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With the significant disconnect between the collective aim of limiting warming to well below 2°C and the current means proposed to achieve such an aim, the goal of this paper is to offer a moral assessment of prominent alternatives to current international climate policy. To do so, we'll outline five different policy routes that could potentially bring the means and goal in line. Those five policy routes are: (1) exceed 2°C; (2) limit warming to less than 2°C by economic de-growth; (3) limit warming to less than 2°C by traditional mitigation only; (4) limit warming to less than 2°C by traditional mitigation and widespread deployment of Negative Emissions Technologies (NETs); and (5) limit warming to less than 2°C by traditional mitigation, NETs, and Solar Radiation Management as a fallback. In assessing these five policy routes, we rely primarily upon two moral considerations: the avoidance of catastrophic climate change and the right to sustainable development. We'll conclude that we should continue to aim at the two-degree target, and that to get there we should use aggressive mitigation, pursue the deployment of NETs, and continue to research SRM.

Mazā biznesa nozīme tirgus ekonomikā ir ļoti liela. Bez mazā biznesa tirgus ekonomika nevar nedz funkcionēt, nedz attīstīties. Pie normālas tirgus ekonomikas tā attīstība ir viena no ekonomiskās politikas problēmām. Mazais bizness tirgus ekonomikā ir vadošais sektors, kas nosaka ekonomiskā pieauguma tempus, struktūru un nacionāla kopprodukta kvalitāti. Visās attīstītās valstīs uz mazo biznesu nākas 60 - 70 procenti IKP. Mazo uzņēmumu daļas aktīvs pieaugums rietumu valstu ekonomikas struktūrā sākās no 70.gadu vidus. Šobrīd attīstītās Rietumu valstīs mazās firmas ir 70-90% no uzņēmumu kopskaita. Mazie un vidējie uzņēmumi (MVU) ir tirgus ekonomikas svarīgākie elementi un dinamiskākā un elastīgākā uzņēmējdarbības realizācijas forma. To dibināšana ir ekonomiskās vides nepieciešams priekšnosacījums, kas veicina preču ražotāju un pakalpojumu uzņēmumu konkurences rašanos un tirgus attiecību attīstību. MVU ir nozīmīga loma darba vietu radīšanā un jaunu ideju veicināšanā modernā tirgus ekonomikā. Dotajā darbā ir aplūkots biznesa veids, kurš ir jauns uzņēmējam elektronisku pakalpojumu jomā – bizness Internetā. Internets attīstās diezgan strauji. Pašlaik Internets ir atradis plašu izplatību pat jomās, kuras ir tālu no tehnikas. Internets pārvēršas no lielas rotaļlietas intelektuāļiem pilnvērtīgā instrumentā, lai radītu un vadītu biznesu. Tas var kļūt par to katalizatoru, kas nodrošina augšupeju mazā biznesa sfērā, paaugstina ražotspēju, konkurētspēju un mazo firmu ienesīgumu. Attieksme pret mazā biznesa informatīvām organizāciju tehnoloģijām ir atslēga iziešanai uz biznesa vadības jaunu kvalitatīvu līmeni. Jaunajā vidē veiksmīgi mijiedarbojas preču, pakalpojumu piegādātāji, un to patērētāji. Aktīvi attīstās elektroniskā komercija. Progress ir acīm redzams, bet pie klientu apkalpošanas jaunu sistēmu ieviešanas nākas iet pakāpeniski, sākot ar drošības jautājumiem un beidzot ar aparātu un programmnodrošinājuma efektivitātes problēmām. Elektronisks bizness vēl tikai sāk attīstīties, bet jau šodien ir acīmredzamas tā milzīgās iespējas: tas apvieno sevī Interneta tehnoloģijas, labi saplānoto mārketingu stratēģiju un datoru aprēķināšanas varenību. Elektroniskā biznesa sfēra pastāvīgi aug, rodas arvien jauni, negaidīti pielietojuma veidi. Investīcijas elektroniskajā komercijā nav nepieciešamas lielas, tā neprasa lielus starta kapitālus un tāpēc ir pieejamāka uzņēmējiem. Ar to var izskaidrot elektronisko veikalu skaita vētrainu pieaugumu gan aiz robežas, gan Latvijā. ; Small business in market economy have great importance. Without small business the market economy cannot neither function, nor develop. At normal market economy this development is one of economic policy problems. Small business in market economy - leading sector which causes rates of an economic gain, structure and quality of a national cumulative product. In all developed states on small business it is necessary 60 - 70 % of GNP. The active gain of a share of the small enterprises in structure of economy of the western states has begun in the middle of 70-s' years. Now in the developed western states small firms - 70-90 % from total number of the enterprises. The small and average enterprises - the important elements of market economy both more dynamical and more elastic form of realisation of enterprise activity. Their basis - the precondition necessary for the economic environment which promotes occurrence of a competition of the enterprises of manufacturers of the goods and services and development of market parities. In the Master work are considered the kind of business which is new to the businessman in the field of electronic services, – business on the Internet is considered. The Internet develops quickly enough. Now the Internet has received prevalence even in areas which are far from technics. The Internet turns from the big toy for intellectuals to the high-grade tool for creation and business dealing. It can become their catalyst that provides in sphere of small business lifting, raises productivity, competitiveness and profitableness of small firms. The relation to an information technology of the organisations of small business is a key for an exit on new qualitative level of a management of business. In the new environment service providers, the goods and their consumers successfully co-operate. Electronic commerce actively develops. Progress is available, but to introduction of new systems of servicing it is necessary to go gradually, since safety issues and finishing questions of hardware efficiency and problems ON. Electronic business just starts to develop, but already its huge possibilities today are obvious: it unites technologies of the Internet, computing power of computers and well planned marketing strategy. The sphere of electronic business constantly grows, there are all new, unexpected kinds of application. In electronic commerce of the investment are necessary small, she does not ask the big starting capitals and consequently is accessible to businessmen. These can explain a rough gain of electronic shops as abroad, and in Latvia.

