Suchergebnisse

Критикуется оценка «идеальной юридической формы» как сугубо абстрактно-го и оторванного от действительности явления, не способного быть эффективным регулятором общественных отношений. Анализируются перспективы правовой де-мократии в условиях недостаточного развития инструментов (правовой закон) и институтов (развитое гражданское общество), способных реально усилить от-ветственность государства. Высказывается опасение, что лозунг «собственного правового пути» может стимулировать процесс дальнейшей консервации права в форме неправового закона как удобного инструмента реализации политической це-лесообразности, обеспечивающего комфортный режим властвования. ; Criticized the rating «perfect the legal form of» as a purely abstract and detached from the reality of the phenomenon, unable to be an effective regulator of social relations. Analyzes the legal prospects for democracy in the conditions of insuffcient development of instruments (legal law) and institutions (civic society), capable really to strengthen the responsibility of the state. Expressed the fear that the slogan of «legal path» can stimulate the process of further conservation law in the form of unlawful act as a convenient instrument for implementation of political expediency, providing a comfortable mode of ruling.

Анализируются закономерности трансформации общественных отношений в конституционно-правовые. Исследовательский акцент сделан на анализе места личности в системе конституционных правовых отношений. Исходной идеей для анализа выступает положение о том, что «высшей ценностью», согласно Конституции РФ, является не государство, не обезличенный его народ, а конкретный человек и его правовая ипостась. Основной задачей является обоснование необходимости всестороннего изучения личности в конституционном праве, актуальность которого будет лишь возрастать. ; Every human life takes place in certain relationships with other people, that is in public relations. Even in cases where a person stands in no relation to another particular person, but with a particular authority or an organized community of citizens, a public organization, s/he ultimately comes in a certain relationship with another person. Distinctive features of social relations are commonness and repeatability. It is generally accepted that the part of the spectrum of social relations regulated by the law is called legal relations. The law cannot regulate all relations between people in the literal sense. Interpersonal relations in everyday life, neighbor relations, friendship, intimate relations between a husband and a wife: this is not a complete list of relations between people that are not governed by the law, but at the same time play an important role in everyone's life. Every person since his/her birth enters the system of already established and settled legal relations. In any case, any legal relations are the result of conscious human activity. At the heart of every relationship is a conscious activity of people. This is the first point the author focuses his attention on. Public relations becoming legal ones acquire a number of new properties. Since legal relations are those established by the state, they are not only the content of certain legal norms, but they also receive a mandatory property of their execution. The government initially lays a possibility of legal enforcement in the rule of law and the resulting legal relations, because it is common knowledge that the rule of law without the possibility of its forced execution is actually no longer the rule of law: it is a well-intentioned wish, recommendation, advice, but not the rule of law. Another feature of legal relations is that by regulating relations between people they generally govern relations that are socially desirable and approved. At the same time, however, socially censured actions, actions that violate the requirements of legal norms: offenses and, in their extreme form, crimes, are not excluded. Still, law-abiding and infringing behavior is a result of the behavior of specific individuals, their intentional motivated behavior. Thus, any behavioral act regulated by a legal norm should distinguish actions themselves and their results: the impact of actions and the personality of the subject who committed these actions. Indeed, all actions are committed by a person. This is the second point the author focuses his attention on.

