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This book brings together diverse perspectives from the newest generation of scholars from Canada and China to better understand China in the 21st century. It examines China's socio-political structure, its particular relationship with Canada, and interaction with the international community; and discusses how to overcome the ideological differences between the two countries to establish positive and sustainable Canada-China bilateral relations for the future. Importantly, the perspectives are from young authors, with a different relationship to China (and Canada) than more established authors. This compilation helps breathe new life into the study of Sino-Canada relations from both countries, and to reassess and re-frame issues related to China in the 21st century. Huhua Cao is a Full Professor in the University of Ottawa's Department of Geography specializing in urban geography, with the use of geostatistical methods and Geographic Information Systems (GIS). In recent years, Dr. Cao's research has focused on engaging urban indigenous and ethnic minority people in urban contexts using e-participation methods. He has directed numerous international research projects that have received funding from the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada (SSHRC), the Canadian Institute of Health Research (CIHR), the Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA), Human Resources and Skills Development Canada (HRSDC), the International Development of Research Centre (IDRC), the European Union and the Government of China. Professor Cao has also written numerous articles and books related to urban and regional development while collaborating with academics throughout the world. The Sino-Canadian relationship is another research interest of Professor Cao. In 2011 he published The China Challenge: Sino-Canadian Relations in the 21st Century with former Senator Vivienne Poy. China Challenge was selected as one of the 20 most important books in foreign policy in 2011 by Embassy Newspaper.Jeremy Paltiel is Professor of political science at Carleton University in Ottawa and was visiting professor at the department of international relations at Tsinghua University in Beijing in 2009. He received his BA in East Asian Studies from the University of Toronto in 1974, diploma in Philosophy from Peking University in 1976 and his MA (1979) and PhD (1984) in political science from the University of California, Berkeley. He has published widely on China and its foreign relations. This includes articles on human rights and the Chinese culture, the elite politics of the Chinese Communist Party, Civil-Military relations and Sino-Canadian relations. He co-ordinated the Chinese domestic background theme of the Canadian International Council's China Working Group and authored two of its papers: 'Canada in China's Grand Strategy' and 'Structure and Process in China's Foreign Policy Making - implications for Canada.' More recently he published 'Reimagining Canada's Present and Future in the Shadow of China's Rise,' the concluding chapter in Huhua Cao and Vivienne Poy eds., The China Challenge: Sino-Canadian Relations in the 21st Century. He is the author of The Empire's New Clothes: Cultural Particularism and Universality in China's Rise to Global Status (Palgrave, 2007) and 'Mencius and World Order Theories'(2010), 'China's Regionalization Policies: Illiberal internationalism or Neo-Mencian Benevolence?' (2009) 'Peaceful Rise? Soft Power? Human Rights in China's New Multilateralism'(2007). In 2014 he was awarded an SSHRC Insight grant in the amount of $425,000 to study Canada's relations with China and the Asia-Pacific.

PurposeWhile the potential for digital innovation (DI) to transform organizational practices is widely acknowledged in the information systems (IS) literature, there is very limited understanding on the socio-political nature of institutional interactions that determine DI and affect organizational practices in social cash organizations. Drawing on the neo-institutionalist vision, the purpose of the study is to examine the unique set of institutional exchanges that influence the transition to digital social cash payments that give rise to new institutional arrangements in social cash organizations.Design/methodology/approachThe paper draws on an in-depth case study of a government social cash organization in Pakistan. Qualitative data were collected using 30 semi-structured interviews from key organizational members and stakeholders.FindingsThe results suggest that DI is determined by the novel intersections between the coercive (techno-economic, regulatory), normative (socio-organizational), mimetic (international) and covert power (political) forces. Hence, DI is not a technologically deterministic output, but rather a complex socio-political process enacted through dialogue, negotiation and conflict between institutional actors. Technology is socially embedded through the process of institutionalization that is coupled by the deinstitutionalization of established organizational practices for progressive transformation.Research limitations/implicationsThe research has implications for government social cash organizations especially in the Global South. Empirically, the authors gained rare access to, and support from a government-backed social cash organization in Pakistan (an understudied country in the Global South), which made the data and the consequent analyses even invaluable. This made the empirical contribution within this geographical setting even more worthy, since this case study has received little attention from indigenous scholars in the past. The empirical findings showcased a unique set of contextual factors that were subject to BISP and interpreted through an account of socio-cultural sensitivities.Practical implicationsThe paper provides practical implications for policymakers and practitioners, emphasizing the need to address institutional challenges, including covert power, during the implementation of digitalization projects in the public sector. The paper has certain potential for inspiring future e-government related (or public sector focused) studies. The paper may guide both private and government policy-makers and practitioners in presenting how to overcome certain institutional challenges while planning and implementing large scale multi-stakeholder digitization projects in similar country contexts. So while there is scope of linking the digitization of public sector organizations to anti-corruption measures in other Global South countries, the paper may not be that straightforward with the private sector involvement.Social implicationsThe paper offers rich social insights on the institutional interchanges that occur between the social actors for the innovation of technology. Especially, the paper highlights the social-embeddedness nature of technology that underpins the institutionalization of new organizational practices. These have implications on how DI is viewed as a socio-political process of change.Originality/valueThis study contributes to neo-institutional theory by theorizing covert power as a political force that complements the neo-institutional framework. This force is subtle but also resistive for some political actors as the force shifts the equilibrium of power between different institutional actors. Furthermore, the paper presents the social and practical implications that guide policymakers and practitioners by taking into consideration the unique institutional challenges, such as covert power, while implementing large scale digital projects in the social cash sector.

