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Секция 8. Актуальные проблемы дипломатической практики и организации международных связей ; В статье проанализированы отдельные вызовы евразийской интеграции: унификации, цифровизации экономики, единого логистического пространства, единой информационной политики, институционализации, расширения сотрудничества, выработки подходов партнерства с Европейским союзом. Безусловно, данный перечень не является исчерпывающим. Тем не менее, сквозь призму этих вызов автор рассматривает перспективные направления развития евразийской интеграции с точки зрения национальных интересов государств – членов Евразийского экономического союза в целом и Республики Беларусь в частности. ; The article analyzes some challenges of Eurasian integration: unification, economy digitalization, a single logistics space, a single information policy, institutionalization, cooperation enlargement, and development partnership approaches with the European Union. This list is clearly not exhaustive. Nevertheless, the author considers perspective directions of the Eurasian integration development through the prism of these challenges from the point of view of the national interests of the EEU member states in general and the Republic of Belarus in particular.

Thanks to research conducted in the past few years, our understanding has been significantly expanded concerning democracy and authoritarian regimes, as well as the means of both destroying and rebuilding democratic institutions. While there is a clear link between a developed economy and democracy, the relationship is not self-evident in all cases. Also, economic growth is not conducive to the development of democracy under all circumstances, especially when the distribution of wealth is not considered fair by all citizens. In and of itself an election, even a competitive one-long considered a democratic minimum-does not guarantee the survival of a democracy, as strongmen have learned how to run an authoritarian system behind an electoral veil. The majority of autocratic leaders use the concept of democracy as a screen for building a political regime antithetical to the spirit and practice of a real democracy. Autocrats adopt a number of democratic institutions only to subvert their original purposes. While they pose as democrats, instead of a liberal democracy they initially organize a majoritarian democracy, followed by an illiberal democracy that ignores human rights. This is but one step away from an autocratic turning point, the rejection of all democratic principles. 'Potemkin democracies' may even hold (limited) open elections organized so that the outcome will not threaten the foundations of the existing regime. Adapted from the source document.

Women are particularly susceptible to mental health challenges during the perinatal period. With the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, much concern was raised about the impact that the associated isolation, uncertainty, grief, loss and economic upheaval would have on mental health. Women experienced a disproportionate amount of environmental strain during this time, including economic stress and challenges associated with being essential workers; stressors were perhaps most prevalent in communities of color and immigrant groups. For women who were pregnant during the height of the pandemic, it is clear that stress, anxiety, and depression were increased due to changes in medical care and decreases in social support. Increased mental health challenges in the perinatal period have been shown to impact social-emotional, cognitive and behavioral health in infants and children, so the potential consequences of the COVID-19 era are great. This paper discusses these potential impacts and describes important pathways for future research.

Brazil grew 2.4 percent per year on average in the last 25 years-somewhat less than Latin America, a good deal less than the world, far less than the emerging countries of Asia in the same period, and indeed far less than Brazil itself in previous decades. If anything stands out favorably in recent Brazilian experience, it is not growth but stabilization and the successful opening of the economy. The purpose of this paper is more modest. It is limited to setting out the authors' particular view of recent efforts to consolidate democracy in Brazil while controlling inflation and resuming economic growth. At the same time the paper presents, as objectively as possible, some thoughts on the limits but also the relevance of action by political leaders to set a course and circumvent obstacles to that process. Here and there, the paper refers to the experiences of other Latin American countries, especially Argentina, Chile, and Mexico, not to offer a full fledged comparative analysis but merely to note contrasts and similarities that may shed light on the peculiarities of the Brazilian case and suggest themes for a more wide-ranging exchange of views.

