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В статье рассматриваются основные, базовые требования, предъявляемые к постпенитенциарному административному надзору как особому правовому режиму. Автор выделяет и раскрывает следующие специальные принципы административного надзора: криминологической обоснованности, индивидуализации и дифференциации, экономии принудительных средств, гласности. ; The article deals with principal, basic requirements for post penitentiary administrative supervision as the main legal regime. The author separates and discloses such special principles of administrative supervision as criminological reasonableness, individualization and differentiation, economy of enforcement means and publicity. Criminological reasonableness of post penitentiary administrative supervision implies that its establishment should be based on the data of criminological forecast and be aimed at the reduction of recidivism with due consideration of its level, development and structure. Legislators didn't take into account the above principle in full while bringing administrative supervision back to national legislation. Individualization is connected with the quality and character of restrictions imposed on the person under supervision and with the duration of administrative supervision and its possible changes. Differentiation of administrative supervision implies the division of the supervised into two groups: people against whom administrative supervision must be established when they are released and those against whom administrative supervision must be established if there are clear legal provisions in law. The principle of economy of enforcement means of influence implies that administrative restrictions must limit the rights and freedoms of the supervised person at a minimum just to prevent repeated crimes. In this case administrative supervision should not be transformed into an additional criminal punishment for released convicts. However, our current criminal legislation doesn't allow us to state unambiguously that administrative supervision has no features of a criminal punishment. First of all, this is the correlation between administrative restrictions established under administrative supervision and restrictions of freedom as a criminal punishment (Article 53 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation). Because of essential similarity between the content of custodial restraint punishment and the content of post penitentiary administrative supervision their concurrent existence in national Russian legislation is inadmissible. The author sees the solution of the above problem in the exclusion of custodial restraint from the list of criminal punishments as this measure doesn't possess a punitive potential of such punishments. Publicity of administrative supervision involves both the open character of control over the behavior of the supervised and openness and publicity of the activity of internal affairs bodies. Establishment of administrative supervision on the basis of the highlighted principles will enable to increase the effectiveness of post penitentiary supervision and not to violate the rights of the supervised people.

Статья посвящена процедуре сокращенного дознания (гл. 32.1 УПК). На основе сравнительно-правового анализа новой процедуры с ее историческим прототипом протокольной формой досудебной подготовки материалов автор исследует круг дел, по которым применяются производства, их сроки, процессуальный статус участников, особенности предмета и процесса доказывания, организации и структуры процедур, и делает вывод об их процессуальной природе. ; The goal of the present research is the definition of the nature of a reduced investigation procedure (Chapter 32.1 of the Criminal Procedural Code of the Russian Federation) introduced by the Federal Law 4.03.2013, № 23-FL. The tasks of the research are: ascertainment of the range of cases where such a proceeding can be used, its objective time limits, peculiarities of the position of a person involved in this procedure, its structure, specificity of the subject, means and ways of proof. The principal method used is a comparative-legal one. The problems connected with the application of the procedure of reduced investigation are examined through the prism of its comparativelegal analysis with its historical prototypea protocol form of the pre-trial preparation of materials (Chapter 32.1 of the Criminal Procedural Code of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic). Results of the research showed that legislators once again demonstrated misunderstanding of the goal of introduction of such procedures. They concentrated on acceleration and simplification of investigation. But these are only the consequences of the procedure while its aims protection of individual rights and resolution of criminal legal conflicts on the basis of a compromiseremain unattainable. The author comes to the conclusion about the necessity to: 1) conduct usual trials in cases investigated in the reduced form; 2) select cases for the procedure of a reduced investigation. Obvious crimes of little or medium gravity and crimes simple for investigation can be referred to this group; 3) make additional warranties for taking testimony from suspects; 4) return to the usual subject of proof if only to establish conditions necessary for the procedure; 5) include such elements of the process of proof as collection and verification of evidence and transfer of proof as a whole to the stage of institution of a criminal case. In the course of the above procedure interrogating officers are not obliged to collect evidence and check the materials which they got before the institution of a case. Neither prosecutors nor courts verify evidence under this procedure. The verdict of guilty is passed without investigation and trial if the accused pleads guilty of a crime. Thus, the procedure of a reduced investigation as it is determined in Chapter 32.1 of the Criminal Procedural Code cannot increase the effectiveness of hearing of criminal cases and needs some improvement.

