In: Coffe , H & Davidson-Schmich , L 2020 , ' The gendered political ambition cycle in mixed member electoral systems ' , European Journal of Politics and Gender , vol. 3 , no. 1 , pp. 79-99 . https://doi.org/10.1332/251510819X15705394695400
This article introduces a theoretical model that shows how four mechanisms (work–life balance, psychological, gatekeeper bias and diversity mechanisms) explain why pursuing a nomination as list Members of Parliament is the more attractive option for women in mixed-member electoral systems. It also demonstrates how women's resulting greater likelihood of being list Members of Parliament creates what we call a gendered cycle, further reducing women's interest in the single-member district tier. To empirically test our model, we present quantitative data for the case of New Zealand and Germany, as well as qualitative interview data collected from members of German parties' women's auxiliary organisations.
Source at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1238588 ; The introduction of the Landing Obligation (LO) is one of the most significant reform elements in the 2013 Common Fisheries Policy (CFP). In order to assess how the LO performs as a policy instrument, it is essential to understand the background, objectives and motivation that led to the policy being adopted. With these objectives in mind, a desk-study was first carried out to review relevant policy statements, regulatory documents and academic literature. Secondly, since the EU discard policy was driven by NGOs campaigns and public support, a subsequent analysis was performed based on interviews of key environmental NGOs on their perception of the LO, its objectives, goals and state of its implementation (from legislation to control and enforcement). This study of the views of environmental NGOs complements the perspectives of other stakeholders as captured in workpackage 4 (i.e. the "fishermen' story", the "scientists' story" and the "managers' story"), as well as work realised in workpackage 2 to monitor the changes of stakeholder perceptions in relation to the LO during its progressive application to European fisheries.
This is the peer-reviewed but unedited manuscript version of the following article: Wiesener, S., Falkenberg, T., Hegyi, G., Hök, J., Roberti di Sarsina, P. & Fønnebø, V. (2012). Legal status and regulation of complementary and alternative medicine in Europe. Forschende Komplementärmedizin / Research in Complementary Medicine, 19(suppl 2), 29-36. https://doi.org/10.1159/000343125. The final, published version is available at https://doi.org/10.1159/000343125 . ; Objective : The study aims to review the legal and regulatory status of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) in the 27 European Union (EU) member states and 12 associated states, and at the EU/European Economic Association (EEA) level. Methods : Contact was established with national Ministries of Health, Law or Education, members of national and European CAM associations, and CAMbrella partners. A literature search was performed in governmental and scientific/non-scientific websites as well as the EUROPA and EUR-lex websites/ databases to identify documents describing national CAM regulation and official EU law documents. Results : The 39 nations have all structured legislation and regulation differently: 17 have a general CAM legislation, 11 of these have a specific CAM law, and 6 have sections on CAM included in their general healthcare laws. Some countries only regulate specific CAM treatments. CAM medicinal products are subject to the same market authorization procedures as other medicinal products with the possible exception of documentation of efficacy. The directives, regulations and resolutions in the EU that may influence the professional practice of CAM will also affect the conditions under which patients are receiving CAM treatment(s) in Europe. Conclusion : There is an extraordinary diversity with regard to the regulation of CAM practice, but not CAM medicinal products. This will influence patients, practitioners and researchers when crossing European borders. Voluntary harmonization is possible within current legislation. Individual states within culturally similar regions should harmonize their CAM legislation and regulation. This can probably safeguard against inadequately justified over- or underregulation at the national level. ; Ziel : Ziel der Studie war es, den rechtlichen und regulatorischen Status der Komplementärmedizin (CAM) in den 27 EU-Mitgliedsstaaten und 12 assoziierten Staaten auf EU-/ EWR-Ebene zu erfassen. Methoden : Zunächst wurden Kontakte zu den nationalen Ministerien für Gesundheit, Recht, oder Bildung, sowie zu nationalen und europäischen Verbänden im CAM Bereich und den CAMbrella Partnern geknüpft und etabliert. Um Dokumente zu identifizieren, die die nationale CAM Regulierung sowie die offizielle EU-Gesetzgebung reflektieren, wurden Literaturrecherchen in staatlichen, wissenschaftlichen / nichtwissenschaftlichen Websites, sowie den Web-Sites / Datenbanken EUROPA und EUR-Lex durchgeführt. Ergebnisse : Alle 39 Staaten verfügen über eine strukturierte Gesetzgebung zu CAM, die aber jeweils unterschiedlich ist. 17 verfügen über eine allgemeine Gesetzgebung zu CAM, bei 11 von diesen liegt ein spezifisches CAM-Gesetz vor, während 6 Staaten CAM spezifische Abschnitte im Rahmen ihrer allgemeinen Gesetzgebung zur Gesundheitsversorgung aufweisen. Einige Länder regeln nur bestimmte CAM-Therapien. CAM-Arzneimittel unterliegen den gleichen Zulassungsverfahren wie andere Arzneimittel, mit der möglichen Ausnahme der Dokumentation der Wirksamkeit. Die Richtlinien, Verordnungen und Beschlüsse in der Europäischen Union (EU), die die berufliche Praxis der CAM Anwendung beeinflussen, wirken sich auch auf die rechtlichen Bedingungen aus, unter denen Patienten in Europa eine CAM-Behandlung erhalten. Fazit : Die Vielfalt im Hinblick auf die Regulierung der CAM-Praxis ist außerordentlich hoch, dasselbe gilt jedoch nicht für CAM-Arzneimittel. Diese Tatsache beeinflusst Patienten, Anwender und Wissenschaftler beim Überschreiten europäischen Grenzen. Eine freiwillige Harmonisierung ist jedoch im Rahmen der derzeitigen Gesetzgebung möglich. Staaten in kulturell ähnlichen Regionen sollten daher ihre CAM-Gesetzgebung und Regulierung harmonisieren. Ein solches Vorgehen kann möglicherweise einer unangemessenen Über- oder Unterregulation auf nationaler Ebene vorbeugen.