KEY ISSUESOutlook and risks. Following an upturn in 2013, growth is expected to moderatesomewhat during 2014-2015, narrowing the positive output gap. The impact of recovering demand in advanced economies is likely to be offset by the ongoing real appreciation of the currency and the gradual tightening in global monetary conditions. Transitional costs related to the economic restructuring (see next paragraph) are also expected to dampen growth in the near term. As a very open economy, Singapore is particularly exposed to external risks related to a protracted period of slower growth in advanced

This paper reviews developments in the Cypriot economy following the introduction of the euro on 1 January 2008 and leading to the economic collapse of the island five years later. The main cause of the collapse is identi?ed with the election of a communist government in February 2008, within two months of the introduction of the euro, and its subsequent choices for action and inaction on economic policy matters. The government allowed a rapid deterioration of public finances, and despite repeated warnings, damaged the country's creditworthiness and lost market access in May 2011. The destruction of the island's largest power station in July 2011 subsequently threw the economy into recession. Together with the intensification of the euro area crisis in the summer and fall of 2011, these events weakened the banking system which was vulnerable due to its exposure in Greece. Rather than deal with its ?scal crisis, the government secured a loan from the Russian government that allowed it to postpone action until after the February 2013 election. Rather than protect the banking system, losses were imposed on banks and a campaign against them was coordinated and used as a platform by the communist party for the February 2013 election. The strategy succeeded in delaying resolution of the crisis and avoiding short-term political cost for the communist party before the election, but also in precipitating a catastrophe right after the election.

This paper reviews developments in the Cypriot economy following the introduction of the euro on 1 January 2008 and leading to the economic collapse of the island five years later. The main cause of the collapse is identified with the election of a communist government in February 2008, within two months of the introduction of the euro, and its subsequent choices for action and inaction on economic policy matters. The government allowed a rapid deterioration of public finances, and despite repeated warnings, damaged the country's creditworthiness and lost market access in May 2011. The destruction of the island's largest power station in July 2011 subsequently threw the economy into recession. Together with the intensification of the euro area crisis in the summer and fall of 2011, these events weakened the banking system which was vulnerable due to its exposure in Greece. Rather than deal with its fiscal crisis, the government secured a loan from the Russian government that allowed it to postpone action until after the February 2013 election. Rather than protect the banking system, losses were imposed on banks and a campaign against them was coordinated and used as a platform by the communist party for the February 2013 election. The strategy succeeded in delaying resolution of the crisis and avoiding short-term political cost for the communist party before the election, but also in precipitating a catastrophe right after the election.

The United States is currently trying to manage a fast-moving public health crisis due to the coronavirus outbreak (COVID-19). The economic and financial ramifications of the outbreak are serious. This Working Paper discusses these ramifications and identifies three interrelated but potentially conflicting policy priorities at stake in managing the economic and financial fallout of the COVID-19 crisis: (1) providing social insurance to individuals and families in need; (2) managing systemic economic and financial risk; and (3) encouraging critical spatial behaviors to help contain COVID-19 transmission. The confluence of these three policy considerations and the potential conflicts among them make the outbreak a significant and unique regulatory challenge for policymakers, and one for which the consequences of getting it wrong are dire. This Working Paper—which will be continually updated to reflect current developments—will analyze the major legislative and other policy initiatives that are being proposed and enacted to manage the economic and financial aspects of the COVID-19 crisis by examining these initiatives through the lens of these three policy priorities. It starts by analyzing the provisions of H.R. 6201 (the "Families First Coronavirus Responses Act") passed by the house on March 14, 2020. By doing so, this Working Paper provides an analytical framework for evaluating these initiatives.

Scientific research is devoted to current problems of the influence of globalization on changes in the international movement of production factors in the 21st century. Considerable attention is focused on the economic, legal and institutional aspects of the transformation of the international movement of capital and labor in modern conditions, taking into account the need to apply an integrated interdisciplinary approach to identify new phenomena and processes that occur in the global economic environment The state and trends of development in the organization of global production, investment and marketing in the context of destabilizing phenomena in the global economy, the strengthening of non-protectionist appeals in the world avant-garde countries to return production to the national territory and the exacerbation of social and economic problems caused by international migration are revealed. The authors are looking for answers to difficult questions about the opportunities for small open economies to be attracted to global value chains through the format of investment and contractual relations, to increase the level of localization of international and national production through import substitution, to optimize the taxation of entrepreneurial activities in a liberalized international capital transfer, transform the national regulatory policy as a mechanism that ensures the possibility of taking into account the imperatives of globalization and contributes to the protection of national economic interests, ensure the development of fair competition as a prerequisite for the country's integration into world economic processes.

