Suchergebnisse

Issues of language and culture in the EU exhibit a complex pattern, and their proper management cannot be conceived of without taking into consideration the results of interlinguistic and intercultural research. EU citizens must be prepared to confront cultural and civilizational diversity and also to understand that diversity rather than receiving it as a threat to their national identity. Are educated EU citizens, for example, ready to come to grips with linguistic, cultural and civilizational diversity? Are they able to adequately treat and accept such diversity? What are they prepared to do in order to maintain and cultivate their own language, culture, and identity, as well as to hand them down to the next generation? These are the challenges that a nation and a sovereign state necessarily have to face. New EU member states, torn out of its former isolation, has suddenly found itself exposed to globalization processes. ; Vprašanje jezika in kulture v EZ je zelo zapleteno in si ga ni mogoče predstavljati brez upoštevanja rezultatov medjezikovnih in medkulturnih raziskav. Državljane EZ je potrebno soočiti s kulturno in civilizacijsko raznolikostjo, ki jo je potrebno razumeti pravilno in ne kot grožnjo svoji narodni identiteti. Je izobražen prebivalec EZ pripravljen na soočenje z jezikovno, kulturno in civilizacijsko raznolikostjo? Jo znajo državljani EZ ustrezno obravnavati in sprejeti? Kaj so pripravljeni storiti, da bi ohranili in kultivirali svoj lastni jezik, kulturo in identiteto ter jih posredovali naslednji generaciji? To so izzivi, s katerimi se morajo soočiti narodi in suverene države. Nove članice EZ so po dolgi izolaciji bile nenadoma izpostavljene integraciji in globalizaciji.

Ein flammendes Plädoyer für die Reform und Demokratisierung der EU-Institutionen Die demokratische Legitimität der Europäischen Union wird in der Öffentlichkeit mehr und mehr in Zweifel gezogen. Nicht zuletzt aufgrund der politischen Schlüsselrolle expertokratischer Institutionen wie dem Europäischen Gerichtshof, der Europäischen Kommission und der Europäischen Zentralbank. In der Idee beruht die Institutionenarchitektur der EU auf objektiven Experten, die frei von nationalstaatlichen Egoismen agieren und ihre Legitimität aus der Unabhängigkeit von partei- und gesellschaftspolitischen Themen beziehen. Die Realität, so Vauchez, sieht jedoch anders aus: In Wahrheit bestimmen die nur vermeintlich neutralen Institutionen die politischen Geschicke Europas. Erst wenn die personelle Zusammensetzung dieser Institutionen dem Pluralismus der wissenschaftlichen Paradigmen, den sozialen Erfahrungen und ethischen Wertvorstellungen besser entspricht, kann der Weg zur notwendigen Demokratisierung Europas beschritten werden.

В статье анализируется эволюция отношений Европейского союза и России в западной части постсоветского пространства (регион «общего соседства» России и ЕС), также рассматривается вопрос, какое место данный регион занимает в отношениях России и ЕС в целом. ; The article is devoted to the analysis of the EU-Russian relations within the area of its common neighbourhood (western part of the post-Soviet space) and its implications for the evolution of the EU-Russian relations in general.

Deutschland, Frankreich und Großbritannien verfolgen langfristig, im Einklang mit dem internationalen Klimaschutzrecht und dem EU-Recht, das Ziel einer Transformation der nationalen Energiesysteme hin zu einer treibhausgas-neutralen Energieerzeugung und -versorgung. Sie setzen dazu zum Teil ähnliche rechtliche Instrumente ein, etwa bei der Förderung des Ausbaus Erneuerbarer Energien und der Energieeffizienz. Hinsichtlich der Steuerungsinstrumente sind aber auch signifikante Divergenzen erkennbar. Am deutlichsten ist dies im Bereich der Kernenergie. Unterschiede bestehen aber auch hinsichtlich der Bedeutung von preisbasierten Instrumenten zur Minderung von Treibhausgasemissionen. In allen drei Rechtsordnungen bestehen Pfadabhängigkeiten, die durch den Einfluss des EU-Rechts teilweise abgeschwächt werden, den Verlauf der Transformation aber entscheidend beeinflussen. Die Pfadabhängigkeiten resultieren einerseits aus der Verfügbarkeit von Energiequellen, andererseits aber auch aus früheren Entscheidungen über Technologien und die Infrastruktur des Energiesystems.