Since World War II, development projects have invested more than two trillion dollars towards health services, poverty alleviation, education, food security, and environmental initiatives around the world. Despite these efforts, 20% of the world still liv.

Summarization: Sustainable decision-making involves political decisions at the local, regional, or national levels, which aim at a balanced development of socio–environmental systems. A fundamental question in sustainable decision-making is that of defining and measuring sustainable development. Many methods have been proposed to assess sustainability. Recently, a model has been developed, called Sustainability Assessment by Fuzzy Evaluation (SAFE), which uses fuzzy logic reasoning and basic indicators of environmental integrity, economic efficiency, and social welfare, and derives measures of human (HUMS), ecological (ECOS), and overall sustainability (OSUS). In this article, we perform sensitivity analysis of the SAFE model to identify the most important factors contributing to sustainable development. About 80 different indicators are tested and classified as promoting, impeding, or having no effect on the progress toward sustainable development. The proposed method is applied to the Greek and American economies. The conclusion is that there is no unique sustainable path and, accordingly, policy makers should choose different criteria and strategies to make efficient sustainable decisions for each country. ; Παρουσιάστηκε στο: Ecological Economics

These books are numbers 4 and 5, respectively, in the series
"Studies in the Economic Development of India". The two books are
interesting complements to one another, both being concerned with the
analysis of projects within national plan formulation. However, they
treat different sorts of problems and do so on very different levels.
Marglin's Public Investment Criteria is a short treatise on the problems
of cost-benefit analysis in an Indian type economy, i.e., a mixed
economy in which the government accepts a large planning responsibility.
The book, which is wholely theoretical, explains the many criteria
needed for evaluation of projects. The work is aimed at beginning
students and government officials with some training in economics. It is
a clear and interesting "introduction to the special branch of economics
that concerns itself with systematic analysis of investment alternatives
from the point of view of a government".

The article determines that the key task of reforming the budget system is to stimulate the socio-economic development of territories, to expand their resource base and to increase the economic potential.The need for transformation of the budget system is caused by the high level of social tension in the state, which is connected, first of all, with the ineffective separation of administrative, organizational, financial and managerial powers, unproductive provision of services and redistribution of income between the state and the population.It is proved that in the context of the reform of the budgetary system in Ukraine, the mechanism of local budget management becomes an important direction of ensuring the sustainable development of the national economy. The article covers socio-economic problems at the national and local levels, as well as directions for their solution.It is determined, that the current problem for Ukraine is the lack of labor force caused by the demographic crisis and migration of the population, which is the main component of depopulation and deformation of the gender-age structure of population. High migration mobility is observed in almost all regions of Ukraine at almost the same size.The mechanism of local budget management by decentralization is improved, which is based on the identification of internal and external problem areas and strengths, and on the definition of so-called «points» of regional growth, that is, the possibilities for its qualitative improvement, the transition to a new level through appropriate socio-economic changes in the context of national interests. The article proves that the success of the reformation of the budget system will create the networks of real self-government of territorial communities, expand their capabilities and stimulate the development of the national economy.On the basis of theoretical and practical research, the authors concluded that the development of the state regional policy stems from European experience, where the provision of significant powers to territorial communities allowed the most effective use of the potential of territorial communities, increase the financial autonomy and fill up the local budgets, which positively influences the regulation of the national economy development as a whole. ; Визначено, що ключовим завданням реформування бюджетної системи є стимулювання соціально-економічного розвитку територій, розширення їх ресурсної бази та підвищення економічного потенціалу. Необхідність трансформації бюджетної системи викликана високим рівнем соціальної напруженості в державі, що пов'язано, в першу чергу, з неефективним розмежуванням адміністративних, організаційних, фінансових та управлінських повноважень, непродуктивним наданням послуг і перерозподілом доходів між державою і населенням.Доведено, що в контексті проведення реформи бюджетної системи в Україні механізм управління місцевими бюджетами стає важливим напрямом забезпечення стабільного розвитку національної економіки. В статті висвітлено соціально-економічні проблеми на національному та місцевому рівнях, а також запропоновано напрями їх вирішення.Визначено, що характерною проблемою для України на сьогодні є нестача робочої сили, яка викликана демографічною кризою і міграцією населення.Удосконалено механізм управління місцевими бюджетами в умовах децентралізації, що ґрунтується на виявлені внутрішніх та зовнішніх проблемних місць і сильних сторін та визначення на цій основі так званих «точок» регіонального зростання.

