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European integration has raised hopes and concerns about its effect on the distribution of power among different actors, and in particular on the role of the civil society. Focusing on the Europeanization of public discourse in Italy as a case study, this article addresses the specific problem of the formation of supranational public spheres. On the basis of content analyses of daily press and interviews, we argue that various forms of Europeanization of the public discourse are indeed on the rise, with a growing presence not only of purely European actors but also of European targets and frames. Europeanization appears to have been traditionally a 'top-down' process: in fact the more Europeanized is a policy, actor, target or issue scope, the less civil society actors seem to have access to the public sphere. However, some changes across time emerge, with the development of (conflictual) forms of 'Europeanization from below'.

A discussion of the potential for revival of the US labor union movement notes encouraging signs like President Obama's commitment to passage of the Employee Free Choice Act; the appointment of union friendly people to Cabinet posts; & a shift in the public mood away from faith in markets/business leaders. Other issues explored include the impact of mergers; differences between public & private sector unions; & the need for unions to replace the resource-based approach to growth with member-based organizing & mobilizing. Adapted from the source document.

The main aim of the article is to conduct a comprehensive research on European collective identity from the standpoint of social constructivism.The article presents the analysis of certain aspects of social constructivist research of the nature of collective identity as a hybrid phenomenon. By summarizing a large amount of factual material and using methods of abstraction, analysis and synthesis an essential dimension and peculiarities of the European collective identity are described. The research provides an estimation of the influence of social and intersubjective factors, in particular, ideological, normative, discursive, cultural and historical constructions on the process of formation of European collective identity. It also determines the main features of the group identification process of citizens of the member states of the European Union. The study characterizes contemporary condition, problems of formation and significance of European collective identity in the context of deepening and expanding of European integration processes.Keywords: theory of international relations; postpositivism; reflexionism; European Union; identification; socialization; integration. ; Розглянуто наявні дослідження європейської колективної ідентичності з позицій соціалконструктивізму. Шляхом узагальнення значної кількості фактологічного матеріалу й використання методів абстрагування, аналізу та синтезу охарактеризовано сутнісний вимір і визначено особливості європейської групової ідентичності. Представлено аналіз окремих аспектів соціалконструктивістського дослідження природи колективної ідентичності як гібридного явища. Оцінено вплив соціальних та інтерсуб'єктивних чинників, зокрема ідейних, нормативних, дискурсивних, культурних та історичних конструкцій, на процес формування європейської колективної ідентичності. Визначено особливості групової ідентифікації громадян держав-учасниць європейського інтеграційного об'єднання. Охарактеризовано сучасний стан, проблеми та значення європейської колективної ідентичності у контексті поглиблення і розширення європейських інтеграційних процесів.Ключові слова: теорія міжнародних відносин; постпозитивізм; рефлексіонізм; Європейський Союз; ідентифікація; соціалізація; інтеграція.

Explores the link between the emergence of neoliberalism & the defeat of working class politics/unions to argue that the current economic crisis has discredited neoliberalism's free-market ideology & revealed neoliberal policies as a social disaster. Nonetheless, neoliberalism remains embedded in state structures & policy instruments. Its objective of disorganizing unions & other working class organizations continues to be the greatest obstacle to the establishment of a postneoliberal political order. Challenges to unions like pressure on wages/workplace controls & flexible labor market policies placed the union movement in a defensive position. However, the decline in employment resulting from the economic recession, the deterioration in public service working conditions, & the closing of the gap between social justice movements & the union movement have produced openings for new union activism. It is contended that strengthening the labor movement requires it to become part of a reconstruction of the left. The potential for breaking through the structures of neoliberalism & creating a new union politics as part of a true postneoliberal social order is discussed. J. Lindroth

The United Kingdom is weakening. Alvin Jackson examines the UK in the light of the experience of similar union states elsewhere, offering the first sustained comparative study across the long nineteenth century and beyond, drawing conclusions which shed new light on the particular history, condition, and fate of the UK.