PurposeThe authors study the role of collectivistic norms and beliefs on organizational citizenship behaviors (OCBs) in Mexico, including differences across gender and generations.Design/methodology/approachThe authors researched the relationship between Mexican employees' collectivistic norms and beliefs and their OCBs, which the authors grouped into etic (universal), emic (regional) and unique (indigenous) categories, the latter referred to as Mexican OCBs (MOCBs). The authors also studied the role of gender and generations as moderators.FindingsCollective norms had a positive relationship only on the etic OCBs of sportsmanship, while collective beliefs impacted altruism and civic virtue; the etic OCBs of personal development, protecting company resources, interpersonal harmony; and the MOCBs of dedication and camaraderie. Collective beliefs on the etic OCB of altruism, the emic OCB of protecting company resources and the unique MOCB of camaraderie were stronger for workers from Xers than for Millennials. Moderation tests also showed that collective belief had stronger effects on the emic OCB of protecting company resources and the unique MOCBs of dedication and camaraderie for men than for women.Research limitations/implicationsGender roles in emerging economies where society is characterized by collectivistic attributes, especially in a sample drawn from professional employees, may have changed. This could explain the reason why most of the interactions were stronger for men. Future studies involving gender roles should look beyond a demographic variable and design an instrument measuring self-perceptions of role identity, such as the Bem Sex Role Inventory (Bem, 1974). This study's findings could be generalized, particularly, to other Latin American nations, but scholars should acknowledge differences in economic development and gender roles, as well as unique cultural elements (Arriagada, 2014; Hofstede, 1980).Practical implicationsThe results of this study yield three practical implications for international managers, including (1) distinguishing between the impact of changing cultural norms or beliefs on OCBs, (2) understanding how demographic factors such as gender or generation may influence the degree of OCBs exhibited in the workplace by specific employee groups, and (3) identifying cultural contexts which promote OCBs. First, workers from a younger generation in a collectivistic society, such as Millennials, respond less positively than workers from older generations to cultural beliefs concerning OCBs, such that they are less willing to engage in a particular category of OCBs including protecting company resources.Social implicationsGlobal managers should be aware that employees engage in distinct OCBs for different reasons. Emphasizing cultural rules and norms behind helping one another may backfire in Mexico, particularly among men and younger generations of workers. This is understandable for these OCBs. For example, engaging in personal development for the organization's sake due to collective norms may be less effective that pursuing personal development opportunities that employees are passionate about or recognize as beneficial for their careers. Dedication and sportsmanship behaviors that stem from rules are likely less strong or effective as OCBs employees engage in due to strong beliefs or altruistic spontaneity.Originality/valueThe authors filled a gap in scholar's understanding of cultural norms and beliefs on behavior. Specifically, the authors found that cultural beliefs shape etic, emic and unique MOCBs, particularly for men and older generations, and that cultural norms have a negligible and sometimes negative role, being positively related only to the etic OCB of sportsmanship.

The article that we present here is part of a research / extension process that lasted for more than two years in the Puna and Chaco of Salta, in northern Argentina, with significant interaction with the Kolla de Hurcuro and Wichí de El peoples. Cocal (2017-2019). We tried to understand the forms of habitat production from the study of the relationships expressed in the configuration of the above and below habitat dimensions (Gonzalez, 2020) in the development of two experiences aimed at the implementation of technologies based on unconventional energies in the mentioned territory. A particularity of both experiences is due to the fact that both projects belong to the National University of Salta (UNSa) with said indigenous communities.In order to recognize and understand the specific forms that the supra and infra habitat configurations present in the habitat production experiences in the Puna and in the Salteño Chaco (2017-2019), we built a research project that responds to our political interests, epistemological and ontological. The design of the conceptual theoretical proposal, which we present here, represents an effort that sought to give relevance to the research process in coherence with the object of study. For this reason, we critically review the presence of "universal" notions in the analysis of habitat production, incorporating the perspective of the decolonial option and southern epistemologies to the conceptual framework (Gonzalez, 2020). Finally, the theoretical reflection that we present here aims to contribute to the challenge to hegemonic traditions and an epistemic commitment that contributes to the dismantling of the Modern Colonial Civilization Model in the field of habitat studies. ; El artículo que aquí presentamos forma parte de un proceso de investigación/extensión que se extendió durante más de dos años en la Puna y en el Chaco salteños, en el norte argentino, con una interacción significativa con los pueblos Kolla de Hurcuro y Wichí de El Cocal (2017-2019). Pretendimos comprender las formas de producción de hábitat a partir del estudio de las relaciones expresadas en la configuración de las dimensiones supra e infra hábitat (Gonzalez, 2020) en el desarrollo de dos experiencias orientadas a la implementación de tecnologías basadas en energías no convencionales en el territorio mencionado. Una particularidad de ambas experiencias se debe a que ambos proyectos pertenecen a la Universidad Nacional de Salta (UNSa) con dichas comunidades indígenas. Con el objetivo de reconocer y comprender las formas específicas que presentan las configuraciones de supra e infra hábitat en las experiencias de producción de hábitat en la Puna y en el Chaco salteños (2017-2019) construimos un proyecto de investigación que responde a nuestros intereses políticos, epistemológicos y ontológicos. El diseño de la propuesta teórica-conceptual, que aquí presentamos, representa un esfuerzo que buscó dotar de pertinencia el proceso de investigación en relación con el objeto de estudio. Por esto revisamos críticamente la presencia de nociones "universales" en los análisis de producción de hábitat, incorporando la perspectiva de la opción decolonial y las epistemologías del sur al encuadre conceptual (Gonzalez, 2020).Finalmente, la reflexión teórica que aquí presentamos pretende contribuir al desafío a las tradiciones hegemónicas y una apuesta epistémica que contribuya al desmontaje del Modelo Civilizatorio Moderno Colonial en el campo de estudios del hábitat.