Why do people pay taxes? The simplest answer is that they have a legal obligation to do so. But it has long been recognized that this legal obligation alone provides an inadequate explanation for taxpaying behavior, just as legal obligations generally offer an inadequate explanation for most law-abiding activity.Another answer, then, is that some people pay taxes because – like Oliver Wendell Holmes – they like to do so. In other words, they appreciate that the government provides a vast array of public goods, such as rule of law, roads, schools, and aid to the poor, and find satisfaction in contributing to the public welfare. This Article is based on a simple proposition, which we believe but cannot prove: that our tax system will be more effective if taxpayers support the way their tax dollars are spent. We believe they are more likely to comply voluntarily and less likely to change their behavior to avoid tax. To show that our claim is plausible, we offer direct evidence from a literature involving experiments. We also draw on the more general economics and psychology literature on pro-social behavior – that is, the propensity to provide for public goods without any economic reason for doing so. In addition, we invoke philanthropy as a "real world" analogy, since charitable donors contribute money voluntarily (indeed, 2% of the U.S. gross domestic product (GDP)), largely because they support the way their contributions are used.

"The independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Preventive Services (Task Force), which directs the development of the Guide to Community Preventive Services (Community Guide), conducted a systematic review of published scientific evidence concerning the effectiveness of laws and policies that facilitate the transfer of juveniles to the adult criminal justice system to determine whether these transfers prevent or reduce violence among youth who have been transferred and among the juvenile population as a whole. For this review, transfer is defined as placing juveniles aged <18 years under the jurisdiction of the adult criminal justice system. The review followed Community Guide methods for conducting a systematic review of literature and for providing recommendations to public health decision makers. Available evidence indicates that transfer to the adult criminal justice system typically increases rather than decreases rates of violence among transferred youth. Available evidence was insufficient to determine the effect of transfer laws and policies on levels of violent crime in the overall juvenile population. On the basis of these findings, the Task Force recommends against laws or policies facilitating the transfer of juveniles to the adult criminal justice system for the purpose of reducing violence." - p. 1 ; prepared by Robert Hahn, Angela McGowan, Akiva Liberman, Alex Crosby, Mindy Fullilove, Robert Johnson, Eve Moscicki, LeShawndra Price, Susan Snyder, Farris Tuma, Jessica Lowy, Peter Briss, Stella Cory, Glenda Stone. ; "November 30, 2007." ; Cover title. ; "The material in this report originated in the National Center for Health Marketing, Jay M. Bernhardt, PhD, Director; and the Division of Health Communication and Marketing, Cynthia E. Baur, PhD, Director. " - p. 1 ; Also available via the World Wide Web. ; Includes bibliographical references (p. 10-11).

