Suchergebnisse

Монгольское нашествие XIII века воспринималось европейцами как приход народов Гога и Магога, предшествующий Апокалипсису. Автор сравнивает два описания «народов Гога и Магога», составленные посланными к монголам с дипломатической миссией францисканскими монахами, Плано Карпини и Рубруком. ; Europeans perceived the Mongol invasion of the XIII century like the advent of the peoples of Gog and Magog, preceding the Apocalypse. Author analyses 2 texts of European travelers at the Mongol (Tartaric) Empire (Giovanni da Pian del Carpine and Guillaume (William) de Rubruck). He tries to answers the question: "How did Europeans of the XIII century see the Mongols and their possible relationships?" He analyses the ideas and problems of travelers. He understands that both of authors went to the Tartary to preach, it was their main problem. Author finds the difference: Carpini wrote the military handbook to fight with Mongols, because he had wanted to protect Europe from there, but Rubruck wanted to spread influence of Catholic Church and to establish a mission. His text is practically a message to King Louis IX. Author understands that Carpini was afraid of Mongols and acted with discretion, but Rubruck is very self-confident and even rude to them. Author notices that Mongol threat, which had been very actual at Carpini's time, become invisible at Rubruck's time (10 years later). Author notices that Carpini had thematic order of the chapters (it resembles a military handbook), but Rubruck had chronological order (it resembles a diary). Author thinks that Carpini tried to give a systematic description of the Mongols to the European public, but Rubruck shared his personal impressions to King. Author adds that Mongols themselves to travelers treated equally. They took an interest in them as people to unusual, but it did not feel any respect for them.

Straipsnio tikslas yra naujai pazvelgti i politines laisves principo mo-dernioje demokratijoje problema, iskylancia pilieciu konformizmo ir abejin-gumo viesajam gyvenimui pavidalu. Musu siulomas analitinis budas - tai laisves problema suvokti ir nagrineti moderniuju laiku mastytoju adaptuotu klasikines drasos dorybes aspektu. Viesojo gyvenimo nuosmukio demokrati-joje aiskinimai paprastai susitelkia i politiniu instituciju, atstovavimo mecha-nizmu arba pilietines visuomenes ugdymo klausimus, taciau retai reiksminga demesi skiria pilieciu kasdieniu paprociu ir dorybiu veiksniui. Nematant de-mokratijos kaip unikalaus, socialines lygybes idealu gristo paprociu tinklo, sunku deramai ivertinti reiksmingus sios santvarkos priestaravimus politi-nes laisves principui, ir del to isvados apie konformizmo reiskinio priezastis buna negalutines. Drasos dorybe yra patogus analitinis irankis, leidziantis taikliai ir spalvingai pamatyti demokratijai budingu etiniu prielaidu santyki su politines laisves principa palaikanciomis prielaidomis. Musu straipsnyje pasitelktas ziurejimo i laisves problema demokratineje santvarkoje budas lei-dzia tiketis nestandartiniu isvadu apie konformizmo reiskinio priezastis The purpose of this article is to offer a new approach to the issue of conformism and political apathy in modern democratic societies, which indicates an implicit tension between democracy as a political form and the principle of political liberty. What we attempt to do in the article is to bring the issue onto the grounds of classical and modern ethics by introducing the virtue of courage as an analytical concept. The article argues that the virtue of courage and the morals it implicates are the key to understanding how democratic ethics interferes with the ones sustaining an active civic life and liberty, a process which gives rise to the problem of conformism. Such approach allows us to view and interpret the issue of liberty in a democracy not only as a technical issue of governance or representation, but also as a worrying indication of a decline of the political significance of liberty itself. Adapted from the source document.

