle model indicate that the GESS has a significant impact on farmers' access to credit, but does not significantly affect rural farm transport cost, which subsequently influence the price of food in the country. Practical implication - This implies that if the federal government of Nigeria is to work towards an ideal agricultural transformation agenda, transport networks should be closely aligned with the GESS priorities to provide connectivity to rural areas that provide most of the country's agricultural o utput. Originality/value - This research adds to the literature on agricultural and rural development debate in developing countries. It concludes that embracing rural finance and transportation infrastructure should form the foundation of the ATA in Nigeria, which in turn would provide the enabling environment for more widespread rural economy in sub-Saharan Africa.

oday the prevention of global challenges (from global security to the problems of poverty) relates to the institutional quality. Nowadays, the social standards or other "social rules" make the part of the market system, since they are built into the country's institutional structure. Neither social nor economic reforms can be implemented without the support through institutional mechanisms. The purpose of this paper is to explore the relationship between social sector institutions and basic institutions, taking into account the economic development of countries and the way in which they are formed. A number of empiric studies confirmed significant role of institutions to provide conditions for economic development. In order to define and assess the link between the basic institutions and the social sector institutions, we formed panel data that includes 20 countries for the period from 2007-2014. We assessed quality of the basic institutions using The Worldwide Governance Indicators (WGI). WGI methodology provides an evaluation of six dimensions of the institutional quality that enables to define the connection and the impact of every dimension on the institutional quality of the social sector. The model additionally evaluates the impact of the incomes distribution inequality, general economic welfare on the institutional quality of the social sector. Among all dimensions of governance "Rule of Law" and "Regulatory Quality" the statistically significant direct impact on the institutional quality of the social sector has been revealed. It confirms the complementarity of basic institutions and institutions of the social sector.

BACKGROUND: Regulating pharmaceutical markets have become a key strategy by most governments in ensuring the availability and accessibility of quality medicines to its citizens. The South African government, when faced with high medicine prices, implemented the Single Exit Price (SEP) in 2004. This study assessed the impact of the of the Single Exit Price (SEP) regulation introduced in South Africa in 2004 on a basket of generic. METHOD: Private sector price data of a basket of medicines (December 1999 to December 2014) was obtained from various price files (Pharmacy Software Vendors and Community Pharmacy). The price of the medicine was expressed in a single unit dose. The medicines investigated used the WHO/HAI methodology. The Interrupted Time-Series (ITS) model was used to estimate the change in slope and level of medicines investigated (50 originator and its available generics) before and after the policy change. RESULTS: Majority of the medicines analysed reflect a substantial decrease in medicine prices immediately after implementation of the pricing regulations as reflected in both the change in level and the change in slope using the interrupted time series analysis. DISCUSSION: This study indicates that the SEP regulation had an impact on medicine pricing in South Africa in both the short (immediately on the introduction) and long term (over the study period). Most medicines investigated showed a smaller yearly increase in price compared to before regulations. CONCLUSION: This study provides evidence of the impact of medicine pricing intervention from a middle-income country, and useful lessons can be drawn by other developing countries looking at introducing medicine price controls.

oday the prevention of global challenges (from global security to the problems of poverty) relates to the institutional quality. Nowadays, the social standards or other "social rules" make the part of the market system, since they are built into the country's institutional structure. Neither social nor economic reforms can be implemented without the support through institutional mechanisms. The purpose of this paper is to explore the relationship between social sector institutions and basic institutions, taking into account the economic development of countries and the way in which they are formed. A number of empiric studies confirmed significant role of institutions to provide conditions for economic development. In order to define and assess the link between the basic institutions and the social sector institutions, we formed panel data that includes 20 countries for the period from 2007-2014. We assessed quality of the basic institutions using The Worldwide Governance Indicators (WGI). WGI methodology provides an evaluation of six dimensions of the institutional quality that enables to define the connection and the impact of every dimension on the institutional quality of the social sector. The model additionally evaluates the impact of the incomes distribution inequality, general economic welfare on the institutional quality of the social sector. Among all dimensions of governance "Rule of Law" and "Regulatory Quality" the statistically significant direct impact on the institutional quality of the social sector has been revealed. It confirms the complementarity of basic institutions and institutions of the social sector.