Introduction: Latin American, in five decades following the economic and fiscal politics from the FMI and BM, that would reach them to grow and develop and the Government-States focused on building the democracy, the region is living in the deepest and growing violence and, the COVID-19 challenge, in an emergency status. Objective:To know the causes that originated the situation that affects the vulnerable population that suffers from violence in various sceneries with diverse effects. Methodology: Was qualitative (1970-2020); related to historic, economic, social, development, growth and well-being aspects in the region, following Amartya Sen's postulates (2000) in reference to the population liberties and their well-being. The revisions, art state, studies and analysis were selected. Results: The economic model was collapsed since 1980 because its economic basys was the natural resources. The external dependency continued. The economic, fiscal and assistential politics were ineffective. The population remained without education and job, generating growing migration, extreme poverty and vulnerability. Central America has been the most affected area due to its inhabitants are indigenous. At present the same model continues. The police force violence came back and it also rose in the population as defense and survival. Conclusion: The facts show the model crash, the politics never considered the real contributive capacity, neither the education demands, job, security and well-being. Finally, the COVID-19 effects in the region, prove the weak health care system, the fragility of the economies and socially, the imminent increasing of vulnerable population, with an uncertain future. ; Introducción: América Latina a cinco décadas de seguir las políticas económicas y fiscales del Fondo Monetario Internacional y del Banco Mundial, que la llevarían al crecimiento y desarrollo y en las que los Estados-gobiernos se centraron para construir la democracia, sin tener el efecto deseado, al contrario, la región está viviendo en la violencia más profunda y creciente, sumado al reto de la COVID-19. Objetivo: Conocer las causas que originaron esta situación, que afecta a la población vulnerable, que sufre la violencia en varios entornos y con efectos diversos. Metodología: Cualitativa (1970-2020); en lo histórico, económico, social, de desarrollo, de crecimiento y bienestar en la región, siguiendo los postulados de Amartya Sen del año 2000 con relación al ejercicio de las libertades de la población y su bienestar. Se prefirieron las revisiones, estados del arte, estudios y análisis. Resultados: Se encontró que el modelo económico colapsó desde 1980 pues fundamentó su base económica solo en los recursos naturales. Continuó la dependencia externa. Las políticas económicas, fiscales y asistenciales tampoco fueron efectivas. La población se quedó sin educación y empleo, generando migración creciente, pobreza extrema y vulnerabilidad. Centroamérica es la zona más golpeada ya que sus habitantes son mayoritariamente rurales e indígenas. Actualmente se sigue el mismo modelo. Regresó la violencia de las fuerzas policiales y esta se detonó también en la población como mecanismo de defensa y sobrevivencia. Conclusiones: Los hallazgos demuestran el fracaso del modelo; las políticas nunca consideraron la capacidad contributiva real, ni las demandas de educación, empleo, seguridad y bienestar. Finalmente, los efectos de la pandemia en la región, corroboran lo endeble del sistema de salud, la fragilidad de las economías y a nivel social, el inminente incremento de población vulnerable con futuro incierto.

In her novel Solar Storms (1995) Chickasaw novelist and poet Linda Hogan foresees what political geographers today refer to as waterscapes, that is, water-based environments where a multiplicity of human and other-than-human forces interact with each other producing diverse forms of signification. This essay examines Indigenous experiences of water, geography, and social activism as they intersect in Hogan's waterscape narrative. I ground my analysis of this visionary novel in recent geographical studies that look at waterscapes from the perspective of cultural politics and which criticize rationalist conceptions of water that reduce it to the sole function of human commodity. Challenging such a reductionist view, Western and non-Western political geographers have begun to take into account traditional environmental knowledge (TEK), local ecologies, and historically rooted, alternative social practices to argue that water environments produce meaning through the ways human and other-than-human beings experience them, and this includes beings such as the earth or water. In this article I contend that such a view is the epistemological backbone sustaining Hogan's Solar Storms. While the potential swirling action of water as a form of environmental and spiritual power is strongly highlighted, I also consider how alternative cartographical practices and stories may challenge the boundaries of colonial dominance and propose ways in which Hogan's waterscape may contribute to contemporary geographical and political debates concerning home, territory, sovereignty, and sustainability in the Americas. ; En su novela Solar Storms (1995), la novelista y poeta Chickasaw Linda Hogan anticipa el concepto de waterscape, un entorno natural acuático en el cual (tal y como se empieza a reconocer en el campo de la geografía política contemporánea) una multiplicidad de agentes humanos y no-humanos interactúa entre sí produciendo diferentes niveles de sentido. Este artículo considera el modo en que las comunidades indígenas entienden el agua, la geografía y el activismo social tomando como punto de partida los waterscapes descritos por Linda Hogan. Mi análisis está fundamentado en estudios geográficos recientes, los cuales examinan estos entornos acuáticos atendiendo a las nuevas políticas geoculturales, a la par que critican conceptualizaciones racionales occidentales que reducen el agua a la mera función de mercancía o recurso. Cuestionando esta perspectiva reduccionista, numerosos geógrafos políticos, occidentales y no occidentales, empiezan a reconocer el valor de la sabiduría ecológica tradicional de las comunidades indígenas, las prácticas ecológicas locales, así como una serie de prácticas geosociales alternativas que tienen también un fuerte arraigo histórico. Este grupo creciente de geógrafos alega que los entornos acuáticos cobran también significado a través de las múltiples experiencias que los seres humanos y no humanos tenemos de los mismos y esto incluye a seres naturales como la tierra o el agua. En este artículo defiendo que esta perspectiva orgánica y multivocal constituye el eje fundamental que sustenta la novela de Hogan. Paralelamente, demuestro cómo las historias y prácticas cartográficas alternativas presentadas en la novela, junto a la acción arremolinadora del agua como fuerza medioambiental y espiritual, cuestionan los límites del orden colonial dominante proponiendo maneras de intervención en los debates geopolíticos contemporáneos sobre hogar, territorio, soberanía y sostenibilidad en la América indígena.

