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Metal species with different size (single atoms, nanoclusters, and nanoparticles) show different catalytic behavior for various heterogeneous catalytic reactions. It has been shown in the literature that many factors including the particle size, shape, chemical composition, metal-support interaction, and metal-reactant/solvent interaction can have significant influences on the catalytic properties of metal catalysts. The recent developments of well-controlled synthesis methodologies and advanced characterization tools allow one to correlate the relationships at the molecular level. In this Review, the electronic and geometric structures of single atoms, nanoclusters, and nanoparticles will be discussed. Furthermore, we will summarize the catalytic applications of single atoms, nanoclusters, and nanoparticles for different types of reactions, including CO oxidation, selective oxidation, selective hydrogenation, organic reactions, electrocatalytic, and photocatalytic reactions. We will compare the results obtained from different systems and try to give a picture on how different types of metal species work in different reactions and give perspectives on the future directions toward better understanding of the catalytic behavior of different metal entities (single atoms, nanoclusters, and nanoparticles) in a unifying manner. ; Financial support from the European Union through theEuropean Research Council (grant ERC-AdG-2014-671093,SynCatMatch) and the Spanish government through the"SeveroOchoa Program"(SEV-2016-0683) is acknowledged.

The PHARMINE ("Pharmacy Education in Europe") project examined the organisation of pharmacy practice and education in the European Union (EU). An electronic survey was sent out to representatives of different sectors (community, hospital, industrial pharmacists, university staff, and students) in each individual EU member state. This paper presents the results of the PHARMINE survey on pharmacy practice and education in Romania. In the light of this data we examine to what extent harmonisation of practice and education with EU norms has occurred, whether this has promoted mobility of pharmacy professionals, academics and students, and what impact it has had on healthcare in Romania. The survey reveals the substantial changes in Romanian pharmacy practice and education since the 1989 change in government and Romania joining the EU in 2007. Romania remains, however, a poor country with expenditure on healthcare less than one-third of the EU average. This factor also impacts pharmacy practice. Although practice seems aligned with EU norms, this masks the substantial imbalance between the situation in the richer capital, Bucharest, and that of the poorer countryside. Harmonisation to EU norms in pharmacy education has not promoted student exchange and mobility but, rather, a brain drain in pharmaceutical graduates to other EU countries. Specialisation in industrial practice has been lost since 1989 with pharmacists being replaced by chemists. In hospitals the hospital pharmacist is being replaced by the clinical pharmacist.

Imaging is increasingly being used in dermatology for documentation, diagnosis, and management of cutaneous disease. The lack of standards for dermatologic imaging is an impediment to clinical uptake. Standardization can occur in image acquisition, terminology, interoperability, and metadata. This paper presents the International Skin Imaging Collaboration position on standardization of metadata for dermatologic imaging. Metadata is essential to ensure that dermatologic images are properly managed and interpreted. There are two standards-based approaches to recording and storing metadata in dermatologic imaging. The first uses standard consumer image file formats, and the second is the file format and metadata model developed for the Digital Imaging and Communication in Medicine (DICOM) standard. DICOM would appear to provide an advantage over using consumer image file formats for metadata as it includes all the patient, study, and technical metadata necessary to use images clinically. Whereas, consumer image file formats only include technical metadata and need to be used in conjunction with another actor—for example, an electronic medical record—to supply the patient and study metadata. The use of DICOM may have some ancillary benefits in dermatologic imaging including leveraging DICOM network and workflow services, interoperability of images and metadata, leveraging existing enterprise imaging infrastructure, greater patient safety, and better compliance to legislative requirements for image retention.

The article analyses the issues of emergence and sustainability of the Russian-Ukrainian border. Methods of analysis of sustainability of administrative and political borders by means of electronic cartographic bases of administrative-territorial division for different years are implemented. A section of border sustainability within the framework of the Geographical Information System (GIS) "Administrative-territorial division of the Russian-Ukrainian borderlands" and a series of maps demonstrating dynamics, sustainability and segmentation of the state border between Russia and Ukraine are developed. A general methodological basis for analysis of sustainability and emergence of borders with the use of geoinformation technologies is elaborated. A historical and geographical analysis of the formation of the Russian-Ukrainian state border is performed.The paper presents classification of the Russian-Ukrainian border into segments, a detailed description of the degree of sustainability and history of emergence of the state border. As a result of estimating classification, various values of the index are obtained, confirming the fact of differentiation of the state border by sustainability and emergence. Four groups of border sections according to the degree of sustainability are allocated, which enables structuring the historical and geographical description of the border and drawing conclusions on the origin, present and future of transboundary processes.