11 p., gráf., tablas ; In higher eukaryotes, the 5S rRNA genes occur in tandem units and are arranged either separately (S-type arrangement) or linked to other repeated genes, in most cases to rDNA locus encoding 18S–5.8S–26S genes (L-type arrangement). Here we used Southern blot hybridisation, PCR and sequencing approaches to analyse genomic organisation of rRNA genes in all large gymnosperm groups, including Coniferales, Ginkgoales, Gnetales and Cycadales. The data are provided for 27 species (21 genera). The 5S units linked to the 35S rDNA units occur in some but not all Gnetales, Coniferales and in Ginkgo (~30% of the species analysed), while the remaining exhibit separate organisation. The linked 5S rRNA genes may occur as single-copy insertions or as short tandems embedded in the 26S–18S rDNA intergenic spacer (IGS). The 5S transcript may be encoded by the same (Ginkgo, Ephedra) or opposite (Podocarpus) DNA strand as the 18S–5.8S–26S genes. In addition, pseudogenised 5S copies were also found in some IGS types. Both L- and S-type units have been largely homogenised across the genomes. Phylogenetic relationships based on the comparison of 5S coding sequences suggest that the 5S genes independently inserted IGS at least three times in the course of gymnosperm evolution. Frequent transpositions and rearrangements of basic units indicate relatively relaxed selection pressures imposed on genomic organisation of 5S genes in plants. ; This work has been supported by the Spanish and Catalan governments (projects CGL2010-22234-C02-01 and 02/BOS, and project 2009SGR00439, respectively), Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic (RVO68081707) and the Czech Science Foundation (P501/13/10057S; P501/12/G090). SG benefited from a Beatriu de Pino's postdoctoral contract with the support of the Comissionat per a Universitats i Recerca (CUR) del Departament d'Economia i Coneixement (Catalan government) ; Peer reviewed

Denne artikel tager livsstilsbegrebet op til diskussion og gør det ud fra et miljøsociologisk perspektiv, men med relevans for sociologien i almindelighed. Livsstilsbegrebet er af stor betydning i miljøsociologien – og i sociologien generelt – fordi studiet af livsstil muliggør en forståelse af samspillet mellem en række forskellige dynamikker der former alle dele af livsførelsen for individet og i en større samfundsmæssig sammenhæng. Der er imidlertid behov for at gøre op med nogle af de erkendelsesmæssige blindgyder som livsstilsbegrebet ofte ender i. Det gælder især forestillingen om livsstil som status- og identitetssignal. Frem for alene at fokusere på identitetssignalet og selvidentiteten som den kritiske parameter i livsstilen argumenterer artiklen for, at man først og fremmest skal forstå livsstil som handlemåder og praksisformer der er formet af blandt andet det kropslige, det kulturelle og det materielle. Artiklen er blevet til på baggrund af et projekt om Livsstil og Naturkvalitet i Byrummet; projektet er finansieret af Realdania og Danmarks Miljøundersøgelser.


ENGELSK ABSTRACT:

Lars Kjerulf Petersen: The Concept of Lifestyle – from the Perspective of Environmental Sociology

The concept of lifestyle is of great significance in environmental sociology – and in sociology in general – because studies of lifestyle enable a deeper understanding of interactions between different social dynamics affecting all aspects of everyday life. This article explores the concept of lifestyle from the perspective of environmental sociology, but with relevance for sociology in general. The article argues that it is necessary to reorient lifestyle studies and redefine the concept itself. In particular, the idea of lifestyle as a signal of status and identity needs to be reconsidered. Instead of focussing on identity and signalling as the critical factors of lifestyle, the concept needs to be understood in terms of patterns of practice which are dialectically shaped by cultural, material and bodily orders.

Key words: Lifestyle, environment, practice, identity, materiality.

