Suchergebnisse

The author reviews the basic facts necessary to understand the specific process of Montenegro's capitalist transformation in the past thirty years or so, a process particularly influenced by certain characteristics of the political system. The survival in power of one political party throughout the period of systemic changes, as well as the more than twenty-year personal rule of Milo Đukanović which continued despite the introduction of liberal-pluralist principles, are primarily explained by the control of the state apparatus by the ruling elite. Alongside that was a low level of economic development. In addition, ambivalent attitudes of the populace to Montenegro's independence from Serbia and the interethnic relations of Serbs and Montenegrins have played their own role. In the second part, the text displays the leitmotif underlying the contributions to the thematic section on Montenegro in this issue.

In Europe, where the financial crisis was transformed into national debt crises in several countries, the current phase of the denial cycle marked by an official policy approach predicated on the assumption that normal restored through a mix of austerity, privatization and less state involvement came through (anti-Keynes). The other view is this. Governmental investments – and financial decision-making to regulate the effective demand in national economies is based on the basic principles introduced by John Maynard Keynes in his 'General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money (1936). The solution of the temporary crisis of the democratic capitalism might be linked to Keynes by his successors the neo-Keynesians. However, the representative democracy has become weak and fragmented, and under control of international powerful multinationals. The citizens not any longer look upon their national government as their representatives but as representatives for interest of foreign states and international organizations. Poor public politics and policy of austerity generating a crisis of combination are what come out of it.

At the beginning of the 13th century, the Mongolian state established by Genghis Khan in East Asia soon won domination of these regions by winning conquests in the region and conquering movements in the east on China, in the West from the North of the Black Sea and Central Asia. Although their progress in the West initially gave rise to fear, Western kings and clerics soon realized this power and tried to achieve some alliances in their own future. With the fear of the Mongols' military campaign, they were first identified in Europe with the Gog-Magog story in Christian literature. After the Muslim rival states prevailing in Asia Minor were subjected to defeat by the Mongols, the likeness of Christian King Johannes, a product of Christian literature, was made for the Mongolian Khans. The relations between the years 1271-1368, including the Mongolian period in China, were almost entirely due to the efforts of Western missions, as were the relations with other Mongolian khanates in Central Asia, Asia Minor and the Black Sea north. In contrast to the previous dynasties established in China, the emperors of the Yuan Dynasty remained more concerned about the West. Despite everything, the most famous of the documents collected about the Mongols in Europe during the Middle Ages consists of records kept as a result of travels to China during the Yuan Dynasty. In this period, some important information about Europe has been added to Chinese chronics. In this article we will examine the records of Europe in Yuan period Chinese sources.