Recently, the number of cases is rising because of the various hazardous materials contamination around the nature. Most often this occurs because of unexpected natural disasters. For example, due to a strong earthquake that triggered the tsunami, a huge disaster in Japan occurred (Fukushima nuclear power plant case). At that time, a large part of radioactive nuclear materials spread in the open ocean and this breakthrough that is widespread even now still cannot be stopped. It applies not only to the pollution of the ocean, but to all other different countries within outside territorial waters. The question is: Are the affected State has the right to compensation in this case? Then who should pay for damages? What is the legal regulation for such situations? International environmental law is mainly expressed in treaties and other international legal instruments, but it cannot be applied for the marine pollution with nuclear materials because there is no legal regulation in this field. Hereinafter, the problem of deficiency of legal regulation will be examined specifically in the area of oceans, sea borders, and territorial waters pollution by radioactive materials. And finally, there will be explored the issues to whether there is an obligation for a legal entity to compensate the damage to another state when according to the force majeure circumstances the radioactive nuclear materials spread and contaminate other state's outside territorial waters and ocean? The main goal of this thesis is to determine whether there is an obligation of a legal person to compensate the damages to another state within force majeure conditions radioactive nuclear materials contaminate other states outside territorial waters and the seas. Main tasks: First, analysis of the human right to a clean environment in international law, and also nuclear pollution consequences; Then there is, revelation of nuclear pollution features of international law, while reviewing the disposition of nuclear material aspects in the international and national levels; Thirdly, analysis of the relation of nuclear damage and pollution of the marine environment concepts; Fourthly, examination of civil liability in Public International Law; Fifthly, clearing out the responsible person in the event of contamination of territorial waters and oceans. The main hypothesis - there is no obligation for a legal entity to compensate the damage to another state when according to the force majeure circumstances the radioactive nuclear materials spread and contaminate other state's outside territorial waters and ocean. The human right to a clean environment in international and national laws in the analysis showed that according to the national level - the Lithuanian Constitution in Article 53, establishes environmental and public security for human health conditions and herein is determined by a person's right to breathe clean and fresh air, use uncontaminated natural resources. When examining the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, during 1972 United Nations conference held and various sources of scientific publications that are reasonably arguing that the right to a clean environment needs to be fully legally regulated for living a healthy life and a being in a healthy environment of necessity, because the occurrence of nuclear pollution is in danger to human health, their well-being in a contaminated environment. Herein will be also analyzed the specific features of the disposition of nuclear materials in international law, it became clear that each country determines its own legal regulation related to radioactive materials of their national legislation and hereinafter international law for the same problem is based on the relation with other countries and international cooperation in law infringement. It was found that the IAEA (International Atomic Energy Agency) is the world's center of cooperation in the field of nuclear energy and its possession taken major legislation. It was found that the main issues dealing with marine pollution legislation are adopted by the United Nations Convention of the Law of The Sea. There is a lot of issues about environment and its conservation defined in this Convention, but it does not specify the marine radioactive pollution. According to the marine environment and radioactive pollutions concepts observed, there has been shown that the concept of nuclear marine pollution does not apply anywhere. Under the Vienna Convention on Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage, the concept of nuclear damage is defined better, it is obvious that only the direct damage to human life and property is being stated here. What is more, the question of civil liability associated with environmental pollution losses is still a problem due to the lack of a legal regulation in this field. In 1963 . Vienna Convention establishes an absolute liability of the operator for nuclear damage, but if the exemptions in this case like force majeure, civil liability does not apply to nuclear contamination of the operator. In the view of the land-based sources, the Convention of the Law of The Sea requires to establish pollution prevention measures including the internationally approved rules, standards and recommended practices and procedures. It was found in Vienna Convention that the operator shall not be liable for nuclear damage caused by a nuclear incident, except when the States, who is responsible for damage, laws may provide the contrary prediction - the operator shall not be liable for nuclear damage caused by a nuclear incident directly due to severe natural disasters. \"Operator\", in relation to a nuclear installation, means the person designated or recognized by the Installation State as the operator of that installation. Hence, the force majeure conditions resulting in nuclear contamination do not require a legal entity to compensate the losses and damages to another state.

Cover -- Copyright information -- Foreword to the English edition -- Contents -- Introduction -- 1 The goal of the work and the research strategy -- 2 The topography of the limits of juristic power -- 3 Politico-legal culture -- 4 Legal text -- 5 Juristic culture -- 6 The axiological sense of the individual -- Part One The realization of the law, according to the Petra ż yckian tradition -- 1 The ontology of law according to Leon Petra ż ycki -- 1.1 Introductory remarks -- 1.1.1 "The unrecognized father of the sociology of law" -- 1.1.2 Petra ż ycki today -- 1.1.3 Ways of reading -- 1.2 Philosophical background -- 1.2.1 The importance of philosophical optics -- 1.2.2 Leon Petra ż ycki's theory in the light of other currents of jurisprudence -- 1.2.3 The difficulty with identifying the philosophical assumptions adopted in Leon Petra ż ycki's theory -- 1.2.4 Leon Petra ż ycki's theory and philosophical positivism -- 1.2.5 Leon Petra ż ycki's theory and the phenomenology of Franz Brentano -- 1.2.6 Other paths -- 1.2.7 Summary -- 1.3 The individual-projectional aspect of law -- 1.3.1 The ontological complexity of law -- 1.3.2 The characteristics of the emotions -- 1.3.3 The characteristics of ethical emotions -- 1.3.4 The characteristics of legal emotions -- 1.3.5 The characteristics of "official-legal" emotions -- 1.4 The textual aspect of law -- 1.4.1 Towards the text - two layers of law -- 1.4.2 The object of interpretation -- 1.4.3 The problem of the meaning of legal text -- 1.4.4 Theoretical and practical knowledge -- 1.5 The social-projectional aspect of law -- 1.5.1 The unifying function of jurisprudence -- 1.5.2 The ontological status of the socio-projectional dimension of law -- 1.6 The political aspect of law -- 1.6.1 The axiological dimension of legal policy -- 1.6.2 The instrumental dimension of legal policy.

