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"Viewing the Arctic as a key region for global development in the 21st century, this book offers a cross-disciplinary conceptual framework for understanding what international cooperation is, why it is difficult and what kind of alternative views can apply in the Arctic. Written by Arctic experts, the book presents major trends and scenarios for international cooperation in the Arctic up to 2035 and future prospects for international cooperation in the Arctic in various sectors: energy, business and economy, transportation and logistics, climate change, diplomacy and security, culture, innovations, higher education and research. Implications of the scenarios for global development are discussed in the light of the United Nations Agenda for Global Development and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The book offers a cross-disciplinary conceptual framework of international cooperation in the Arctic and discusses implications of this framework for global development. Filling the gap in analytical understanding of international cooperation, this book will be of interest to academics, students and professionals concerned with global development and the Arctic region"--

"Most new urban growth takes place in the suburbs; consequently, infrastructures are in a constant state of playing catch-up, creating repeated infrastructure crises in these peripheries. However, the push to address the tensions stemming from this rapid growth also allow the suburbs to be a major source of urban innovation. Taking a critical social science perspective to identify political, economic, social, and environmental issues related to suburban infrastructures, this book highlights the similarities and differences between suburban infrastructure conditions encountered in the Global North and Global South. Adopting an international approach grounded in case studies from three continents, this book discusses infrastructure issues within different suburban and societal contexts: lowdensity infrastructure-rich Global North suburban areas, rapidly developing Chinese suburbs, and the deeply socially stratified suburbs of poor Global South countries. Despite stark differences between types of suburbs, there are features common to all suburban areas irrespective of their location, and similarities in the infrastructure issues confronting these different categories of suburbs."--

Zwischen 1990 und 1997 wurde das Gebiet der Großen Seen zu einer der instabilsten Regionen der Welt. Neue Entwicklungen betreffen dabei das Ausmaß der ausgeübten Gewalt, die Professionalisierung der Bürgerkriege und die Regionalisierung der Konfliktformationen. Die Machtkämpfe in Ruanda und Burundi mit ihren ähnlichen politischen Systemen fanden unter den Augen der Weltöffentlichkeit statt und brachten neue politische Führungen an die Macht. Fremde Interventionen erfolgten nur begrenzt. Nach den Massakern in Ruanda entstand erstmals die Hoffnung, die Verbrechen juristisch zu verfolgen, eine gespaltene internationale Gemeinschaft war bisher jedoch nicht in der Lage einzugreifen. (DÜI-Wgm)

ABSTRACT: International Monetary System (IMS) has been in the center of the heated debates over 70 years. Severe exchange rate mismatches and global liquidity problems not only led to global crises but also necessitated systemic changes. Notwithstanding several initiatives, setting proper exchange rate mechanisms has not been able to be realized. After the demise of the Bretton Woods system, an amorphous arrangement mechanism of exchange rates was established that led to further severe challenges globally. Moreover, rapid financial globalization and capital liberalization made exchange rates more vulnerable to external shocks. On the other hand, design flaws in global liquidity and reserve system seem hardly to be solved in the absence of the global lender of last resort and sustainable pro-cyclical liquidity provision. In this regard, the increasing scope of various components of the global financial safety nets raises serious concerns in terms of predicting their impact on global economic cycles. Additionally, major challenges associated with the global reserve system reveal that numerous economies still prefer to rely on national and regional-level frameworks rather than multilateral ones. The escalating tendency of such polarization within the global reserve system imposes serious sustainability challenges for the global economy. It should be emphasized that reforming the IMS is a dynamic process in which providing universal and ultimate solutions are far from reality. This study indicates that it would not be a smooth process to eliminate all these challenges that mostly stem from deep contradictions among nation-states' interests and multilateral frameworks. KEYWORDS: global liquidity, global financial safety nets, exchange rate imbalances, swap arrangements, Special Drawing Rights, political stigma

Quoiqu'elle ait permis une progressive et relative autonomisation du droit par rapport au politique, la réforme juridique n'est pas parvenue à entamer le caractère répressif du droit chinois, en particulier dans les domaines pénal et des libertés publiques. Le paradoxe de la réforme juridique chinoise durant les années 1980 et 1990 était que les insuffisances de celle-ci suscitaient davantage de pressions internationales qu'avant 1978, lorsque le système juridique chinois était largement politisé ou inexistant. Depuis l'accession de la Chine à l'Organisation mondiale du commerce en 2001, les pays occidentaux ont accru leurs échanges avec ce pays, mais diminué leur pression sur des questions délicates telles que les violations des droits de la personne. Par ailleurs, si les liens économiques et humains entre la Chine et l'étranger se sont multipliés et ont favorisé une coopération accrue dans le domaine juridique, de nombreux problèmes demeurent. La réforme en effet reste incomplète et n'a pas favorisé une plus grande indépendance de la justice, tandis que les coopérations engagées en matière juridique manquent de cohérence et de coordination. Ces lacunes et les nombreux espoirs déçus de la réforme sont susceptibles d'accroître les conflits non seulement entre la Chine et l'étranger, mais aussi entre les juristes chinois et leurs autorités politiques. Ainsi, en dépit de son conservatisme politique, le régime communiste chinois est entré dans un débat globalisé sur le droit et les droits de l'homme, dont désormais il ne peut plus s'extraire, mais au sein duquel il tente de concilier ses intérêts politiques avec les impératifs d'une indispensable modernisation juridique.