Safety and Reliability – Safe Societies in a Changing World collects the papers presented at the 28th European Safety and Reliability Conference, ESREL 2018 in Trondheim, Norway, June 17-21, 2018. The contributions cover a wide range of methodologies and application areas for safety and reliability that contribute to safe societies in a changing world. These methodologies and applications include: - foundations of risk and reliability assessment and management - mathematical methods in reliability and safety - risk assessment - risk management - system reliability - uncertainty analysis - digitalization and big data - prognostics and system health management - occupational safety - accident and incident modeling - maintenance modeling and applications - simulation for safety and reliability analysis - dynamic risk and barrier management - organizational factors and safety culture - human factors and human reliability - resilience engineering - structural reliability - natural hazards - security - economic analysis in risk management Safety and Reliability – Safe Societies in a Changing World will be invaluable to academics and professionals working in a wide range of industrial and governmental sectors: offshore oil and gas, nuclear engineering, aeronautics and aerospace, marine transport and engineering, railways, road transport, automotive engineering, civil engineering, critical infrastructures, electrical and electronic engineering, energy production and distribution, environmental engineering, information technology and telecommunications, insurance and finance, manufacturing, marine transport, mechanical engineering, security and protection, and policy making.

Favorable attitudes towards tobacco control policies can facilitate their implementation and success. We examined attitudes toward four potential U.S. Federal tobacco regulations (banning menthol from cigarettes, reducing nicotine levels in cigarettes, banning candy and fruit flavored electronic cigarettes, and banning candy and fruit flavored little cigars and cigarillos) and associations with individual and state variables. A nationally representative phone survey of 4337 adults assessed attitudes toward potential policies. Weighted logistic regression was used to assess relationships between attitudes and demographic factors, smoking behavior, beliefs about the government (knowledge, trust, and credibility), exposure to tobacco control campaigns, and state variables from the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) State Tobacco Activities Tracking and Evaluation (STATE) System. Most respondents supported three out of four policies. Respondents that were female, non-white, Latino, living below the poverty line, had less than high school education, were of older age, did not smoke, had higher trust in government, and were exposed to national tobacco control campaigns had higher odds of expressing favorable attitudes toward potential new tobacco regulations than did their counterparts. No state-level effects were found. While differences in attitudes were observed by individual demographic characteristics, behaviors, and beliefs, a majority of participants supported most of the potential new tobacco regulations surveyed.

Animal welfare legislation in South Australia underwent amendments in 2008, where all the maximum penalties for animal welfare offences were doubled. This commitment to increased penalties arguably provides evidence of the legislature's intent with respect to penalties. Studies have speculated that the legislative intent behind the increased penalties is not being reflected in the courts. This interdisciplinary research sought to gain evidence to confirm or disprove these speculations, by quantifying the average custodial sentence and monetary fine handed down in court before and after the 2008 amendments. Furthermore, trends relating to the species of animal affected and the demographics of the offender were identified. A total of 314 RSPCA (SA) closed case files from 2006 to 2018 were converted into an electronic form. Since the amendments, the average penalties have doubled in magnitude; fines have increased from $700 to $1535, while prison sentences have increased from 37 days to 77 days. Cases of companion animal abuse were most common (75% of all cases) and the location of the offence was found to influence offending. These findings suggest that the 2008 amendments have caused the average penalties to increase. However, it is debatable whether these increases are enough to effectively punish animal abusers. ; Rochelle Morton, Michelle L. Hebart and Alexandra L. Whittaker