В статье представлен подробный обзор уголовно-процессуальных принципов, посредством которых российские суды добиваются выявления истинных обстоятельств по уголовному делу и на их твёрдой основе выносят справедливые решения и приговоры в целях укрепления социального правопорядка, также отслеживается действующие правовые принципы в российском уголовном судопроизводстве, отражающиеся в форме конкретных законодательных положений, прокурорско-следственных и судебных решений. ; The article presents a detailed overview of the criminal procedure principles by which Russian courts seek to identify the true circumstances of the criminal case and their solid basis make fair decisions and judgments in order to strengthen social order. In the article tracks the existing legal principles in criminal procedure Russian criminal justice process, reflected in the form of specific legislative provisions, prosecutor investigation and judicial solutions.

В работе исследуется правовой институт экспертизы и профессиональных консультаций специалистов при расследовании уголовных дел (преступлений). Автором анализируются общие и отличительные признаки сведущих лиц в уголовном судопроизводстве. Дается сравнительная характеристика указанного института на разных этапах становления уголовно-процессуального законодательства. Ставятся вопросы об использовании нетрадиционных форм участия других сведущих лиц в уголовном судопроизводстве. ; The paper examines the legal institution of expertise and professional advice while investigating criminal cases (crimes). The author analyzes the common and specific features of competent persons in criminal procedure, presents a comparative description of the mentioned institution at various stages of forming criminal procedure legislation. The researcher raises the problems of using the non-traditional forms of the participation of other competent persons in criminal procedure.

Since the 1970s, judicial decisions & legal changes have transformed the juvenile court from a nominally rehabilitative social welfare agency into a scaled-down, second-class criminal court that provides young offenders with neither therapy nor justice. The migration of African Americans from the rural South to the urban North that began 75 years ago, the macrostructural transformation of US cities & the economy over the past 25 years, & the current linkages in the popular & political culture between race & serious youth crime provide the impetus for get-tough policies to crack down on juveniles. The procedural & substantive convergence between juvenile & criminal courts has occurred because juvenile courts attempt to combine social welfare & criminal social control in one agency. If states uncouple social welfare from social control, then they can try all offenders in one integrated criminal justice system, but they must formally recognize youthfulness as a mitigating factor at sentencing. A youth discount -- shorter sentences for reduced culpability -- provides a practical administrative mechanism to recognize youthfulness as a mitigating factor. 43 References. Adapted from the source document.

El presente artículo tiene como objetivo analizar la evolución del principio de inmunidad del Estado y de sus altos dignatarios desde la perspectiva de la finalidad ético-material de la sociedad internacional y el proceso de humanización de su ordenamiento jurídico. En este sentido, el presente artículo busca realizar una aproximación a las manifestaciones de la inmunidad de los representantes del Estado, centrándose en el aspecto que más ha evolucionado en los últimos años: la inmunidad de jurisdicción penal frente a crímenes internacionales de los Jefes de Estado, el Jefes de Gobierno y Ministros de Asuntos Exteriores. ; The objective of this article is to analyze the evolution of the principle of State immunity and of its highest members from a perspective of the ethical and material ends of in-ternational society and the humanization process of its legal order and basis. In that sense, this article seeks to approach the different displays of State representatives' immunities, focusing on the issue which has been developed in the most recent years: the criminal immunity of Heads of State, Heads of Government and Foreign Ministers in the context of international crimes.

Examines relevance of the 1951 Geneva Convention on Refugees and its contribution to a coherent international refugee law; concludes that since a new agreement is unlikely to be reached, the Convention should be integrated into a more comprehensive migration regime under international law. Summary in English p. 10.