This article seeks to explore the reasons why sanctions for international humanitarian law (IHL) violations are so difficult to put into effect. Beyond the lack of willingness of states to do so for political reasons, some more technical aspects should he emphasized. The implementation of sanctions is too often seen solely through the prism of international law, without enough attention being paid to the complexity and diversity of municipal legal systems. The author puts forward the idea that efficiency starts with a clear sharing of competencies. Three main issues are discussed: first, the influence of the sharing of competencies within the state (between the judiciary, the executive and the legislature) on the implementation of sanctions; second, the broad interpretation of their powers by regional or international bodies in charge of monitoring and reviewing human rights protection; and, third, the creation of new or specific bodies in charge of dealing with and if necessary punishing gross violations of humanitarian law. Adapted from the source document.

India has a longstanding reputation for its acclaimed film industry and continues to be by far the world's largest producer of films. Nevertheless, domestic demand for films appears to be waning as in a number of developed countries with mature film industries. Hence, the econometric analysis in this paper is particularly timely as with demand for films in Indian cinemas falling it is important to identify those factors that make films appealing for Indian audiences. An original dataset is utilised that includes data on all Bollywood films released in India between 2011 and 2015. Account is taken of the potential endogeneity between variables through the use of the Generalised Method of Moments approach. Results are used to demonstrate how the Indian film market can continue to have a significant positive impact on the Indian economy. The discussion highlights appropriate film production company strategies and Government policy responses that should be considered to ensure the continued success of the Indian film industry both domestically and in an increasingly competitive international market.

Tsuchyama, J.: The end of the alliance? - S. 3-35. Yuen Foong Khong: ASEAN's post-ministerial conference and Regional Forum. - S. 37-58. Tanaka, A.: UN peace operations and Japan-US relations. - S. 59-83. Purrington, C.: U.S.-Japan relations and international arms control after the Cold War. - S. 85-111. Inoguchi, T.: Human rights and democracy in Pacific Asia. - S. 115-153. Awanohara, S.: The U.S. and Japan at the World Bank. - S. 155-182. Cowhey, P. F.: Pacific trade relations after the Cold War. - S. 183-225. Woo-Cumings, M.: The Asian Development Bank and the politics of development in East Asia. - S. 227-249. Hernandez, C. G.: A Philippine perspective on US-Japan relations and international institutions after the Cold War. - S. 251-273. Yasgeng Huang: China in the new international political economy. - S. 275-297. Simandjuntak, D. S.: The roles of international institutions in the settlement of economic disputes between the United States and Japan. - S. 299-318. Singh, B.: US-Japan relations and international institutions after the Cold War: a Singaporean perspective. - S. 319-330. Park, Y. C.: U.S.-Japan relations and international institutions after the Cold War: a Korean perspective. - S. 331-343. Ravenhill, J.: U.S.-Japan relations and international institutions after the Cold War: a perspective from Australia. - S. 345-357. Zakaria, H. A.: US-Japan relations and international institutions in the post Cold War world: a Malaysian perspective. - S. 359-362. Zubok, V. M.: U.S.-Japan relations and international institutions after the Cold War: a perspective from Russia. - S. 363-377. Gourevitch, P.: After the Cold War in the Pacific region. - S. 381-390

Chapter 1. Introduction -- Chapter 2. In Search of Solidarity in International Law -- Chapter 3. Solidarity as an International Legal Norm -- Chapter 4. The Principle of Solidarity in the Law of Transboundary Groundwater -- Chapter 5. Global Environmental Issues and International Solidarity: Between Myth and Reality -- Chapter 6. Anti-legal? Georges Scelle's Solidarity, French Sociological School, and the Backlash against International Investment Law in Africa -- Chapter 7. Differential Treatment for Developing Countries as a Manifestation of Solidarity: Overcoming New Challenges by Going Back to the Basics -- Chapter 8. Thinking about Solidarity and EU Law -- Chapter 9. Why the European Commission's 'Pragmatic Approach' to Asylum is Not Enough: Re-Imagining Solidarity as a New Form of Conducting Regional Politics -- Chapter 10. Solidarity in EU Migration and Asylum Law: A Corpus Linguistic Analysis -- Chapter 11. External Solidarity in Integrated Border Management: The Role of EU Migration Agencies -- Chapter 12. The Solidarity Principle in the Context of the CFSP: The Adoption of Restrictive Measures as an Expression of Solidarity? -- Chapter 13. The Many Faces of Solidarity and Its Role in the Jurisprudence of the AFSJ -- Chapter 14. Reflections on the Legal Content of Solidarity in EU Law under the Lens of the Covid-19 Pandemic.

Present arrangements governing the accumulation and discharge of debt by states are difficult to justify fully on the basis of underlying normative considerations. States are different from individuals in important respects, and the deontological justifications that explain why individuals have a strong burden to abide by promises to repay do not straightforwardly apply to countries. Consequentialist considerations must play a central role in determining what norms should govern the accumulation and discharge of sovereign debt. Modified background norms for the accumulation and discharge of international debt which permit countries' repayments to be made formally contingent on specific circumstances and the reasons that these circumstances have arisen are more likely to be morally justifiable than the existing rules, which in general require countries to repay their debts according to an inflexible schedule. Modified rules for the accumulation and discharge of international sovereign debt can codify the moral and legal basis for existing ad hoc deviations and present a justifiable framework within which international lending and borrowing can take place. Adapted from the source document.