This thesis examines the integration of the external border management in the European Union (EU) through the theoretical lens of neofunctionalism with the case study of Frontex. Although the external border management area is under shared competence, the establishment of Frontex as an Area of Freedom, Security and Justice (AFSJ) agency in 2004 and its upgrading to the European Border and Coast Guard (EBCG) in 2016 to ameliorate the efficiency of management at the external borders of the Union represented an important step in the communitarization of the external border management of the EU member states (MS) compared to the previous intergovernmental attempts of Schengen and Common Unit (CU). In this sense, this study elaborates the institutional and empirical developments in the establishment of Frontex and EBCG, and focuses on the actors and events influential in the process of external border management integration. The neofunctionalist tool of spillover is the mechanism used to explain integration in this context. Besides classical neofunctionalism and the theoretical tool of spillover, revised neofunctionalism is also taken into consideration in explaining the integration. While providing a case study on one of the AFSJ agencies Frontex, this study also aims to contribute to the literature with the use of one of the main and most criticized integration theories applied to one of the controversial areas of the EU integration. Keywords: EU, Frontex, neofunctionalism, external border management, integration ; Bu tez, Avrupa Birliği (AB)'nin dış sınır yönetiminin bütünleşmesini yeni işlevselcilik teorik merceğinden Frontex vaka çalışması ile incelemektedir. Dış sınır yönetimi alanı ortak yetki kapsamında olmasına karşın, Frontex'in 2004 yılında Özgürlük, Güvenlik ve Adalet Alanı (ÖGAA) ajansı olarak kurulması ve 2016 yılında Birlik'in dış sınır yönetimindeki etkinliği iyileştirmek için Avrupa Sınır ve Sahil Güvenlik Birimi (ASSGB)'ne yükseltilmesi daha öncesindeki hükümetler arası girişimler olan Schengen ve Ortak Birim (OB)'ye kıyasla AB üye devletlerinin dış sınır yönetiminin ortaklaştırılmasında önemli bir adımı temsil etmiştir. Bu anlamda, bu çalışma Frontex ve ASSGB'nin kuruluşundaki kurumsal ve ampirik gelişmeleri incelemekte ve dış sınır yönetimi bütünleşmesi sürecinde etkili olan aktörler ve olaylara odaklanmaktadır. Yeni işlevselci yayılma aracı bu bağlamda bütünleşmeyi açıklamak için kullanılan mekanizmadır. Bütünleşmenin açıklanmasında klasik yeni işlevselcilik ve yayılma aracının yanı sıra revize edilmiş yeni işlevselcilik de dikkate alınmaktadır. Bu çalışma, ÖGAA ajanslarından biri olan Frontex hakkında bir vaka çalışması sunarken, aynı zamanda AB bütünleşmesinin tartışmalı alanlarından birine uygulanan temel ve en çok eleştirilen bütünleşme teorilerinden birinin kullanımı ile literatüre katkıda bulunmayı amaçlamaktadır. Anahtar Kelimeler: AB, Frontex, yeni işlevselcilik, dış sınır yönetimi, bütünleşme ; M.S. - Master of Science

The study aims to determine whether the unexplained gender wage gap varies in the different sectors of the economy and to identify the possible causes of these differences. Firstly, we estimate average treatment effect on the individual sectors to identify the unexplained part of gender pay gap. To identify the possible causes of observed variability in unexplained gender wage differences, we use a linear regression model. Using European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC) data for 24 European Union (EU) members, we conclude that the unexplained gender pay gap in the individual sectors varies both within the individual EU countries and among the countries. The most important factors in explaining the differences in the gender pay gap among the individual sectors are ownership and the proportion of women in the sector. On the other hand, the proportion of female managers and the proportion of small companies are not statistically significant factors for the explanation of the variation in the sector-specific gender pay gaps. To the best of my knowledge, this study is the first to present fully comparable estimates of the unexplained sector-specific gender pay gap for the 24 EU countries and to identify the causes of the differences in the unexplained gender pay gap at the sectoral level.