La preocupación por mejorar la calidad de vida de las personas ha sido priorizada por los gobiernos a nivel mundial, en base a ello y teniendo en consideración que las mediciones de indicadores económicos no reflejan la realidad del progreso de las poblaciones, el Social Progress Imperative (SPI) elaboró el Índice de Progreso Social (IPS), el cual mide este concepto en base a tres dimensiones generales: Necesidades Básicas Humanas, Fundamentos del Bienestar y Oportunidades. Cada dimensión contiene cuatro componentes y cada componente una serie de indicadores que reúnen la información necesaria para medir el progreso social. Tomando como base la metodología aplicada por el SPI, en esta investigación se ha elaborado el IPS del distrito de La Unión perteneciente a la provincia y departamento de Piura, para ello se ha ejecutado una investigación de tipo no experimental, transeccional descriptiva que hace uso principalmente de un cuestionario que contiene 58 preguntas, pero también se hace uso de estadísticas oficiales de organismos del estado, en base a ello se han aplicado los métodos de análisis y validación estadística para las medidas halladas y se ha realizado el cálculo del indicador. Finalmente, en base a los hallazgos determinados del análisis realizado, se han planteado una serie de recomendaciones en relación con las fortalezas y debilidades del distrito, teniendo como propósito que las autoridades locales puedan tomar mejores decisiones con relación a sus planes de desarrollo local, con la finalidad priorizar las acciones inmediatas para mejorar el bienestar de la población local. ; The concern to improve the quality of life of people has been prioritized by governments worldwide, based on this and taking into account that the measurements of economic indicators do not reflect the reality of the progress of populations, the Social Progress Imperative (SPI) developed the Social Progress Index (IPS), which measures this concept based on three general dimensions: Basic Human Needs, Fundations of Wellbeing ...

The medical product sector is characterised by a regulatory patchwork of European and national laws and guidelines operating concurrently with each other. Each of these sectors are characterised by different levels of regulatory uncertainty that may undermine the effectiveness of the regulatory framework. How have European regulation shaped individual product sectors? How has that impacted regulatory uncertainty in that sector? What has been the impact of regulatory compliance? Drawing on documentary research and fieldwork interviews this pilot study conducted in Netherlands, finds that ATMPs and medical device sectors exhibit high level of regulatory uncertainty. Although the sources of uncertainty are varied across each of the sectors. In some instances when regulatory uncertainty have reached unmanageable levels, measures have been taken by regulators to address it. Regulatees themselves have developed a complex compliance strategy that allows them to tolerate and in certain circumstances even circumvent regulatory uncertainty. Adapted from the source document.