When commentators, lawyers, judges, politicians, business people-anyone really-are looking to heap abuse on part of the civil process, they complain about discovery. But in truth, civil discovery is treated cruelly and often misunderstood. This is the case for two reasons. First, we do not know much about what actually happens in civil discovery in different types of cases. As a result, people seem to fill in the gaps of knowledge with their priors, which are, in turn, dependent on a few examples that loom large in their imaginations. Whatever limited reliable evidence about discovery we do have-and it is indeed very limited-is too often ignored in favor of reflexive vilification. Second, critics rarely consider the public benefits of discovery or its positive externalities, instead focusing mostly on its private, largely monetary costs and benefits.' The only way to prevent discovery from being abused is to know more about it and to evaluate its full costs and benefits. This Article proposes a modest change to litigation practice to help scholars, judges, and policymakers learn the truth about discovery. I propose that every discovery request be entered in the court docket. Given electronic filing, courts and litigants will incur few costs from this change, and researchers can analyze the information collected to determine the extent of discovery use and abuse.

ABSTRACT The issues of legal and regulatory governance of a new type of electronic money crypto currency are considered in the article. It has been proved that there is no uniform understanding of the forms and methods of the crypto currency regulation in the world. The existing formulations of the concept of "crypto-currency" are analyzed in the article, on which bases the necessity of crypto currency's adequate scientific understanding is identified and justified. As a result, of the study the main prerequisites for the legal regulation of the appearance and use of crypto-currency in payment systems are formulated by the authors.RESUMEN Las cuestiones de la gobernanza legal y regulatoria de un nuevo tipo de moneda criptográfica de dinero electrónico se consideran en el artículo. Se ha demostrado que no hay una comprensión uniforme de las formas y métodos de la regulación de la moneda criptográfica en el mundo. Las formulaciones existentes del concepto de "criptomoneda" son analizadas en el artículo, en el cual se basa la necesidad de la comprensión científica adecuada de la criptomoneda. Como resultado del estudio, los autores formulan los principales requisitos previos para la regulación legal de la aparición y el uso de la criptomoneda en los sistemas de pago.

5th International Conference on Oxide Materials for Electronic Engineering - Fabrication, Properties and Applications (OMEE) -- MAY 29-JUN 02, 2017 -- -- Lviv, UKRAINE ; WOS: 000431684900030 ; Mg/Al/Ln (Ln = Nd, Sm, Eu) layered double hydroxides (LDHs) were synthesized using sol gel method for the first time to the best our knowledge. The obtained materials were characterized by X-ray diffraction analysis and fluorescence spectroscopy. The phase composition and luminescent properties of these LDHs were investigated and discussed. The Ln(3+) substitution effects were investigated in the Mg(3)Al(1-x)Ln(x) LDHs by changing the Ln(3+) concentration in the metal cation layers up to 10 mol%. It was demonstrated that only Mg3Al1-xEux LDHs showed luminescence properties, however, no any light emission was observed for the Mg3Al1-xNdx and Mg3Al1-xSmx LDH samples. ; Lviv Polytechn Natl Univ, Sci Res Co Electron Carat, Polish Acad Sci, Inst Phys, Representat Off Polish Acad Sci, Int Ctr Diffract Data ; European Union's Horizon research and innovation programme under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie grantEuropean Union (EU) [645660] ; The work has been done in frame of the project TUMOCS. This project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement No. 645660.

The concept of Industry 4.0 has considerably altered the way organisations operate and has impacted every aspect of life. Furthermore, the fast-growing trend of information technology (IT) transformation in organisations and huge IT investment by Malaysian government have triggered the significance of IT risk and its related controls. Besides, technology-enabled auditing and IT-oriented audit procedures have become crucial when performing audit tasks in an electronic environment. Although many initiatives are being implemented to improve technology usage, audit technology use among auditors is still low and auditors are not attaining sufficient progress in the use of technology. This implies the current strategies and policies may not effectively support technology implementation. In the same vein, the under-utilisation of technologies was reported due to inadequate governance. Thus, this study intends to investigate the impact of IT governance on audit technology performance. IT governance is a mechanism to stimulate anticipated behavior in the use of technology among the employees of an organisation. Surveys using closed-ended questionnaires were distributed to approximately 309 Malaysia public sector auditors. The results show that IT governance mechanisms such as IT strategy and management support significantly influence the audit technology performance. IT governance does play a significant role in assuring the successful utilisation of audit technology.