The cooperation between Ukraine and the EU in the sphere of education and science in the framework of the EU-Ukraine Association Agreement (signed in 2014) is characterized. The political and legal aspects of cooperation between Ukraine and the EU in the sphere of education and science at present time and in the context of the implementation of the provisions of the new agreement are analyzed.The prospects of involvement of our country to the European Education Area in the context of Ukraine's participation in the Bologna process are investigated. The educational programs financed from the budget of the European Commission are aimed at the support providing to the partner countries in reforming higher education according to the principles of the Bologna process. In May 2005 our country signed the Bologna Declaration and become an active participant in these processes.The importance of the study of the educational policy of the EU is also determined by the immediate proximity of Ukraine and the EU and increasing interest in Ukrainian society to the opportunities and prospects of Ukraine's European aspirations at this stage and the positive dynamics of cooperation in education and prospects for implementation of the Bologna process in Ukraine. The last EU enlargement has created a completely new situation on the European continent and brought Ukraine directly to the EU borders, which affects both the relations between Ukraine and the EU, and the development of Ukraine in general.Within the EU educational policy and the EU external assistance programs, the EU is implementing several activities in education, which supplement internal EU programs. Particular attention is paid to the higher education system, which plays a key role in the development of modern society, contributing to the social, cultural and economic development, promoting the pan-ethical and cultural values and preparing the future leaders. Ukraine is also an active member of the European educational programs and projects, including: Tempus, Erasmus Mundus External Cooperation Window, Erasmus Mundus and Jean Monnet Programme.Since 2014 the EU has introduced new programs in education and science such as educational program Erasmus +, uniting all the above-mentioned programs under one roof for the period 2014- 2020, which supports projects, partnerships, events and mobility in education, training, youth and sport, as well as research program Horizon 2020. The concepts, implementation mechanisms of cooperation between Ukraine and the EU in the spheres of education and research in the context of the Association Agreement and on the basis of prospects of Ukraine's participation in these new European programs are described.Thus, besides the actual European integration in education, through the education system the awareness of the broadest ranges of Ukrainian citizenship need of the fullest possible realization of general strategic course of Ukraine's integration into European and international structures to protect its national interests and realization of spiritual and intellectual potential of the Ukrainian people to benefit of present and future generations can be actively generated.Key words: European Union (EU), the educational policy of the EU, the European educational area, Ukraine, EU-Ukraine Association Agreement, Erasmus Mundus, Tempus, Erasmus+, Horison 2020. ; Схарактеризовано співробітництво між Україною та ЄС у сфері освіти і науки відповідно до Угоди про асоціацію між Україною та ЄС, підписаної у 2014 р. З'ясовано політичні і правові аспекти співпраці між Україною та ЄС з питань освіти та науки на сучасному етапі та в контексті імплементації положень нової угоди. Досліджено перспективи залучення нашої держави до Європейського освітнього простору в контексті участі України в Болонському процесі, адже освітні програми, що фінансують з бюджету ЄК, мають на меті надання підтримки країнам-партнерам у реформуванні системи вищої освіти відповідно до принципів Болонського процесу. У травні 2005 р. наша держава підписала Болонську декларацію та стала активним учасником цих процесів.Важливість дослідження освітньої політики ЄС зумовлена також безпосереднім сусідством України і ЄС та зростанням зацікавлення українського суспільства до можли­востей та перспектив реалізації євроінтеграційних прагнень України на сучасному етапі та використання позитивної динаміки співробітництва в освітній сфері та перспектив запровадження Болонського процесу в Україні. Останнє розширення ЄС створило принципово нову ситуацію на Європейському континенті та наблизило кордони ЄС безпосередньо до кордонів України, що впливає як на відносини між Україною та ЄС, так і на розвиток України загалом.У межах освітньої політики ЄС та програм зовнішньої допомоги Європейський Союз впроваджує низку заходів у сфері освіти, які доповнюють внутрішні програми ЄС. Особливу увагу приділено саме системі вищої освіти, яка відіграє ключову роль у розвитку сучасного суспільства, сприяючи соціальному, культурному та економічному розвитку, популяризації загальноєвропейських етичних та культурних цінностей та підготовці лідерів майбутнього. Україна також є активним учасником європейських освітніх програм та про­ектів, серед яких: Темпус, Еразмус Мундус, Вікно зовнішньої співпраці Еразмус Мундус та Програма Жана Моне.З 2014 р. ЄС запроваджує нові програми у сфері освіти та науки – ними стали освітня програма Еразмус+, яка об'єднала усі зазначені програми на період 2014–2020 рр., та підтримує проекти, партнерства, заходи і мобільність у сфері освіти, підготовки, молоді і спорту, а також науково-дослідна програма Горизонт 2020. Описано концепції, механізми реалізації співпраці між Україною та ЄС в освітній та наукових сферах в контексті реалізації угоди про асоціацію на основі використання передового досвіду, а також перспективи участі України у цих нових європейських програмах.Ключові слова: Європейський Союз (ЄС), освітня політика ЄС, європейський освітній простір, Україна, Угода про асоціацію між Україною та ЄС, Еразмус Мундус, Темпус, Еразмус+, Горизонт 2020.