Розкриття особливостей нормативного закріплення конституційного права особи на використання в судочинстві рідної мови або мови, яку вона розуміє, є важливим для з'ясування законодавчого забезпечення цього права. Існуючі дослідження у сфері нормотворчої діяльності держави, конституційних прав осіб та здійснення судочинства не надають чіткої відповіді на це питання з огляду на прийняття та набрання чинності Законом України «Про забезпечення функціонування української мови як державної». Важливим є аналіз положень «мовного» Закону України щодо правового регулювання та забезпечення реалізації конституційного права особи на використання в судочинстві рідної мови або мови, яку вона розуміє, що давало б можливість теоретико-правового осмислення та подальшого удосконалення вітчизняного законодавства. ; В статье автор исследует нормы о возможности использования при осуществлении судопроизводства родного языка или языка, который лицо понимает, и обеспечения реализации конституционного права лица на использование в судопроизводстве родного языка или языка, который оно понимает. Особое внимание уделяется выявлению недостатков, которые негативно влияют на нормативно-правовое закрепление и реализацию указанного конституционного права и ограничивают его. Приводятся предложения по совершенствованию правового регулирования и обеспечения реализации конституционного права лица на использование в судопроизводстве родного языка или языка, который оно понимает, в новом Законе Украины «Об обеспечении функционирования украинского языка как государственного». ; The purpose of the article is to analyse the legal regulation and ensure the realization of the constitutional right to use in the legal proceedings the mother tongue or language that the person understands, in the newly adopted Law of Ukraine «On ensuring the functioning of the Ukrainian language as a state language».The existing research in the sphere of state-making activity of the state, constitutional rights of persons and the exercise of justice does not clearly and completely reveal the legislative support of the peculiarities of normative fixing of a constitutional right to use in the legal proceedings the mother tongue or language that the person understands, given the relatively recent adoption and entry into force by the Law of Ukraine «On ensuring the functioning of the Ukrainian language as a state language».Author analysed the norms on the possibility of usage the mother tongue or language that the person understands while conducting the legal proceedings and on ensuring the realization of the person's constitutional right to use the mother tongue or language that the person understands in the legal proceedings.The author is devoted to identification of the deficiencies that negatively impact on the legal regulation and realization of constitutional right to use in the legal proceedings the mother tongue or language, which person understands and limit it.In particular, the author specified that there are no provisions in the new «language» law for the translation of court decisions and other procedural documents into the regional language, the mother tongue or language that the person understands, using the standards of such language. Neither there are no provisions on the use of regional language and specific ways of realization of the constitutional right to use the mother tongue or language that the person understands, using their standards.Suggestions are made to improve the legal regulation and ensure the realization of person's constitutional right to use the mother tongue or language that the person understands in the legal proceedings in the new Law of Ukraine «On ensuring the functioning of the Ukrainian language as a state language».

Розкриття особливостей нормативного закріплення конституційного права особи на використання в судочинстві рідної мови або мови, яку вона розуміє, є важливим для з'ясування законодавчого забезпечення цього права. Існуючі дослідження у сфері нормотворчої діяльності держави, конституційних прав осіб та здійснення судочинства не надають чіткої відповіді на це питання з огляду на прийняття та набрання чинності Законом України «Про забезпечення функціонування української мови як державної». Важливим є аналіз положень «мовного» Закону України щодо правового регулювання та забезпечення реалізації конституційного права особи на використання в судочинстві рідної мови або мови, яку вона розуміє, що давало б можливість теоретико-правового осмислення та подальшого удосконалення вітчизняного законодавства. ; В статье автор исследует нормы о возможности использования при осуществлении судопроизводства родного языка или языка, который лицо понимает, и обеспечения реализации конституционного права лица на использование в судопроизводстве родного языка или языка, который оно понимает. Особое внимание уделяется выявлению недостатков, которые негативно влияют на нормативно-правовое закрепление и реализацию указанного конституционного права и ограничивают его. Приводятся предложения по совершенствованию правового регулирования и обеспечения реализации конституционного права лица на использование в судопроизводстве родного языка или языка, который оно понимает, в новом Законе Украины «Об обеспечении функционирования украинского языка как государственного». ; The purpose of the article is to analyse the legal regulation and ensure the realization of the constitutional right to use in the legal proceedings the mother tongue or language that the person understands, in the newly adopted Law of Ukraine «On ensuring the functioning of the Ukrainian language as a state language».The existing research in the sphere of state-making activity of the state, constitutional rights of persons and the exercise of justice does not clearly and completely reveal the legislative support of the peculiarities of normative fixing of a constitutional right to use in the legal proceedings the mother tongue or language that the person understands, given the relatively recent adoption and entry into force by the Law of Ukraine «On ensuring the functioning of the Ukrainian language as a state language».Author analysed the norms on the possibility of usage the mother tongue or language that the person understands while conducting the legal proceedings and on ensuring the realization of the person's constitutional right to use the mother tongue or language that the person understands in the legal proceedings.The author is devoted to identification of the deficiencies that negatively impact on the legal regulation and realization of constitutional right to use in the legal proceedings the mother tongue or language, which person understands and limit it.In particular, the author specified that there are no provisions in the new «language» law for the translation of court decisions and other procedural documents into the regional language, the mother tongue or language that the person understands, using the standards of such language. Neither there are no provisions on the use of regional language and specific ways of realization of the constitutional right to use the mother tongue or language that the person understands, using their standards.Suggestions are made to improve the legal regulation and ensure the realization of person's constitutional right to use the mother tongue or language that the person understands in the legal proceedings in the new Law of Ukraine «On ensuring the functioning of the Ukrainian language as a state language».