Artiklen fremstiller og diskuterer Loïc Wacquants tese om avanceret marginalisering som samlebetegnelse for og særtræk ved kontemporære vestlige storbyer. Den viser, hvordan Wacquant praktiserer Pierre Bourdieus sociologiske refleksivitet (den epistemiske refleksivitet) med udgangspunkt i historisk funderede studier af udviklingen af henholdsvis den amerikanske ghettos (the black belt) og de parisiske forstæder (the red belt). Der argumenteres for det første for, at Wacquants bidrag til bysociologien netop kan ses som en videreførelse af principperne i Bourdieus refleksive sociologi. For det andet argumenteres for, at Wacquant anvender en særlig bourdieuinspireret, feltanalytisk udgave af etnografi. Dette foreslås både som præcisering af den måde Wacquant arbejder med etnografiske metoder på i studier af avanceret marginalisering og som del af et bredere urbansociologisk forskningsprogram, der ligeledes skitseres. Denne distinkte udgave af etnografisk arbejde diskuteres op mod andre positioner i det etnografiske felt, hvorved Wacquants bidrag hertil skrives frem.

ENGELSK ABSTRACT:

Kristian Delica: Sociological Reflexivity and a Field Analytical Practice of Ethnography – Loïc Wacquant's Perspective on Urban Marginality

This article discusses Loïc Wacquant's thesis of advanced marginality, and shows how it contains both a general description of contemporary Western cities and crucial characteristics of these. Wacquant deploys Pierre Bourdieu's sociological reflexivity – the so called epistemic reflexivity – in studying how the American ghetto (the black belt) and the French banliues (the red belt) developed historically. The article argues that Wacquant's contributions to urban sociology can be seen as a continuation of the principles of Bourdieu's reflexive sociology, and suggests that Wacquant deploys a field analytical usage of ethnography. This is analyzed as both an elucidation of the way Wacquant is working with ethnographic methods in studies of advanced marginalization, and as part of a broader urban sociological research program. Wacquant's distinctive version of ethnographic work is contextualized in a discussion of other positions in the ethnographic field.

South Africa and Argentina are both extraordinarily rich in cultural production and moreover share a common experience of transition from a traumatic near past; in South Africa the system of racial segregation known as Apartheid and the culmination of violence in the "interregnum years"; in Argentina the latest military dictatorship and its "dirty war" on the militant left, which took the character of extermination.The concept of transition has different connotations in the two cases, primarily due to the diametrically opposed political experiences. The demise of the apartheid state was conceived as the victory of the liberation struggle, whereas Argentina's return to democracy was in a way the result of a double defeat; the annihilation of the revolutionary guerrillas was followed by the humiliation for their vanquishers in the disastrous war against Great Britain over the Falkland/Malvinas islands.The inventory of the cultural production of the transition distinguishes between reactive and proactive expressions with regard to the disputed near past. The first category applies to most of the books and films that were produced in the aftermath of the truth commissions. Like the contemporary media coverage of the Argentinean Conadep and the South African TRC, many of the early narrations had a sensationalist tinge and contributed to el show del horror, as it was called in Argentina. In South Africa, the horrors were to be played down for the reconciliatory purpose, whereas Argentina soon saw the emergence and prevalence of what could be regarded as another form of reactive response; the dissociation from "the failed utopias", through irony or mockery.The reactive expressions basically reproduce the fictions that are circulating in the society. The disputed past is signaled by common markers that tend to turn into clichés; in Argentina the Mother come Grandmother of Plaza de Mayo, the adopted orphan come adolescent in search of his/her disappeared parents, and, as counterpart, the distinguished gentleman next-door ...