The aim of this study is to analyze the connection between anti-crisis fiscal measures adopted by EU governments in response to the COVID-19 pandemic and these countries' GDP growth. The study relies on methods of statistical analysis, including cluster analysis, to examine the challenges of forecasting tax revenue collections during the COVID-19 pandemic. It is possible to make preliminary conclusions regarding the relationship between fiscal anti-crisis measures in EU countries and these countries' GDP growth even in the absence of the actual data. The study has revealed variations in forecast GDP growth caused by a higher than usual degree of uncertainty. The best way to minimize such variations is to constantly monitor the situation and adjust the forecast estimates depending on the changes in the relevant factors. The variations in forecast estimates can also stem from adjustments for the changes in tax revenues of EU countries implementing fiscal anti-crisis measures. Most EU countries resorted to such instruments as deferral of certain tax payments, temporary tax breaks, reduction of tax rates, tax loss carryforwards, cancellation or reductions of social contributions. The European leaders in terms of anti-crisis fiscal measures are the Czech Republic and Ireland – these countries used four out of five instruments and were followed by Austria, Hungary and the UK, which used three instruments. We also analyzed the coefficient of tax elasticity for European countries and demonstrated that tax reliefs (tax preferences) influence the level of tax revenue. The hypothesis that there is an indirect connection between the anti-crisis fiscal measures and GDP growth was confirmed. It is shown that clusters of EU countries grouped depending on their anti-crisis fiscal measures do not coincide with the clusters of countries grouped depending on their GDP growth estimates. Thus, a tentative forecast can be made that the fiscal anti-crisis measures taken by EU countries will not have a direct impact on their GDP growth.For citationKarpova V.V., Tischenko V.F., Ostapenko V.N., Ivanov Yu.B. Anti-Crisis Fiscal Measures in the European Union during the COVID-19 Pandemic and their Impact on GDP. Journal of Tax Reform. 2020;6(3):225–243. DOI:10.15826/jtr.2020.6.3.083.Article infoReceived September 1, 2020; Revised October 5, 2020; Accepted October 20, 2020 ; Цель исследования – провести анализ взаимосвязи принятых в условиях распространения COVID-19 фискальных антикризисных мер и показателя валового внутреннего продукта в странах Евросоюза. В исследовании применяются методы статистического анализа, в том числе кластерного анализа, и рассматривается вопрос: в чем сложность прогнозирования налоговых поступлений в условиях пандемии COVID-19? Результаты исследования показали, что до получения фактических данных возможно сделать предварительные выводы относительно взаимосвязи принятых в странах ЕС фискальных антикризисных мер в ответ на COVID-19 на показатель ВВП. Были выявлены отклонения в прогнозах показателей ВВП, обусловленные факторами неопределенности, наилучшей мерой нивелирования которых является постоянный мониторинг и пересмотр прогнозных показателей в зависимости от влияния изменяющихся факторов. На отклонения в прогнозах могли повлиять в том числе корректировки, вызванные изменениями показателей налоговых поступлений, обусловленные предпринятыми странами Евросоюза фискальными антикризисными мерами. Среди этих мер чаще всего использовались такие инструменты как отсрочка уплаты налогов, временные налоговые льготы, снижение ставок налогов, перенос убытков, отмена/снижение социальных взносов. Было выявлено, что лидером среди стран по принятию антикризисных фискальных мер являются Чехия и Ирландия, которыми задействованы 4 инструмента антикризисных мер из пяти рассматриваемых. Австрия, Венгрия и Великобритания использовали 3 инструмента. Проведен анализ коэффициента эластичности налогов в разрезе стран Евросоюза. Показано, что на показатель налоговых поступлений оказывают влияние налоговые льготы (преференции). Подтверждена гипотеза о существовании косвенной связи между принятыми антикризисными фискальными мерами и показателем ВВП. В то же время показано, что кластеры стран Евросоюза, сгруппированных по признаку принятых антикризисных фискальных мер не совпадают с кластерами стран ЕС, сгруппированных по изменению прогнозов ВВП. Сделан предварительный прогноз, что фискальные антикризисные меры, предпринятые в странах Евросоюза, не окажут прямого влияния на изменение показателей ВВП.Для цитированияКарпова В.В., Тищенко В.Ф., Остапенко В.Н., Иванов Ю.Б. Фискальные антикризисные меры в Европейском Союзе в условиях распространения COVID-19: оценки влияния на ВВП // Journal of Tax Reform. – 2020. – Т. 6, № 3. – С. 225–243. – DOI:10.15826/jtr.2020.6.3.083. Информация о статьеДата поступления 1 сентября 2020 г.; дата поступления после рецензирования 5 октября 2020 г.; дата принятия к печати 20 октября 2020 г./em

To avert the twin threats of isolation and marginalization, we argue that European legal research should embrace the methodology of the social sciences to a much greater extent than is currently the case. To fit the hybrid – academic and professional – character of the law school, research should emphasize questions of broad interest to lawyers and legal reformers. We outline two lines of research, under the header of 'Empirical Jurisprudence', that, we believe, should be of fundamental interest to members of the legal community at large: (i) law as the art of persuasion; and (ii) law as social product and instrument of social planning. We show that the questions demarcated by these two research programmes are, and have always been, of interest to lawyers, claims to the autonomy of the legal discipline notwithstanding. We also argue that the rapidly expanding and increasingly eclectic array of empirical research techniques – from text mining to network analysis and machine learning – makes the turn to Empirical Jurisprudence especially promising.

The aim of the research was to reveal the peculiarities of preventive activities carried out by law enforcement agencies in the countries of the European Union. Attention is paid to the known methods of preventive work carried out by the police of different countries, which make it possible to prevent crimes and arrest criminals when they are still preparing to commit a crime. In this regard, models of preventive activities used in continental European countries are described. The methodological basis of the research is presented in comparative-legal and systematic analysis, formal-legal method, method of interpretation, hermeneutic method, as well as methods of analysis and synthesis. In the conclusions attention is paid to the peculiarities of prevention applied by individual members of the European Union, in particular, the policy of prevention by the Polish police, in terms of recidivism of persons who have already committed crimes. This policy is developed by borrowing from the European experience, because in some countries the emphasis is on extending the powers of police officers, in others - on maximum interaction with the society involved to help implement some police functions.