ABSTRACT: In her novel Solar Storms (1995) Chickasaw novelist and poet Linda Hogan foresees what political geographers today refer to as waterscapes, that is, water-based environments where a multiplicity of human and other-than-human forces interact with each other producing diverse forms of signification. This essay examines Indigenous experiences of water, geography, and social activism as they intersect in Hogan's waterscape narrative. I ground my analysis of this visionary novel in recent geographical studies that look at waterscapes from the perspective of cultural politics and which criticize rationalist conceptions of water that reduce it to the sole function of human commodity. Challenging such a reductionist view, Western and non-Western political geographers have begun to take into account traditional environmental knowledge (TEK), local ecologies, and historically rooted, alternative social practices to argue that water environments produce meaning through the ways human and other-than-human beings experience them, and this includes beings such as the earth or water. In this article I contend that such a view is the epistemological backbone sustaining Hogan's Solar Storms. While the potential swirling action of water as a form of environmental and spiritual power is strongly highlighted, I also consider how alternative cartographical practices and stories may challenge the boundaries of colonial dominance and propose ways in which Hogan's waterscape may contribute to contemporary geographical and political debates concerning home, territory, sovereignty, and sustainability in the Americas.RESUMEN: En su novela Solar Storms (1995), la novelista y poeta Chickasaw Linda Hogan anticipa el concepto de waterscape, un entorno natural acuático en el cual (tal y como se empieza a reconocer en el campo de la geografía política contemporánea) una multiplicidad de agentes humanos y no-humanos interactúa entre sí produciendo diferentes niveles de sentido. Este artículo considera el modo en que las comunidades indígenas entienden el agua, la geografía y el activismo social tomando como punto de partida los waterscapes descritos por Linda Hogan. Mi análisis está fundamentado en estudios geográficos recientes, los cuales examinan estos entornos acuáticos atendiendo a las nuevas políticas geoculturales, a la par que critican conceptualizaciones racionales occidentales que reducen el agua a la mera función de mercancía o recurso. Cuestionando esta perspectiva reduccionista, numerosos geógrafos políticos, occidentales y no occidentales, empiezan a reconocer el valor de la sabiduría ecológica tradicional de las comunidades indígenas, las prácticas ecológicas locales, así como una serie de prácticas geosociales alternativas que tienen también un fuerte arraigo histórico. Este grupo creciente de geógrafos alega que los entornos acuáticos cobran también significado a través de las múltiples experiencias que los seres humanos y no humanos tenemos de los mismos y esto incluye a seres naturales como la tierra o el agua. En este artículo defiendo que esta perspectiva orgánica y multivocal constituye el eje fundamental que sustenta la novela de Hogan. Paralelamente, demuestro cómo las historias y prácticas cartográficas alternativas presentadas en la novela, junto a la acción arremolinadora del agua como fuerza medioambiental y espiritual, cuestionan los límites del orden colonial dominante proponiendo maneras de intervención en los debates geopolíticos contemporáneos sobre hogar, territorio, soberanía y sostenibilidad en la América indígena.