Background: Human resources for health are an essential component of any health system. South Africa's National Development Plan identifies the need for a strengthened public health system and improvements in the quality of education and service delivery. While efforts to increase the number of trained health personnel are acknowledged, a lack of sustainable investment in improving the quality of health professions education in South Africa may have detrimental consequences for these national ideals. Discussion: South Africa's economic growth has declined in recent years, placing pressure on its fiscal capacity and the ability of academic institutions to fund critical aspects relating to training needs within health professions education programmes. Increased intakes at universities have not been supported by concurrent increases in funding required to support evolving training needs. Reduced financial support for health professions education programs has implications for required resource capacity, and will potentially negatively impact the quality, as well as global competitiveness, of health professions training programmes in South Africa. Funding gaps which impact the quality of training also ultimately affect the quality of health services delivered by the health system in the long term. Conclusion: Political will in support of more sustainable funding mechanisms for ongoing investment into health professions education programs and their evolving training needs is required in order for South Africa to meet its development objectives as outlined in the National Development Plan and its National Health Insurance policy.

The current challenges make the constant search and adoption of sustainable touristic development necessary. This kind of development has both the human and the environment in the centre of interest. The touristic development should aim to both increase the level of the offered services? quality and to incorporate activities that would upgrade the environment. Economic globalisation is constantly testing the ability of regional economies to adapt and exploit or, at least maintain, their comparative advantages. In this difficult and volatile environment, mountain ? disadvantaged areas are faced with multiple developmental difficulties. In Greece, the mountain communities were devastated in the period of mass migration abroad and urbanization, during the decades of 1950?s, 1960?s and 1970?s. Each village proudly carries its own history of resistance and its toll in human lives and property damage from the ravages of war and civil division. Gradually the agricultural policy has been changed and the diversification of rural economies has been promoted in order stop depending solely on farm income. However, the mountainous areas are still underdeveloped, without adequate infrastructure in roads, hospitals, water supply, sanitation and communication systems and therefore the government policy is that money should be invested to change the profile of these areas. Through strategic options, certain local communities are successful in achieving exemplary local and, more generally, regional development. In 2012 an empirical research was conducted regarding the case of ?Vlasti? in the prefecture of Kozani. Vlasti is a small community in the mountains of northern Greece, with interesting past, important local products and investments in agri-tourism sector. During the last decade has formulated a development strategy based on the principles of mild and sustainable development. The purpose of the research, which is based upon a primary measurement, is to detect and evaluate the main factors that determine the viability of the development in mountainous regions. The survey was carried out by questionnaires to the local authorities and businesses that took part in investment projects. The questionnaire is divided into four sections with the corresponding questions. The research examines the economic, socio-cultural and environmental impacts came after the touristic development in the area. The conclusions of the study are mapping and managing sustainability of the mountain ? disadvantaged areas, whether tourism development in mountain areas and whether this growth is sustainable.

This article briefly looks through the measures and Presidential Decrees, which were assigned to improve the quality and services rendered. Since independence, Uzbekistan faced the challenges of maintaining the supply of drugs and vaccines, while developing and implementing its own national drug policy. The gradual development of a national drug policy resulted in a clear division of the roles of the government and private sector. The government maintained mostly regulatory functions, while production and distribution were delegated to the private sector.

This article briefly looks through the measures and Presidential Decrees, which were assigned to improve the quality and services rendered. Since independence, Uzbekistan faced the challenges of maintaining the supply of drugs and vaccines, while developing and implementing its own national drug policy. The gradual development of a national drug policy resulted in a clear division of the roles of the government and private sector. The government maintained mostly regulatory functions, while production and distribution were delegated to the private sector.

This article examines the approach proposed by the European Union with regard to its socioeconomic policy within the framework of the European Neighborhood Policy (ENP). The ENP implies the development by each South Caucasian state of an individual Action Plan based on its achievements and agreed with the European Union. Economic integration is extremely important for steering a course toward Georgia's integration into the European Union, which is why these issues receive special attention in this paper. The authors provide concrete examples of customs duty, VAT and excise tax levied on some Georgian exports to the EU market. They also focus attention on the priority areas covered by the five-year EU-Georgia Action Plan in the sphere of socioeconomic policy.

14. Trade Policy and Industrialization in India Since the 1991 Reforms15. Policies toward Globalization in Sri Lanka, 1960-2012: Change and Continuity -- 16. The Political Economy of the Rajapaksa Decade in Sri Lanka, 2005-14: Policy Contradictions and Mal-governance -- 17. Has Indonesia Passed the Lewis Turning Point and Does It Matter? -- 18. Half a Century of Indonesian Economic Development: Continuity and Change