South Africa and Argentina are both extraordinarily rich in cultural production and moreover share a common experience of transition from a traumatic near past; in South Africa the system of racial segregation known as Apartheid and the culmination of violence in the "interregnum years"; in Argentina the latest military dictatorship and its "dirty war" on the militant left, which took the character of extermination.The concept of transition has different connotations in the two cases, primarily due to the diametrically opposed political experiences. The demise of the apartheid state was conceived as the victory of the liberation struggle, whereas Argentina's return to democracy was in a way the result of a double defeat; the annihilation of the revolutionary guerrillas was followed by the humiliation for their vanquishers in the disastrous war against Great Britain over the Falkland/Malvinas islands.The inventory of the cultural production of the transition distinguishes between reactive and proactive expressions with regard to the disputed near past. The first category applies to most of the books and films that were produced in the aftermath of the truth commissions. Like the contemporary media coverage of the Argentinean Conadep and the South African TRC, many of the early narrations had a sensationalist tinge and contributed to el show del horror, as it was called in Argentina. In South Africa, the horrors were to be played down for the reconciliatory purpose, whereas Argentina soon saw the emergence and prevalence of what could be regarded as another form of reactive response; the dissociation from "the failed utopias", through irony or mockery.The reactive expressions basically reproduce the fictions that are circulating in the society. The disputed past is signaled by common markers that tend to turn into clichés; in Argentina the Mother come Grandmother of Plaza de Mayo, the adopted orphan come adolescent in search of his/her disappeared parents, and, as counterpart, the distinguished gentleman next-door ...

7 páginas, 7 figuras.-- El pdf del artículo es el manuscrito de autor. ; The availability of free arachidonic acid (AA) constitutes a limiting step in the synthesis of biologically active eicosanoids. Free AA levels in cells are regulated by a deacylation/reacylation cycle of membrane phospholipids, the so-called Lands cycle, as well as by further remodeling reactions catalyzed by CoA-independent transacylase. In this work, we have comparatively investigated the process of AA incorporation into and remodeling between the various phospholipid classes of human monocytes and monocyte-like U937 cells. AA incorporation into phospholipids was similar in both cell types, but a marked difference in the rate of remodeling was appreciated. U937 cells remodeled AA at a much faster rate than human monocytes. This difference was found not to be related to the differentiation state of the U937 cells, but rather to the low levels of esterified arachidonate found in U937 cells compared to human monocytes. Incubating the U937 cells in AA-rich media increased the cellular content of this fatty acid and led to a substantial decrease of the rate of phospholipid AA remodeling, which was due to reduced CoA-independent transacylase activity. Collectively, these findings provide the first evidence that cellular AA levels determine the amount of CoA-independent transacylase activity expressed by cells and provide support to the notion that CoA-IT is a major regulator of AA metabolism in human monocytes. ; This work was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (grants BFU2007-67154, SAF2007-60055, BFU2010-18826, and SAF2010-18831) and by the Regional Government of Castile and León (Grant CSI09-A08). A.M.A. was supported by a predoctoral fellowship from the Regional Government of Castile and León. D.B. and L.G.-d.-G. were supported by predoctoral fellowships from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation. ; Peer reviewed

It was around the beginning of November 2006. I was reading a book by Prof. Koen De Feyter World Development Law where I first see the term 'indigenous peoples'. Two of the cases summarized in the book had taken my attention, i.e., the case of Mayagna (Sumo) Awas Tingni indigenous community of Nicaragua, and Ogoni people of Nigeria. The cases were brought at different regional human right courts of America and Africa, respectively. However, both cases involved TNCs complicity in human rights violations of indigenous communities namely, Sol del Caribe S.A. (SOLCARSA) in Nicaragua, and Royal Shell in Nigeria. Both allegations were also brought against the respective states. I keep wondering why the TNCs escape liability which becomes the basic research question for this thesis. The thesis is a critical legal analysis of TNCs human rights liability from the perspective of indigenous peoples human rights violations. The study analyses the problematic situation of TNCs liability in existing state-centered system of international law. It observes the particular weakness of the current system of international law when the human rights victims of TNCs happened to be indigenous peoples. The study also analyses the effectiveness of different attempts made by international organization, corporations and civil society groups towards imposing human rights liability on TNCs. Despite the lack of legal bite and enforceability, the study founds the lack of sensitivity to indigenous peoples human rights in such emerging regulatory and voluntary initiatives which are categorized broadly as soft-laws, self-regulations and social initiatives. This study argues for a binding international law on TNCs as an ultimate solution, but it also equally argues for increased concern to indigenous peoples human rights as an indispensable issue in corporate human rights discourse. In this regard the thesis offers some general and transitional policy measures.