ABSTRACTMany developing countries continue to rely on export‐oriented growth strategies based on primary commodities, despite the many limitations of such policies. The persistence of this model is inherently related to the dominance of 'commodity imaginaries'. This article focuses on Argentina, an emblematic case of commodity dependency, where the soybean imaginary has dominated for the past 30 years. This imaginary has framed mainstream understandings of Argentina's path to growth and progress, shaped political contestation and ensured that a particular understanding of science and technology sits at the centre of the meaning of national development. In the process, it has transformed the country's geography in ways that normalize soy's dominance and invisibilize people and places located at the margins of the imaginary. The soybean imaginary renders a deeply political project of economic growth as 'common sense'. This article concludes that closer attention to the way national development projects are shaped, consciously and unconsciously, by commodity imaginaries could help explain the puzzle of how national governments can become locked into development choices that are environmentally unsustainable and that reproduce inequalities.

The paper describes the status of the European Union member countries, from the point of view of both financial and social inclusion and the development of the financial sector. The aim is to identify clusters of countries, with internally homogeneous but externally heterogeneous characteristics. The analysis shows if social exclusion and financial exclusion coexist in the same countries, considering the development of the financial sector. From a methodological point of view, the research collects and analyzes data extrapolated from different sources in the period 2016-2017 and it is conducted through a Principal Component Analysis and a Cluster Analysis.

Geodesy is far from a new science. However, in Ukraine the need to create geodetic state services was highlighted only in a UN resolution in 1974. During the years of Soviet power, geodesy and cartography were the most important part of the state economy. After 1991, the geodetic service of Ukraine fell into decay, which was acutely revealed with the onset of political crisis. Today, the development of geodesy in Ukraine has not only economic value, but also makes a major contribution to strengthening land relations on an international level.

Internal migration is a growing social phenomenon of today's America: a third of the United States population live in a different state from the one in which they have been born. This, however, has been a constant aspect of the American experience. The author of the present essay analyzes in an historical perspective the growth of California from 1900–1920 under the impact of the westward movement. The social, economic and political implications of the California development are the main features of this paper.

In the period between the collapse of the Bretton Woods system, the fall of Saigon, and the rise of Japan as an economic power, volumes were written on American decline. This brief chapter of intellectual history was followed, after the downfall of the Soviet Union, by an emphasis on American revival-books about globalization and the Washington Consensus could not be written fast enough. Now, as the pendulum continues to swing in an ever diminishing arc, there are renewed doubts about the place of the United States in the world and its ability to deal with radical Islamists and the economic power of China. In Why the West Rules-For Now, Stanford archaeologist Ian Morris puts these and other questions of decline and renewal into a larger context. Adapted from the source document.

The sustainable management of the coastal lakes in NSW is under pressure from increasing urban development and tourism, intensification of agriculture, and the growing importance for the conservation of flora and fauna. An integrative approach is necessary to be able to manage for all these often conflicting interests. This paper presented a tool, called the CLAM (Coastal Lakes Assessment and Management) tool, which uses a Bayesian Decision Network to identify the likely impacts of management decision on social, economic and ecological variables within a catchment. Community consultation was an imperative component of the model development, and will also be pursued for model verification in the future. A CLAM tool for the Merimbula Lake was presented as a case study. The brief analysis of the model results given showed that active management of the Merimbula Lake catchment is likely to significantly improve the lake water quality. It also showed that urban development can proceed within the catchment without negatively impacting upon the lake water quality, if appropriate regulations are imposed and catchment management occurs. Various management options were shown to increase the local revenue, but not all of them did so while improving the lake's water quality. The CLAM tool is believed to be a useful tool and a dynamic approach, to assist catchment managers in making decisions. Ewing et al. (2000:456) comments that such tools are only to assist in decision making as they do "not substitute for the complex processes of judgement and the many political realities of planning". This is true, but at the same time tools such as CLAM, can show the impact of management decisions on social, economic and ecological values important to a community, and thus stand to highlight decisions made primarily for personal gain by those in charge, as has been the case in the past.