"The fourth Factor X publication from the German Environment Agency (Umweltbundesamt, UBA), Sustainable Development and Resource Productivity: The Nexus Approaches explores the interdependencies of sustainable development paths and associated resource requirements, describing and analysing the necessities for a more resource efficient world. The use of and competition for increasingly scarce resources are growing worldwide with current production and consumption patterns of industrialized economies soon to reach the point where the ecosphere will be overtaxed far beyond its limits. Against this background, this volume examines the important initiatives to monitor resource use at the international, EU and national level. The current trends and challenges related to sustainable resource use are discussed, including international challenges for a resource efficient world, megatrends, justice and equitable access to resources. In the second part of the book, contributions examine implementation strategies. They assess the concept known as circular economy and discuss the theory of growth and the role of the financial and education systems. The final section places special emphasis on practical examples. Overall, the book presents concrete ways and examples of achieving more sustainability in practice. Discussing solutions for a more sustainable use of natural resources, this book is essential reading for scholars and students of natural resources and sustainable development and decision-makers and experts from the fields of policy development, industry and civil society."

Referenzwerte finden breite Verwendung in Finanzinstrumenten und Verträgen. Trotz ihrer weitreichenden Integration in das Finanzsystem bedurfte es des Bekanntwerdens verschiedenster Manipulationen, bis dieser bedeutsame Bereich in den Fokus von Gesetzgebern und Aufsichtsbehörden rückte. Die 2014 erfolgte Ergänzung der VO (EU) 596/2014 (MAR) um ein Verbot der Referenzwertmanipulation sah erstmals explizit die Sanktionierung von Manipulationen vor, adressierte jedoch nicht den kritischen Wertschöpfungsprozess von Referenzwerten. Zur Beseitigung dieses regulatorischen Vakuums wurde 2016 die VO (EU) 2016/1011 (BMR) erlassen, die einen umfassenden aufsichtsrechtlichen Rahmen für Referenzwerte etabliert. Unter Einordnung der BMR in das Gesamtbild des europäischen Kapitalmarktrechts und die internationalen Reformbestrebungen setzt sich Kristina L. Gütte kritisch mit dem durch die BMR geschaffenen Rechtsrahmen für Referenzwerte auseinander und zeigt an zahlreichen Stellen Umsetzungsmöglichkeiten für die Praxis auf.

Die Euro-Krise ist nicht nur ein Härtetest für die europäische Integration, sondern auch für die vielbeschworene "Solidarität unter Fremden" und für die Annahme, dass europäische Identität zu dieser Solidarität führt. Jetzt muss sich zeigen, ob Europäerinnen und Europäer – insbesondere diejenigen in den reichen Schuldnerländern – bereit sind, sich die Europäische Union (EU) und den Euro etwas kosten zu lassen und den südeuropäischen Krisenländern aus der Patsche zu helfen (allerdings nicht bedingungslos). Ich argumentiere auf der Grundlage von Meinungsumfragen und statistischen Analysen, dass Grund für vorsichtigen Optimismus besteht. Erstens hat die Identifikation mit Europa und die Unterstützung der EU während der Krise nicht wesentlich abgenommen. Zweitens sind europäische Bürgerinnen und Bürger bereit, Solidarität zu zeigen mit den Schuldenstaaten - sofern diese ihre Staatshaushalte und Bankensysteme unter Kontrolle bringen. Drittens sind Unionsbürgerinnen und –bürger zunehmend willens, sich wechselseitig als Europäer gleiche politische und soziale Rechte zuzubilligen.

Vor dem Erfahrungshintergrund der Koordination mehrerer EU-Forschungsprojekte zur Verbesserung des Übergangs von der Schule in die Berufsausbildung von Jugendlichen mit schlechten Startchancen thematisiert der folgende Beitrag Probleme der Vergleichbarkeit von Fördermaßnahmen in Europa und die handlungspraktische Relevanz vergleichender EU-Forschung. Im ersten Teil werden die Dilemmata einer solchen europäisch vergleichenden Übergangsforschung dargelegt und ein Überblick über den Forschungsstand gegeben. Daran anschließend werden im Rekurs auf Wohlfahrtsregime- und Jugendforschung die Determinanten der Übergangsgestaltung modellhaft zusammengestellt. Es wird skizziert, unter welchen Bedingungen dieses Modell handlungsleitende Erträge für eine veränderte pädagogische Praxis liefern kann. Diese Überlegungen werden durch die Erträge des Leonardo-Projektes 'Re-Integration Transnational evaluation of social and professional re-integration programmes for young people' exemplarisch illustriert. Abschließend werden Fragen für die weitere Forschung und Förderpolitik formuliert." (Autorenreferat)