VIGNETTES ON CATEGORIZATION AND AESTHETICS is a multi-tiered series of entries weaving history in relation to storytelling, science fiction, poetry, art and visual culture, akin to the "constellation thinking" of Walter Benjamin. Various methodological approaches are used to illuminate how systems of categorization influence aesthetic discourse. The project jumps historical time periods and styles, a problem navigated by focusing on vignettes as instances and experiential cases that relate together the "cacophony" of history and aesthetics. The concept of "cacophony" is used in line with Jodi Byrd's argumentation in The Transit of Empire: Indigenous Critiques of Colonialism, as a means to connect divergent histories and stories. Entry 1: Logical Horses: Or Several Historical, Aesthetic, Allegorical, and Mythical Vignettes was edited by several of the participants in the narrative, a move towards personal accountability in writing outside of the self. The first entry serves as an introduction to the subsequent two entries and their attendant themes, Entry 2: The aaaccc(k) is a healing correspondence co-authored with Angela Jennings and Entry 3: Almost Invisible Pleasures is a conversation with a collection of drawings and writings by Suzanne Herrera Li Puma. Entry 1 takes Jonathan Swift's Gulliver's Travels as a point of departure regarding cultural and social othering as a broader issue, elaborating throughout how social othering relates to aesthetics. Other vignettes detail structures, such as Marxist thought, the history of Western ideas like the Great Chain of Being and institutions such as the College Art Association as participants in knowledge construction within aesthetics and art history. Each "idea" is analyzed as a participant in cultural tendencies, extending to how artists become authentic hierarchicalized producers of culture, or are excluded altogether by ongoing structures of separation. Systems of connoisseurship and validation belie how subjective preference precedes canonization, with language implicated as a tool for serving dominance or subverting it. Language is approached as capable of causing further rifts despite aiming to clarify or communicate. Concepts that decenter and shift emphasis, such as "liquid blackness," a research collective and a term used by Black Studies scholars, "polysemy," a term for multiple meanings used by Christopher Bracken, "haunting" used by C Ree, Eve Tuck and Avery Gordon to denote the incommensurability of history as a secure presence, "shapeshifting" and "forcefields," coined in collaboration with Sarah Dziedzic and Suzanne Herrera Li Puma, are invoked towards hopeful futures where methodologies will melt, combine and start anew. Sneaking in through the fissures of polemics are interspersed fragmentary quotes, speculative science fiction narratives, poetic asides, all used as potential resistances to dominant paradigms expressed through content as well as deviation from singular writing styles. The aim of this project is to point to tensions within disciplinary narratives that trouble the stability of monolithic canonical histories. This seeking of hybridity and fragmentation as a methodology, admittedly troubled and imperfect, seeks to continue what Byrd describes as "opening doors" on the complex issues relevant to how colonialism, diaspora, cultural othering, politics, social life, phenomenology and aesthetics are inextricably interwoven. A variety of paths are presented for the reader, using words as personal and collective acts that trouble the canons with poetry, truncated stories, weird asides, and various other discordant tunes.

Since Harley (1989) proposed his concept of deconstructing the map, a new thinking about map is established and cause some cartographers rethinking the definition of map and shift their scientific axioms to evaluate maps. Persuasive maps are typically designed differently than scientific visualization, which are introduced more than 200 years represented for a given situation, especially to elicit particular interpretation. During 1895–1945 Taiwan was ruled under Japan. The Empire was enthusiastic in set up infrastructure including triangulation which brought Taiwan into the era of Modern Maps. Besides, some thematic maps such as the beautiful Ukiyo with bird's eye view were made. Nowadays these maps are all digital as cartographic heritage, they provide as research materials. But most of the studies discuss these maps from historical point of view, and less metaphor of cartography were proposed. According to the stratified sampling strategies, twenty-one maps are selected to discuss in this study. The contents analysis items are following the discussions of Tyner (1982, 2018) and Muehlenhaus (2011). These maps could divide into four kinds. The first one is the cartoon and humorous maps, which emphasize the Japanese was a strong giant, while Taiwanese and Manchurian were weak. This kind of maps seems not a real map, but their sensational impact full of persuasion. The second kind of maps is unique skill with bird's eye view landscapes. Most of these maps and posters were presented in the Exposition of Colonial Administration for Forty Years in Taiwan. The main goal of this kind of maps were intended to show off Japanese colonial achievements, for Japan had established many infrastructures in Taiwan especially built the railways around the island, policies Following the policies of Japanese Empire, government of Taiwan encourage people enjoy travel to promote economy and tourism. The techniques of this kind of maps were transferred from Ukiyo and western perspective concept. Realistic and colorful symbols make this kind of maps looked vivid and attractive as well as easy to read, created a succinctly communication and eliciting the happy journey imagination. The third kind of maps is so called authoritative map. They were created during the early colonized days. In that time controlling and managing Taiwan indigenous was Japan urgent policy. Based on the topographic maps, through the red lines or red circles to attract the eyes attention and clearly suggest the troop's planning routes. No extra information, color play the main role. The last one kind of maps is same as the third one, but their issues were focused on war. Various projections cause different distortions which could highlight the topic but not really the truth. While some maps omit parallels and meridians to confused the reader's location perception. Even though ship and airplane were the common used symbols, their dynamic association east to direct the battle condition. Different color used to distinguish the safety level. Especially, in all kinds of these maps, Japan and its colonies always showed in red. The reason not only because red easy to attract eyesight but also red is Yamato favorite color. These persuasive maps persuade us that in the colonized era Japanese really provided great contribution to Taiwanese cartographic history.

Since Harley (1989) proposed his concept of deconstructing the map, a new thinking about map is established and cause some cartographers rethinking the definition of map and shift their scientific axioms to evaluate maps. Persuasive maps are typically designed differently than scientific visualization, which are introduced more than 200 years represented for a given situation, especially to elicit particular interpretation. During 1895–1945 Taiwan was ruled under Japan. The Empire was enthusiastic in set up infrastructure including triangulation which brought Taiwan into the era of Modern Maps. Besides, some thematic maps such as the beautiful Ukiyo with bird's eye view were made. Nowadays these maps are all digital as cartographic heritage, they provide as research materials. But most of the studies discuss these maps from historical point of view, and less metaphor of cartography were proposed. According to the stratified sampling strategies, twenty-one maps are selected to discuss in this study. The contents analysis items are following the discussions of Tyner (1982, 2018) and Muehlenhaus (2011). These maps could divide into four kinds. The first one is the cartoon and humorous maps, which emphasize the Japanese was a strong giant, while Taiwanese and Manchurian were weak. This kind of maps seems not a real map, but their sensational impact full of persuasion. The second kind of maps is unique skill with bird's eye view landscapes. Most of these maps and posters were presented in the Exposition of Colonial Administration for Forty Years in Taiwan. The main goal of this kind of maps were intended to show off Japanese colonial achievements, for Japan had established many infrastructures in Taiwan especially built the railways around the island, policies Following the policies of Japanese Empire, government of Taiwan encourage people enjoy travel to promote economy and tourism. The techniques of this kind of maps were transferred from Ukiyo and western perspective concept. Realistic and colorful symbols make this kind of maps looked vivid and attractive as well as easy to read, created a succinctly communication and eliciting the happy journey imagination. The third kind of maps is so called authoritative map. They were created during the early colonized days. In that time controlling and managing Taiwan indigenous was Japan urgent policy. Based on the topographic maps, through the red lines or red circles to attract the eyes attention and clearly suggest the troop's planning routes. No extra information, color play the main role. The last one kind of maps is same as the third one, but their issues were focused on war. Various projections cause different distortions which could highlight the topic but not really the truth. While some maps omit parallels and meridians to confused the reader's location perception. Even though ship and airplane were the common used symbols, their dynamic association east to direct the battle condition. Different color used to distinguish the safety level. Especially, in all kinds of these maps, Japan and its colonies always showed in red. The reason not only because red easy to attract eyesight but also red is Yamato favorite color. These persuasive maps persuade us that in the colonized era Japanese really provided great contribution to Taiwanese cartographic history.