Selective gas sensing is of great importance for applications in health, safety, military, industry and environment. Many man-made and naturally occurring volatile organic compounds (VOCs) can harmfully affect human health or cause impairment to the environment. Gas analysis based on different principles has been developed to convert gaseous analytes into readable output signals. However, gas sensors such as metal-oxide semiconductors suffer from high operating temperatures that are impractical and therefore have limited its applications. The cost-effective quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) device represents an excellent platform if sensitive, selective and versatile sensing materials were available. Recent advances in affinity ionic liquids (AILs) have led them to incorporation with QCM to be highly sensitive for real-time detection of target gases at ambient temperature. The tailorable functional groups in AIL structures allow for chemoselective reaction with target analytes for single digit parts-per-billion detection on mass-sensitive QCM. This structural diversity makes AILs promising for the creation of a library of chemical sensor arrays that could be designed to efficiently detect gas mixtures simultaneously as a potential electronic in future. This review first provides brief introduction to some conventional gas sensing technologies and then delivers the latest results on our development of chemoselective AIL-on-QCM methods.

The article analyses the issues of emergence and sustainability of the Russian-Ukrainian border. Methods of analysis of sustainability of administrative and political borders by means of electronic cartographic bases of administrative-territorial division for different years are implemented. A section of border sustainability within the framework of the Geographical Information System (GIS) "Administrative-territorial division of the Russian-Ukrainian borderlands" and a series of maps demonstrating dynamics, sustainability and segmentation of the state border between Russia and Ukraine are developed. A general methodological basis for analysis of sustainability and emergence of borders with the use of geoinformation technologies is elaborated. A historical and geographical analysis of the formation of the Russian-Ukrainian state border is performed.The paper presents classification of the Russian-Ukrainian border into segments, a detailed description of the degree of sustainability and history of emergence of the state border. As a result of estimating classification, various values of the index are obtained, confirming the fact of differentiation of the state border by sustainability and emergence. Four groups of border sections according to the degree of sustainability are allocated, which enables structuring the historical and geographical description of the border and drawing conclusions on the origin, present and future of transboundary processes.

В работе исследованы основные концептуальные подходы, выработанные в Российской Федерации и других индустриально развитых государствах, направленные на интеграцию и гармонизацию нормативного правового обеспечения кибернетической безопасности в целях формирования экономики доверия на национальных и международном уровнях в современных условиях глобализации, развития экономики в свободном доступе, возрастания киберугроз в сети Интернет, препятствующих созданию условий надлежащей защиты прав человека, в том числе персональных данных и сведений о личной жизни пользователей социальных сетей и цифровых площадок; развитию беспрепятственной электронной торговли. Проанализированы основные методы законодательного и правового регулирования вопросов защиты больших данных, а также методы противодействия преступности и терроризму в киберпространстве. The paper presents the main conceptual approaches developed in the Russian Federation and other industrialized countries aimed at the integration and harmonization of regulatory legal support of cybernetic security in order to create an economy of trust at the national and international levels in the current conditions of globalization, economic development in free access, increasing cyber threats on the Internet, preventing the creation of conditions for the proper protection of human rights, including personal data and information about the personal lives of users of social networks and digital platforms; the development of unimpeded electronic Commerce. The analysis is carried out of the main methods of legislative regulation of big data protection, as well as methods of combating crime and terrorism in cyberspace.

Selective gas sensing is of great importance for applications in health, safety, military, industry and environment. Many man-made and naturally occurring volatile organic compounds (VOCs) can harmfully affect human health or cause impairment to the environment. Gas analysis based on different principles has been developed to convert gaseous analytes into readable output signals. However, gas sensors such as metal-oxide semiconductors suffer from high operating temperatures that are impractical and therefore have limited its applications. The cost-effective quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) device represents an excellent platform if sensitive, selective and versatile sensing materials were available. Recent advances in affinity ionic liquids (AILs) have led them to incorporation with QCM to be highly sensitive for real-time detection of target gases at ambient temperature. The tailorable functional groups in AIL structures allow for chemoselective reaction with target analytes for single digit parts-per-billion detection on mass-sensitive QCM. This structural diversity makes AILs promising for the creation of a library of chemical sensor arrays that could be designed to efficiently detect gas mixtures simultaneously as a potential electronic in future. This review first provides brief introduction to some conventional gas sensing technologies and then delivers the latest results on our development of chemoselective AIL-on-QCM methods.