Категории дел особого производства востребованы практикой. Прежде всего, это относится к такой категории дел особого производства, как дела об установлении фактов, имеющих юридическое значение. Законодатель установил, что установление, регистрация учетов фактов, имеющих юридическое значение, выдача документов, подтверждающих их наличие, является функцией административных органов государства. Эта функция государственных органов, как правило, выполняется. В случае, если административный орган отказывается установить или зарегистрировать юридический акт, то для разрешения возникшего конфликта возможно применение судопроизводства, возникающего из публичных правоотношений. В представленном исследовании возможные ситуации, когда рассматриваются административные органы государства, выполняющие функцию регистрации и учета юридических актов, выдачу документов, подтверждающих их существование, не могут установить требуемый юридический акт по независящим от них причинам. Исследуя ситуации надобности применения судопроизводства при установлении фактов, имеющих юридическое значение в особом производстве, которые установили ученые-процессуалисты, сделан вывод о том, что эти исследования являются теоретической основой надобности применения исследуемой категории особого производства в настоящее время. Сделан вывод, что надобность судопроизводства об установлении фактов, имеющих юридическое значение в особом производстве в современный период, определяется необходимостью уравновешивания деятельности законодателя в распределении между административными органами функций по установлению или регистрации требуемых юридических актов; необходимостью возмещения или замены выполнения функции административных органов в регистрации требуемых юридических фактов в различных ситуациях, когда административные органы не могут выполнять эти функции по независящим от них обстоятельствам. В результате произведенного исследования делается вывод о том, что деятельность суда при применении судопроизводства об установлении фактов, имеющих юридическое значение в особом производстве, носит компенсационный характер, а сама исследуемая категория особого производства обладает свойством компенсационности. ; Categories of cases special production demand practice. First of all, it refers to a category of cases of special proceedings, as the case of establishing the facts of legal significance. The legislator has established that the establishment, registration based on the facts of legal significance, the issuance of documents confirming their availability is a function of administration of the State. The function of government agencies, usually performed. If the administrative authority refuses to install or register a legal act, for the resolution of the conflict is possible to use legal proceedings arising out of public relations. In the present study, was examined the possible situation where the administrative authorities of the state, performing the function of registration and recording of legal acts, the issuance of documents confirming their existence, cannot establish the required legal act for reasons beyond their control. Investigating the situation of need application proceedings concerning establishment of facts of legal significance in a particular industry, the researchers found that legal procedure, was concluded that these studies are the theoretical basis for the application of the study need special category of production at the moment. Was made conclusion that the need for legal proceedings concerning establishment of facts of legal significance in a special production in the modern period is determined by the need to balance the activities of the legislator in the distribution of functions between administrative authorities to establish or registration required legal acts; the need to recover or replace the function of administrative bodies in the required registration of legal facts in a variety of situations where the administrative authorities cannot perform these functions due to circumstances beyond their control. As a result, was concluded that the activities of the court proceedings in the application of establishing the facts of legal significance in a particular industry, is compensatory in nature, and she studied special category of production has the property compensation.

370The individual in international law — Human rights and freedoms — Right to a fair hearing within a reasonable time in the determination of civil rights and obligations — Notion of "civil rights" — Whether rights of a private law character — Relevance of substantive content and effect of rights rather than formal legal character in municipal legal system — Right of a medical practitioner to practise medicine and to run a private clinic — Application of the standard of reasonable time to proceedings in administrative courts — Point at which time begins to run for this purpose — Period to which the standard is to be applied — Applicant's conduct — Unjustifiable judicial delays — European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, Article 6 (1)European Court of Human Rights — Procedure — Whether Court entitled to consider allegation raised as alternative ground in application and declared inadmissible by Commission — Damages — When question of award of damages ready for decision — European Convention, Article 50

A recent development in South African environmental law is the use of plea and sentencing agreements. The main objective of environmental law is to promote the sustainable use of natural resources while preventing pollution and ecological degradation. Grand environmental due diligence processes could achieve sustainable development; the use of criminal sanctions with sentencing agreements could be more effective. This paper answers the question whether the plea and sentencing agreements in reality achieve the objectives of environmental regulation? This study analyses this recent development by looking at selected recent cases in South Africa. The study found that plea and sentence agreements are potentially effective, subject to the effective monitoring of compliance and enforcement against non-compliance with the undertakings made by the accused person. Without institutional strengthening and effective monitoring, the plea and sentence agreement procedure remains ineffective.

AbstractThe chapter will consider what a margin squeeze is, whether it is appropriate for a competition authority to try and prevent margin squeezes using competition law rules and, if so, what tests can be used to identify an unlawful margin squeeze and to distinguish it from legitimate competition on the merits.

Legal researchers often forget about municipal ordinances when looking for governing authority. Ms. Whisner discusses the wide range of topics that can be covered by local law, and encourages law librarians to think about it both when researching and when teaching the process of legal research

This paper discusses the legal protection for sailors on Indonesian Ships amid the many problems experienced by Indonesian sailors. The belence between what has been done with the wages received by Indonesian sailors should be felt by Indonesian sailors has not been releazed, where in case of industrial relation disputes so far can not be resolved fairly, especially about the work place that is on the ship with the location always nomaden. Primary data sources were obtained from interviewers with several Indonesia sailors, as well as the secondary data sources of reference related legislation. The results show that many Indonesian sailors who are unaware of the legal certainty/lack of awarness and understanding of sailors about the relevant law or regulation are factors inhibiting implementation in the field. In addition, low discipline inthe management of income to ensure life on the old days.