The wide variety of pseudo anglicisms shows that a number of categories are also found. This article is aimed at sketching these classifications more comprehensively, and to group pseudo loans according to prior studies and revisions (Görlach, 2002; Rodríguez, 2003; Onysko, 2007; Furiassi, 2010; Furiassi and Gottlieb, 2015). These typologies are mainly ac-companied by indigenous examples, extracted mostly from differential Cuban Spanish dictionaries and glossaries (Sánchez-Boudy, 1999; Haensch and Werner, 2003; Sánchez, 2017). This research analysis is also aimed at depicting the sociolinguistic causes and semantic evolution of English-induced pseudo loans, based on a compilation of these lexical units, and a brief account of the shifting socioeconomic and political scenarios in Cuba. Some major processes have also been attested and described: 'hourglass-shaped' and 'pyramid-shaped' semantic evolutions of loanwords, and 'metaphorical calquing', which might shed some light on how polysemy and semantic extension, in both source and recipient languages, are involved in the lexical coinage of pseudo loans. ; La amplia gama de pseudo anglicismos nos demuestra que se pueden encontrar una gran cantidad de categorías. Este artículo tiene como objetivo agrupar dichas clasificaciones de una manera más global, y compilar los pseudo préstamos de acuerdo a estudios y revisiones anteriores (Görlach, 2002; Rodríguez, 2003; Onysko, 2007; Furiassi, 2010; Furiassi y Gottlieb, 2015). Las tipologías vienen acompañadas de ejemplos diferenciales, extraídos en su mayoría de diccionarios y glosarios del español cubano (Sánchez-Boudy, 1999; Haensch y Werner, 2003; Sánchez, 2017). Asimismo, esta investigación se propone describir las causas sociolingüísticas y la evolución semántica de los pseudo anglicismos, partiendo de la compilación de estas unidades léxicas, y de una breve referencia a los distintos escenarios socioeconómicos y políticos en la isla. Se han podido verificar y describir algunos procesos de importancia: las evoluciones semánticas en forma de 'reloj de arena' y de 'pirámide', así como los calcos metafóricos, que permiten verificar cómo los procesos de polisemia y extensión semántica, tanto en las lenguas de llegada como las de salida, se relacionan directamente con la creación de pseudo préstamos. ; La vaste gamme de pseudo anglicismes montre qu'on peut trouver un grand nombre de catégories. Cet article vise à regrouper ces classifications d'une manière plus complète et à compiler les pseudo emprunts selon les études et les révisions précédentes (Görlach, 2002; Rodríguez, 2003; Onysko, 2007; Furiassi, 2010; Furiassi et Gottlieb, 2015). Les typologies sont généralement accompagnées par des exemples différentiels, tirés principalement des dictionnaires et des glossaires de l'espagnol cubain (Sánchez-Boudy, 1999; Haensch et Werner, 2003; Sánchez, 2017). De même, cette recherche se propose de décrire les causes sociolinguistiques et l'évolution sémantique des pseudo-anglicismes, à partir de la compilation de ces unités lexicales, et d'une brève référence aux différents scénarios socio-économiques et politiques sur l'île. On a pu vérifier et décrire certains processus d'importance: les évolutions sémantiques sous la forme de «sablier» et de «pyramide», tel que les calques métaphoriques, ce qui pourrait permettre de comprendre comment les processus de polysémie et d'extension sémantique, dans les langues cibles tout comme dans les langues source, sont liés à la création des pseudo emprunts.