The country assembly is a form of direct exercise of power by the local community (direct democracy). It is the body of a specific settlement, which is an auxiliary unit created in Poland by the commune. The organization of a country assembly, as well as its tasks, are defined in the statute of the settlement, accepted by the commune council. The country assembly, as a collective body, plays an important role in carrying out the tasks transferred to the settlement and also it exerts an impact on how to use the property administered by the settlement.
We give a brief account of the recently proposed N = 3 superfield formulation of the N = 6, 3D superconformal theory of Aharony et al (ABJM) describing a low-energy limit of the system of multiple M2-branes on the AdS4×S7/Zk background. This formulation is given in harmonic N = 3 superspace and reveals a number of surprising new features. In particular, the sextic scalar potential of ABJM arises at the on-shell component level as the result of eliminating appropriate auxiliary fields, while there is no explicit superpotential at the off-shell superfield level.
Phase transitions involving metastable states can be considered as branching processes in phase space. This point of view has led to the development of a state-area principle which permits the direct calculation of the relative probabilities of populating the metastable states. Auxiliary parameters such as fictive or effective temperatures are not required in this approach. A simple bistable model exhibiting both ferro and antiferromagnetic features has been used to check the application of the state-area principle. An interesting byproduct of this work is a simple theoretical demonstration of the origin of symmetry-breaking magnetic interactions.
Introduction: American Women Activists and Autobiography: Rhetorical Lives -- The Progressive Cassandra: Rhetoric in Jane Addam's Twenty Years at Hull-House -- Anarchism and the Rhetoric of Womanhood: Emma Goldman's Living My Life -- Dorothy Day and the Rhetoric of Paradox -- Angela Davis: An Autobiography and the Rhetoric of Race Consciousness -- Rhetorical Sovereignty and the Gendered Body in Mary Crow Dog's Lakota Woman -- Betty Friedan's Life So Far and New Activist Paradigms.
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[2], 166, [2] p.; [4], 20 leaves, [8] folded leaves : ill. (woodcuts) ; By Thomas Styward. ; East printed the title page to part 1 and all of part 2. In part 1 Kingston printed B-D, K-N, Q-T and possibly Y; How printed E-I, O-P; Charlewood printed V-X (STC). ; "A compendious treatise entituled, De re militari . VVritten in the Spanish tongue, by . Luis Gutierres de la Vega . and newlie translated into English, by Nicholas Lichefild" has separate dated title page, register, and foliation. This was also issued separately as STC 12538. ; Part 2: A2 is a cancel. ; Reproduction of the original in the Henry E. Huntington Library and Art Gallery. ; Lacks part 2.
Frontmatter -- Contents -- Contributors -- 1. Introducing Chronotopic Identity Work / Kroon, Sjaak / Swanenberg, Jos -- 2. Are Chronotopes Helpful? / Blommaert, Jan -- 3. Inverted Youth Language in Mongolia as Macroscopic and Microscopic Chronotopes / Dovchin, Sender -- 4. The Care of the Selfie: Ludic Chronotopes of Baifumei in Online China / Li, Kunming / Blommaert, Jan -- 5. The Mass Mediation of Chronotopic Identity in a Changing Indonesia / Goebel, Zane -- 6. Chronotopic Identities and Social Change in Yangshuo, China / Gao, Shuang -- 7. Chronotopes and Heritage Authenticity: The Case of the Tujia in China / Wang, Xuan / Kroon, Sjaak -- 8. Languages and Regimes of Communication: Students' Struggles with Norms and Identities through Chronotopic Work / Karrebæk, Martha Sif / Spindler Møller, Janus -- 9. Out of Order: Authenticity and Normativity in Communication at School / Swanenberg, Jos -- 10. The Moral Economy of Chronotopic Identities: A Case Study in a Polish Community in Antwerp / Szabla, Malgorzata -- 11. Insights and Challenges of Chronotopic Analysis for Sociolinguistics / De Fina, Anna -- Index
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