Suchergebnisse

The Second Geneva Convention of 12 August 1949 for the Amelioration of the Condition of Wounded, Sick and Shipwrecked Members of Armed Forces at Sea received its baptism of fire in 1982, during the conflict in the south Atlantic. The author of this article was present as one of the members of the ICRC delegation. This article is based largely on his experiences at the time and on the thoughts and considerations to which they have given rise.

A unique study of the role of the European Convention on Human Rights in eradicating discrimination and establishing legal equality on the grounds of sexual orientation in the United Kingdom, containing nineteen oral history accounts of applicants, legal professionals and campaigners

Landscape protection and planning have attracted the attention of experts in many branches of science and industry. The growing interest in landscape management reflects concerns over environmental degradation that deteriorates the quality of life. Undesirable landscape changes result mostly from civilizational development, inappropriate land use and spatial planning. Further adverse landscape transformations should be prevented at local, regional and national levels. On 24 June 2004, Poland ratified the European Landscape Convention (ELC), which was opened for signature in 2000 in Florence (Italy ). The ratifying countries have committed themselves to enhance the quality of local landscapes which are the basic components of Europe's natural and cultural heritage. Despite several attempts that resulted in the development of preliminary analytical reports, the Convention has not been implemented in Poland to date. For the Convention to be implemented, landscapes on Polish territory have to be identified and assessed. A systemized approach to landscape evaluation can provide a basis for creating landscape maps. This paper discusses selected methodological assumptions underlying landscape classification (typology ) and quality assessment, which could be used in the implementation process. The proposed method for assessing the esthetic value of landscape may become an integral part of landscape auditing, which is an important legal aspect of implementing the Convention. A landscape audit involves the identification of priority landscapes of particularly high scenic value.

At a time when European deconfinements are taking place, the economic repercussions of the health crisis are on everyone's mind, I would like to focus on the issue of children's rights largely undermined, as well, by the covid-19 than by the resulting economic crisis. The pandemic has created considerable threats to children, their safety, well-being, education, future and fundamental rights jeopardized, with little regards for their recognition by the International Convention on the Rights of the Child, (ICRC), (54 articles), ratified by 196 UN member countries. Since the unanimous adoption of the text by the General Assembly, political leaders have pledged to build a world fit for children .

Introduction -- Do European immigration policies cause border deaths? -- The legal landscape of border deaths at sea -- Application of the ECHR to the extraterritorial effects of immigration policies -- The right to life and extraterritorial effects of immigration policies -- Conclusion.

Abstract
Visa requirements, coupled with other extraterritorial border controls like carrier sanctions, prevent refugees from accessing the territory of States in the global North and the protection these States offer under the 1951 Refugee Convention. Visa requirements are imposed largely on the basis of an individual's nationality, and distinctions made between different non-citizens in this context are considered to be legitimate in international law, based on States' right to control their borders. In light of the 70th anniversary of the Refugee Convention, this article examines whether this instrument can respond to the externalization of border controls, specifically the imposition of visa requirements, and to the impact of these developments on refugees' access to protection, by relying on the Convention's non-discrimination clause. The article makes the case for an interpretation of the Refugee Convention that allows for access to States parties' territory under article 7(1) – by approaching visa requirements as a 'treatment accorded to aliens generally' – combined with article 3 – the non-discrimination provision of the Convention, which prohibits discrimination among refugees on grounds of their nationality. It will be suggested that coupled with the declaratory nature of refugee status, these provisions may be read as precluding imposing visa requirements on refugees originating from country A, as long as refugees originating from country B can reach a State's border visa-free. The article highlights the Refugee Convention's continued relevance, showing that some of its core principles, such as the non-discrimination provision, offer solutions where States parties attempt to limit their protection obligations towards refugees.

L'homogénéité formelle des six cents pages du rapport final de la Convention citoyenne pour le climat française (CCC) donne peu d'indices sur ce qu'a pu être le processus d'élaboration des propositions. Pourtant, différentes formes de répartition des rôles entre citoyen·nes et expert·es ont eu lieu pour répondre au mandat, donnant lieu à des mesures allant de la révision constitutionnelle à l'élaboration de seuils et au calendrier de rénovation énergétique des bâtiments. Cet article propose une typologie des mesures de la Convention, construite à partir de plusieurs critères : leur origine, le nombre et la motivation des porteuses et porteurs de la mesure, les types d'arguments utilisés, l'existence de désaccords et leur traitement, la fréquence et la nature de l'appui des expert·es. Grâce à ces critères, des mesures de cinq types ont été distinguées que nous avons choisi de nommer : génériques sectorielles, techniques, de sobriété, de régulation économique, et fondamentales. Si les procédures de la CCC ont été assez souples pour faire émerger cette diversité de réponses au problème climatique, toutes n'ont pas connu un terrain également favorable. Nous en discutons les enjeux politiques, en montrant comment chaque type coproduit à la fois une conception de l'environnement, et une conception de la participation des citoyen·nes tiré·es au sort aux décisions politiques pour répondre au défi climatique.