Globalization is an important social phenomenon affecting all aspects of our lives. It also plays a huge role in shaping popular culture, influencing today's youth and their self-identity. The aim of this thesis is to explore a form of American youth culture that became a global phenomenon, but with a particular focus on its expression, form and meaning in a local Asian/Chinese context. This global phenomenon is accessed by the way that hip-hop is represented, produced, consumed, regulated and serves to construct youth identity in Hong Kong (HK). These processes are studied using an ethnographic approach that draws from field observations, semi-structured questions and in-depth interviews in youth dance settings. The research findings show how hip-hop, as a global youth culture, has transcended culture, gender and class differences across geographic boundaries and into Asia. Hip-hop culture is defined and redefined by youth, as reflected in their language, music, dance and fashion. Through hip-hop and break dance, the majority of males adopt "cool pose" to display machismo. The majority of females use hip-hop, break dance and "hip-hop diva" fashion to exercise normative femininity and androgyny. Hip-hop is not restricted to a specific social class, but how and where hip-hop is interpreted and practiced in HK varies among social classes. There have been significant debates on whether or not globalization is creating a homogenized global culture. With reference to these debates, this thesis makes the following key points. Firstly, it demonstrates how the global phenomenon of hip-hop is interpreted in the HK youth context. When a global culture becomes localized, the product becomes heterogeneous. The global aspects get adapted and local indigenous forms remain to suit the needs of each locality. Cultural appropriation within hip-hop creates glocal-cultural authenticity. Secondly, this thesis expands the understanding of how hip-hop influences youth's self-identity in HK. Hip-hop not only helps HK youth become bolder and more confident, it also sets them free from the constraints of conventional HK Chinese social norms. Third, hip-hop, as a non-mainstream HK Chinese popular culture, generates a form of subcultural capital for its participants. Hip-Hop has collectively shaped the social attitudes of HK youth in expressing their personal, social, cultural and political views. Last, this thesis highlights the interwoven relationship between the global and local expressions of hip-hop culture, (i.e., glocalization) and how it has played a significant role in producing transnational identities. Glocal hip-hop is performed, overseas and on social media, in a fusion style, e.g., integrating Kung Fu and break dance together. Globalization produces a bi-directional exchange of culture from its original locale to new locales and back. To understand global hip-hop, one must acknowledge the impact of individual experiences, cultural influences and collective consciousness of youth. This study aims to contribute to the existing body of literature on globalization, youth studies and hip-hop. Finally, this study seeks to enhance the existing framework for the study of changes in global youth culture by suggesting ways in which hip-hop can be used, understood and transformed throughout the world. ; published_or_final_version ; Sociology ; Doctoral ; Doctor of Philosophy

En Venezuela, se han configurado nuevas estructuras territoriales que coexisten con los límites administrativos (parroquia, municipio, Estado y regiones) propios del modelo de desarrollo de los años 1960. Esta visión sufre una transformación con la refundación del Estado en 1999 con el llamado 'Modelo socialista de Chávez', con procesos sociopolíticos y dinámicas territoriales que dan origen a una nueva geopolítica, elementos que analizaremos con estudios múltiples en la Región Guayana al sur del país. Entre ellos, una región hidrográfica, un territorio indígena y los territorios comunales. Se rescatan de estas experiencias: la confluencia de intencionalidades compartidas para emprender acciones colectivas, pese a las distintas configuraciones e interpretaciones del territorio para sus actores, y la existencia de una vinculación territorial compleja y superpuesta cuando se mira en su conjunto. En el artículo, se aborda la construcción y definición del espacio territorial como la resultante de las interacciones dinámicas que se dan entre las dimensiones institucionales, comunitarias y naturales. Pensamos que esto les permite a los múltiples actores (comunitarios, técnicos, científicos y políticos) el aprendizaje, la adaptación y la coordinación para la actual lógica territorial. ; Na Venezuela, têm se configurado novas estruturas territoriais que coexistem com os limites administrativos (paróquia, município, Estado e regiões) próprios do modelo de desenvolvimento dos anos 1960. Esta visão sofre uma transformação com a refundação do Estado em 1999 com o chamado 'Modelo socialista de Chávez', com processos sociopolíticos e dinâmicas territoriais que dão origem a uma nova geopolítica, elementos que analisaremos com estudos múltiplos na Região Guayana ao sul do país. Entre eles, uma região hidrográfica, um território indígena e os territórios comunais. Resgatam-se destas experiências: a confluência de intencionalidades compartilhadas para empreender ações coletivas, em que pese às distintas configurações e interpretações do território para seus atores, e a existência de uma vinculação territorial complexa e sobreposta quando se olha em conjunto. No artigo, aborda-se a construção e definição do espaço territorial como a resultante das interações dinâmicas que se dão entre as dimensões institucionais comunitárias e naturais. Pensamos que isto permite-lhe aos múltiplos atores (comunitários, técnicos, científicos e políticos) a aprendizagem, a adaptação e a coordenação para a atual lógica territorial. ; Venezuela has set new territorial structures that coexist with the administrative boundaries (parish, town, state and region) of the development model of the sixties. This vision undergoes a transformation with the proposal of the founding of the new State in 1999 in the so-called 'Chavez's socialism', with territorial socio-political and dynamical processes that gave rise to new geopolitical elements. We shall analyze these elements with multiple studies in the southern part of country in the Venezuelan Guiana region. Among them, a river basin, an indigenous territory, and communal lands. From these experiences we rescue: shared intentions for collective actions despite the different configurations and interpretations of the territory from each of the different stakeholders, and complex and overlapping territorial attachment when the situation is observed as a whole. The article describes the construction and definition of territorial space as a result of the dynamic interactions occurring between institutional and natural dimensions. We think this allows learning, adaptation and coordination for the current territorial logic to multiple (community, technical, scientific and political) stakeholders.