The concept of gender mainstreaming was adopted by the EU in the mid-1990s and became a requirement for EU Cohesion Policy delivered through the 2000-6 Structural Funds programme, which continued into the 2007-13 period. This chapter explores the impact of gender mainstreaming on projects funded under the Structural Funds in Scotland in the 2007-13 period. A cross-section of ESF- and ERDF-funded projects that supported labour market participation was investigated. The main issues examined included the extent to which the participants understood and were aware of gender mainstreaming and whether they undertook any gender-based monitoring and evaluation. The case of Scotland is then contextualised within the experience of the EU as a whole, highlighting the relevance for achieving Europe 2020 targets. Finally, the chapter discusses what lessons we can learn from this experience and whether gender mainstreaming can deliver in terms of increasing female employment opportunities.

Science has defined the characteristics of effective environmental enrichment for pigs. We provide an overview of progress towards the provision of pig enrichment in the three largest global pork producing regions. In the USA, enrichment has not yet featured on the policy agenda, nor appeared on farms, except when required by certain farm assurance schemes. China has very limited legal animal welfare provisions and public awareness of animal welfare is very low. Food safety concerns severely restrict the use of substrates (as enrichment) on farms. Providing enrichment to pigs is a legal requirement in the EU. In practice, enrichment is not present, or simple (point-source) objects are provided which have no enduring value. Other common issues are the provision of non-effective or hazardous objects, inadequate presentation, location, quantity and size or inadequate maintenance of enrichment. Improvements can be made by applying principles from the field of experimental analysis of behaviour to evaluate the effectiveness of enrichment ; providing welfare knowledge transfer, including training and advisory services ; highlighting the economic benefits of effective enrichment and focusing on return on investment ; increasing pressure from the financial sector ; using novel drivers of change, such as public business benchmarking. The poor implementation of scientific knowledge on farms suggests that the pig industry has not fully embraced the benefits of effective enrichment and is still a long way off achieving an enriched pig population.

The problem of sustainability has become one of the most crucial issues on the highest European levels. The European Parliament has voiced its support of action plans and their elements regarding sustainable consumption and production. One practical manifestation is the fact that in the programming period 2014-2020 sustainable development appears as a requirement of the European Union (EU in further text) subsidy systems. The access to subsidies is not limited to a branch-wise differentiation, but is also available on a regional, local basis. This was what smart specialisation prepared. The financial and structural frame is provided by the Spatial and Settlement Operative Program (TOP in further text) which provides local communities calls on a regional selection. The further aim, the reduction of administrative burdens and a more simplified call process, could so far not be achieved, as there was rather an increase in the administrative burdens of local governments. Local governments can often only fulfil this complicated criteriasystem by involving external experts. The research was aimed at a project about a TOP-based "green town establishment" on the example of European small town. In the followings, the substantiation of the needs-measurement and utilisation plan and the related primary and secondary research will be presented. The aim of the research was the analysis of the substantiation of the project and the measurement of its cohesion with other – urban – strategic documents.

El inicio del nuevo siglo significó un sustancial aumento de los flujos de capitales desde Estados Unidos (USA) y área dólar hacia las economías emergentes, los países miembros de la Unión Europea (EU) y el mercado de commodities. La fuerte caída de la tasa de interés de referencia de la Reserva Federal y su acompañamiento por parte del Banco Central Europeo determinaron una caída en los rendimientos relativos de los bonos, generando un boom en los precios de las commodities, una caída en el costo de endeudamiento y una consistente revaluación de las respectivas monedas emergentes. El aumento del precio de las commodities determinó un aumento en valor y cantidad de las exportaciones de aquellos países productores de materias primas, la disminución del costo de endeudamiento y una tendencia a la revaluación de las monedas emergentes. Las fuertes expectativas de que la Reserva Federal de por finalizado el ciclo de tasas de interés bajas podría implicar una reversión en el flujo de capitales, dando por finalizado un período único e irrepetible de oportunidades para las economías emergentes. En este sentido es que de confirmarse la reversión en el flujo de capitales, las regiones en cuestión verán aumentados sus costos de endeudamiento, sus monedas devaluadas y una mejora en el saldo de sus cuentas corrientes con una disminución en sus saldos exportables por un deterioro de los precios internacionales.