L'adoption de la convention collective du sport en 2005 a permis au monde sportif dans son ensemble de se constituer en branche professionnelle pour encadrer et renforcer les règles de travail dans le secteur des activités sportives. Le texte cristallise dans un de ses chapitres la notion de sport professionnel qui, en vertu de son acception bien mal aisée à contrôler, réveille des querelles de définition lors des négociations collectives. Si le sport professionnel renvoie communément dans ses usages indigènes au couple d'opposition amateur/professionnel, il résiste en effet à toute tentative de définition juridique stable, le législateur se référant le plus souvent au contrat de travail formel caractérisé par une relation de subordination entre un employeur et un employé. Ces écarts de définition entre l'usage et le droit conduisent à s'interroger sur les processus qui débouchent pourtant à son emploi dans le droit conventionnel. L'article analyse les déterminants qui ont amené les négociateurs de la branche, employeurs comme salariés, constitués en groupe d'intérêts, à produire et adopter cette catégorie d'analyse de la réalité sportive, aussi peu fiable que satisfaisante à l'usage. Le raisonnement débouche finalement sur le paradoxe suivant : la convention reconnaît dans son droit une pratique qu'elle n'est jamais parvenue à définir juridiquement.

Diffusion du document : INRA Unité d'Economie et Sociologie rurales 4 Allée Adolphe Bobierre CS 61103 35011 Rennes cedex (FRA) ; Ronald Coase has shown that well-defined property rights and the absence of transaction costs ensure that bargaining can lead to efficient environment allocation. In France, as in most developed countries, fishing rights are well-defined and belong to land-owners. However in many cases these rights are traditionally given for free to anglers associations (AAPPMA). AAPPMA are the basic institutions in charge of angling management in France. In a first part we describe how private fishing rights are institutionally turned into public goods. This is the basis of the French democratic angling rule : fishing "everywhere, for everyons and at low cost".In a second part we analyze the economic drawbacks of foregone property rights. Two main external effects arise from the public nature of recreational fishing in France. First we deal with externalities between anglers, known as the "tragedy of the comrnons". Then we describe the extemal effects between land owners (mostly farmers) and anglers. This leads to pollution and loss of environmental services

Diffusion du document : INRA Unité d'Economie et Sociologie rurales 4 Allée Adolphe Bobierre CS 61103 35011 Rennes cedex (FRA) ; Ronald Coase has shown that well-defined property rights and the absence of transaction costs ensure that bargaining can lead to efficient environment allocation. In France, as in most developed countries, fishing rights are well-defined and belong to land-owners. However in many cases these rights are traditionally given for free to anglers associations (AAPPMA). AAPPMA are the basic institutions in charge of angling management in France. In a first part we describe how private fishing rights are institutionally turned into public goods. This is the basis of the French democratic angling rule : fishing "everywhere, for everyons and at low cost".In a second part we analyze the economic drawbacks of foregone property rights. Two main external effects arise from the public nature of recreational fishing in France. First we deal with externalities between anglers, known as the "tragedy of the comrnons". Then we describe the extemal effects between land owners (mostly farmers) and anglers. This leads to pollution and loss of environmental services

Ronald Coase has shown that well-defined property rights and the absence of transaction costs ensure that bargaining can lead to efficient environment allocation. In France, as in most developed countries, fishing rights are well-defined and belong to land-owners. However in many cases these rights are traditionally given for free to anglers associations (AAPPMA). AAPPMA are the basic institutions in charge of angling management in France. In a first part we describe how private fishing rights are institutionally turned into public goods. This is the basis of the French democratic angling rule : fishing "everywhere, for everyons and at low cost". In a second part we analyze the economic drawbacks of foregone property rights. Two main external effects arise from the public nature of recreational fishing in France. First we deal with externalities between anglers, known as the "tragedy of the comrnons". Then we describe the extemal effects between land owners (mostly farmers) and anglers. This leads to pollution and loss of environmental services