En Venezuela, se han configurado nuevas estructuras territoriales que coexisten con los límites administrativos (parroquia, municipio, Estado y regiones) propios del modelo de desarrollo de los años 1960. Esta visión sufre una transformación con la refundación del Estado en 1999 con el llamado 'Modelo socialista de Chávez', con procesos sociopolíticos y dinámicas territoriales que dan origen a una nueva geopolítica, elementos que analizaremos con estudios múltiples en la Región Guayana al sur del país. Entre ellos, una región hidrográfica, un territorio indígena y los territorios comunales. Se rescatan de estas experiencias: la confluencia de intencionalidades compartidas para emprender acciones colectivas, pese a las distintas configuraciones e interpretaciones del territorio para sus actores, y la existencia de una vinculación territorial compleja y superpuesta cuando se mira en su conjunto. En el artículo, se aborda la construcción y definición del espacio territorial como la resultante de las interacciones dinámicas que se dan entre las dimensiones institucionales, comunitarias y naturales. Pensamos que esto les permite a los múltiples actores (comunitarios, técnicos, científicos y políticos) el aprendizaje, la adaptación y la coordinación para la actual lógica territorial. ; Venezuela has set new territorial structures that coexist with the administrative boundaries (parish, town, state and region) of the development model of the sixties. This vision undergoes a transformation with the proposal of the founding of the new State in 1999 in the so-called 'Chavez's socialism', with territorial socio-political and dynamical processes that gave rise to new geopolitical elements. We shall analyze these elements with multiple studies in the southern part of country in the Venezuelan Guiana region. Among them, a river basin, an indigenous territory, and communal lands. From these experiences we rescue: shared intentions for collective actions despite the different configurations and interpretations of the territory from each of the different stakeholders, and complex and overlapping territorial attachment when the situation is observed as a whole. The article describes the construction and definition of territorial space as a result of the dynamic interactions occurring between institutional and natural dimensions. We think this allows learning, adaptation and coordination for the current territorial logic to multiple (community, technical, scientific and political) stakeholders. ; Na Venezuela, têm se configurado novas estruturas territoriais que coexistem com os limites administrativos (paróquia, município, Estado e regiões) próprios do modelo de desenvolvimento dos anos 1960. Esta visão sofre uma transformação com a refundação do Estado em 1999 com o chamado 'Modelo socialista de Chávez', com processos sociopolíticos e dinâmicas territoriais que dão origem a uma nova geopolítica, elementos que analisaremos com estudos múltiplos na Região Guayana ao sul do país. Entre eles, uma região hidrográfica, um território indígena e os territórios comunais. Resgatam-se destas experiências: a confluência de intencionalidades compartilhadas para empreender ações coletivas, em que pese às distintas configurações e interpretações do território para seus atores, e a existência de uma vinculação territorial complexa e sobreposta quando se olha em conjunto. No artigo, aborda-se a construção e definição do espaço territorial como a resultante das interações dinâmicas que se dão entre as dimensões institucionais comunitárias e naturais. Pensamos que isto permite-lhe aos múltiplos atores (comunitários, técnicos, científicos e políticos) a aprendizagem, a adaptação e a coordenação para a atual lógica territorial.

La literatura relacionada con el impacto del cambio climático empieza a dar cuenta de los diversos grados de vulnerabilidad de la población y de la capacidad de respuesta y de adaptación de distintos sectores sociales en el mundo. Sin embargo aún son pocos los estudios que, al analizar las respuestas a los riesgos para la salud derivados del cambio climático, señalen las limitaciones y oportunidades que dan forma a procesos de adaptación orientados a enfrentar los retos de salud. En este estudio se intenta avanzar por esa línea enfocándose en un sector pobre de la población indígena campesina mexicana. El artículo se basa en una investigación de hogares que se llevó a cabo de diciembre de 2006 a abril de 2007 en tres comunidades de la Sierra Tarahumara, ubicada al suroeste de Chihuahua. Los resultados revelan que incluso en un contexto de extrema pobreza y vulnerabilidad al cambio climático, la población desarrolla respuestas para afrontarlo y adaptarse. Así, los hogares tarahumaras han desarrollado tres tipos de estrategias: a) las basadas en sus usos y costumbres, b) la utilización del sistema de salud que ofrecen las instituciones públicas y las organizaciones no gubernamentales, y c) las prácticas sociales orientadas al exterior y la emigración a las zonas urbanas como canales de integración con la sociedad "occidental". También se advierte que varias políticas gubernamentales orientadas al desarrollo de las comunidades, con impacto en la salubridad de la población, presentan limitaciones por su falta de coordinación intersectorial; un caso peculiar en el cual se observa la generación de cierta sinergia es el del área de servicios de salud, donde se ha logrado retomar los usos y costumbres de la población valiéndose de representantes de las comunidades y de las ONG. AbstractThe literature on the impact of climate change is beginning to describe the various degrees of vulnerability of the population and the capacity for response and adaptation of the various social sectors throughout the world. However, there are still very few studies which, when analyzing the responses to health risks derived from climate change, indicate the constraints and opportunities that shape the adaptation processes designed to cope with health challenges. This study seeks to advance this line by focusing on a poor sector of the Mexican indigenous peasant population. The article is based on a household study undertaken from December 2006 to April 2007 in three communities in the Sierra Tarahumara in the southeast of Chihuahua. The results show that even in a context of extreme poverty and vulnerability to climate change, the population develops responses for coping with it and adapting. Tarahumara households have developed three types of strategies:a) those based on their customs, b) the use of the health system offered by public institutions and non-governmental organizations and c) social practices oriented towards other countries and emigration to urban zones as a means of integrating with "western" society. It also shows that various government policies oriented towards community development, with an impact on the population's health, have constraints due to the lack of inter-sectoral coordination. One exception in which there has been a certain amount of synergy is the area of health services, which has taken up the population's customs through the assistance of community representatives and NGOs.