13 pages, 5 figures, 4 tables ; Trawling disturbs benthic communities, eliminating the most vulnerable organisms and modifying habitat structure. While the cumulative effects of disturbance resulting from commercial trawling activities are poorly understood, several studies suggest that chronically disturbed communities are dominated by opportunistic organisms. This study focuses on changes in functional components of the benthic community occurring in muddy sediments in a NW Mediterranean trawling ground, including an area that has not been fished for 20 yr. In both disturbed and undisturbed areas, the overall benthic community from the fishing ground was dominated by burrowing epifaunal deposit feeders and predators, and deep burrowing infaunal deposit feeders. The fished area had a higher abundance of burrowing epifaunal scavengers and motile burrowing infauna, while the undisturbed area was characterised by higher abundance of surface infauna, epifaunal suspension feeders and predatory fish. This study clearly demonstrates that changes in the functional components of a benthic community can result from fishing in areas dominated by organisms not considered especially vulnerable to trawling activities. Thus, fisheries managers aiming to reduce ecosystem disturbance must consider the implications of trawling on the structure and functioning of all types of benthic communities. ; The authors thank J. Hewitt and C. Lundquist for their helpful comments on the manuscript. This study was funded by the EU project RESPONSE (Q5RS-2002-00787). We thank the participants in the Response project, as well as all the participants in the 'Veda' cruises and the crew of the RV 'Garcia Del Cid' for their help and enthusiasm. Data were provided by the Fishermen's Association of St. Carles. S. de Juan was supported by a grant from Departament d'Universitats, Recerca i Societat of the Catalan government to study at the National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA), New Zealand. Comments from 3 anonymous reviewers improved the final version of the manuscript. ; Peer reviewed

Anhörigas insatser utgör en stor del av den hjälp och assistans som ges till Sveriges hemmaboende äldre personer som lever med en eller flera kroniska sjukdomar. Anhöriga bidrar också till den nationella välfärden genom att balansera hälso- och sjukvårdens kostnader. Det kan skönjas ett ökande intresse inom forskning så väl som i politiska beslut för anhöriga som vårdare. Stöd till anhöriga som vårdar tycks vara ett mycket aktuellt begrepp inom flera intresseområden, både i Sverige och internationellt. Men stöd till dessa anhöriga kan bli ett mer komplext uppdrag än vad det initialt ger sken av. Trots att det finns forskning om stöd för anhöriga, kan begreppet ändå anses komplicerat och vara svårt att föreställa sig innebörden av. Ordet stöd är gammalt och har fornsvenskt ursprung. Den engelska motsvarigheten support är inte heller nytt. Vad som är anmärkningsvärt och intressant är istället i vilket sammanhang ordet används. Idag används det bland annat inom IT branschen, militären, juridiken, konsten, arkitekturen, medicinen och omvårdnaden. Inom omvårdnad och omvårdnadsforskning blir begreppet stöd särskilt aktuellt i de situationer då en anhörig vårdar en äldre närstående i hemmet. Antalet sådana situationer förväntas inte minska i framtiden och begreppet stöd kommer därför att fortsätta vara aktuellt. För att ge stöd, förbättra stödet och lära nya sjuksköterskor stödja, måste begreppet förtydligas, eftersom det idag finns väldigt lite forskning om begreppet inom omvårdnad. Från den allmänna debatten i Sverige angående anhörigstöd kan slutsatsen dras att stödet bör finnas. Det är emellertid inte lika självklart vem det är som ska stödja eller vilket innehåll stödet bör ha. Allteftersom fokus för vården av äldre flyttas mot vård i hemmet är det rimligt att anta att sjuksköterskor även i fortsättning kommer att spela en betydelsefull roll i kontakten mellan anhöriga och professionella vårdare. I gruppen professionella vårdare förväntas sjuksköterskor ha en betydelsefull roll som anhörigstödjare. Eftersom det ...