The path towards establishing and advancing human rights' protection within the EU legal system seemed straightforward a decade ago. With the entry into force of the Lisbon Treaty in 2009, the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the EU became part of primary law, together with a commitment of accession to the European Convention on Human Rights. In 2010, Protocol 14 to the ECHR entered into force, allowing the EU to accede to the ECHR. A draft agreement on accession was finalized thereafter. In 2014, however, the Court of Justice of the European Union issued a negative opinion on the draft accession treaty, citing perceived threats to autonomy of EU law, competence of the EU and powers of the Court. A year earlier, in February 2013, the CJEU rendered judgments in cases Fransson and Melloni whereby it provided crucial rules for interpretation of clauses 51(1) and 53, respectively, of the Charter. The field of application of the Charter was equated with the scope of EU law. Primacy, effectiveness and unity of EU law, both primary and secondary, were prioritized over human rights and fundamental freedoms recognized by international agreements, including the ECHR, as well as by the Member States' constitutions. The realm of fundamental individual rights remains to this day the decisive grounds for asserting the core principle of EU constitutionality: the autonomy of EU law. Accession to the ECHR remains to this day a proclaimed goal of EU governing bodies, but little palpable progress is being made. Protection of fundamental rights at EU level has remained a point of contention among academics. Some question the very need for its existence, in view of constitutional guarantees by Member States and the ECHR. Others, however, claim that the CJEU sacrificed protection of individuals' rights for the interest of promoting constitutionality of the EU. These critiques seem unwarranted. Article 2 TEU necessitates existence of an efficient mechanism for protection of fundamental freedoms at EU level. Historical examples of political communities built on multi-ethnic, civic model all show necessity of integrating human rights protection at the constitutional level. Constitutionality of the EU has been developing for six decades, for the most part under the guise of autonomy of EU law. It requires that primacy of fundamental rights, as guaranteed by EU law, be affirmed both vis-a-vis Member States and international treaties. However, one may not expect that fundamental rights and freedoms within the EU be protected in a uniform and efficient manner unless a system for enforcing such rights and freedoms is not put in place first.

This study aims to explore and find future concepts and ideas for the reclamation and post-mining supervision system so that it can run effectively. This study applies non-doctrinal-qualitative and normative juridical approaches. In addition, the data was collected through studies of primary, secondary and tertiary legal materials. The results of the study show that in relation to the reclamation and post-mining guarantee funds, Mining License and Special Mining License holders place reclamation guarantee funds in advance in accordance with the work plan and annual budget of a maximum of 30 days after the work plan is approved. Furthermore, funds are placed at state banks in the form of time deposits on behalf of the Directorate General/ Governor in accordance with the reclamation schedule. Then, the implementation of reclamation and post-mining supervision is still not optimal because the readiness of supervisors is inadequate to conduct supervision activities with a limited number of supervisors. Thus, this study recommends to revise Law No. 4 of 2009 concerning Mineral and Coal Mining by strengthening the articles relating to reclamation and post-mining supervision, increasing more effective coordination between related agencies in supervision activities by forming a Supervisory Agency if necessary, increasing the quantity and quality of mine supervisors or inspectors, and strengthening the role of the association of mining business actors so that they become a bridge of compliance in the implementation of reclamation and post-mining carried out by business actors.

Der Löwe-Rosenberg enthält die grundlegende, umfassende Kommentierung des deutschen Strafprozessrechts und gibt dem Benutzer bzw. der Benutzerin eine Hilfe zur Lösung nicht nur häufig auftauchender, sondern auch entlegener Sachfragen. Der Großkommentar erläutert die StPO, das GVG, das EGGVG sowie die das Strafverfahren betreffenden Vorschriften der EMRK und des IPBPR. Der gegenwärtige Erkenntnisstand und der Stand der rechtlichen Kontroversen sind vollständig dargestellt. Der Löwe-Rosenberg ist als Großkommentar der Praxis angelegt, bei Darstellung und Gewichtung wird stets auf Praxisbezug und Praxistauglichkeit geachtet. Auch für die Neuauflage konnten wieder besonders fachkundige Herausgeber und Herausgeberinnen sowie Autorinnen und Autoren aus Wissenschaft und Praxis gewonnen werden, die für eine wissenschaftlich fundierte und zugleich praxisorientierte Erläuterung stehen. Band 12 enthält die umfassende Kommentierung der Europäischen Menschenrechtskonvention (EMRK) und des Internationalen Pakts über bürgerliche und politische Rechte (IPBPR)

This book shows the significant impact and success that can be accomplished when courts are designed to meet the needs of the community regardless of traditional proceedings. The presentation of this unique approach marks the way for courts and ancillary justice agencies of all sizes to work together to build community confidence and assure not only quality of life but quality of justice.