The subject of research is the study of mediation procedure and embedding of mediation techniques in such a specific area of relations, the participants of which are the tax authority and the taxpayer. The settlement of tax disputes is quite understandable, since this mechanism allows to keep an economic entity on the market, on the one hand, and to replenish the state budget on the other.The purpose of the article is to confirm or disprove hypothesis that the current mechanism of pre-trial settlement of disputes established in the Russian Tax Code does not correspond to the techniques of the mediation process. The methodological basis of the research was formed by general scientific methods of cognition, which include the principles of objectivity and system analysis of the information collected during preparation of the publication. At the same time private scientific methods were also used in the work, including descriptive and comparative legal methods, which made it possible to use the practices of foreign states in terms of the use of mediation procedures. The author analyzes the official data published by the tax authority, regarding the number of disputes considered over the period of the past three years.The main scientific results, scope of application. The study made it possible to gain new knowledge in the field of legal regulation of mediation. The presented foreign experience demonstrates that at present Russia is only at the stage of formation of mediation. Most people do not yet understand what exactly the advantages of mediation. The existing procedure for the judicial settlement of a dispute attracts its participants due to the fact that the current state fees are very low compared to their foreign counterparts. All kinds of legislative transformations lead to an ambiguous interpretation of legal norms, which often defy literal interpretation, followed by conflicts in law enforcement. Since the practice of using mediation sessions is not widespread at present, a large number of debatable questions arise about the procedure for conducting mediation, the possibility of fiscal body participation, determining the categories of disputes in which negotiation techniques can be applied.Conclusions. Mediation is a systemic process that allows constructive negotiations between the parties involved in the dispute in order to resolve the problem and possibly reach an agreement on the settlement of the dispute. At the same time, it is emphasized that the lack of law enforcement practice complicates the process of researching the institution of tax mediation. The role of a mediator in legal relations (with the tax authority as a participant) is a person who must create a constructive atmosphere for discussing the conflict; adhere to the principles of mediation; assist in finding solutions without expressing his opinion on the agenda. This role of mediator is not adequately reflected in the legislation in relation to tax disputes. ; Предметом исследования является изучение процедуры проведения медиации и встраивание медиативных техник в специфическую область отношений, участниками которых являются налоговый орган и налогоплательщик. На примере налоговой медиации в процессе изучения эмпирического материала, а именно официальных данных, опубликованных налоговым органом, в части количества споров, рассмотренных в течение последних трех лет, было проанализировано, насколько действующий механизм досудебного урегулирования споров, установленный в Налоговом кодексе РФ, не соотносится с техниками медиативного процесса. Отмечено, что, поскольку в настоящее время не распространена практика применения медиативных сессий, то возникает большое количество спорных вопросов относительно процедуры проведения медиаций, возможности участия фискального органа, определения категорий споров, в которых могут быть применены медиативные техники.