This study examines Tacitus' treatment of eastern topics in sections of the Histories and the Annals related to trips from or to Rome. It aims to show that those sections, though involving non-Roman subject matter, are essentially connected with the main subject matter about Roman politics that articulate the narratives of the Histories and the Annals: the consolidation of the Principate, the legitimacy of the emperors' power, the territorial expansion of the empire and the responses of the Roman institutions to those new realities. Thus the internal structure and the connection with the surrounding narrative of each episode as well as the references to mythical and historical accounts and characters (from remote and recent history), and to ruins, sanctuaries and cult statues are explored. Chapter 1 (Titus' trip and the consultation of the sanctuary of Paphos, Hist. 2. 1-4) suggests that the remoteness of the place and of the traditions and Titus' oracle, do not divert the attention, but emphasise the beginning of the Flavian revolt. Chapter 2 examines Vespasian's visits to the sanctuaries in Mount Carmel in Syria and in Alexandria in Egypt (Hist. 2. 78 and 4. 81-84). Chapter 3 deals with the account ofthe siege of Jerusalem and the digression on the Jews (Hist. 5.1-13). Chapter 4 is about Germanicus' eastern trip (Ann. 2. 56-61). And finally, chapter 5 (Ann. 2.47; 3. 60-65; 4. 13-14; 4. 55-56 and 12. 61-63) examines the interventions in the Senate of eastern ambassadors who ask for concessions such as tax remissions, rights of asylum and rights for constructing temples. The argument is made that these sections introduce a further temporal and geographical perspective for the understanding of the main axis of the Histories and of the Annals. ; Fil: Miravalles, Ana Cecilia. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Departamento de Humanidades; Argentina.

The use of wastewater streams to obtain polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) as high added-value products is widely studied. However, nitrogen removal is not well integrated into this process. In this study, the optimal conditions to track the specific endogenous denitrifying activity (SEDA) driven by PHA as carbon source were selected as: sludge concentration of 0.5–2 g VSS/L, CODPHA/N ratio higher than 5.4 g/g and between 40 and 60 mg NO3−-N/L. The seeding biomass used to perform the activity tests was collected from two sequencing batch reactors and was able to store up to 69% wt/wt of PHA. SEDA values of 0.26–0.39 g N2-N/(g VSSact d) were achieved, which proved the potential of PHA-accumulating mixed microbial cultures to be used in nitrogen removal processes. The results indicated that there is not a preference in the consumption of hydroxybutyrate over hydroxyvalerate and that PHA concentrations lower than 5% wt/wt do not allow the obtainment of the maximum SEDA value. Finally, N2O gas production was not detected in the SEDA experiments ; The authors would like to thank the Spanish Government (AEI) for funding in the frame of the projects TREASURE (CTQ2017-83225-C2-1-R) and AQUAVAL (PCIN-2017-047), this last also funded by EU in the frame of the collaborative international Consortium AQUAVAL financed under the ERA-NET WaterWorks2015 Cofunded Call. This ERA-NET is an integral part of the 2016 Joint Activities developed by the Water Challenges for a Changing World Joint Programme Initiative (Water JPI). The authors belong to the Galician Competitive Research Group (GRC-ED431C 2017-29) and to the CRETUS Strategic Partnership (ED431E 2018/01), co-funded by FEDER (UE). Angeles Val del Rio is a Xunta de Galicia fellow (ED418B 2017/075) ; SI

Pulsed UV (PUV) technology is accepted commercially for disinfection within the food packaging industry, but has yet to be deployed by the water/wastewater sector. This is partly due to a lack of robust, independently validated data for submerged or flow-through treatment applications. This study evaluated the efficacy of PUV for water disinfection under flow-through conditions. Bacterial pathogens of interest in the food and water/wastewater sector, namely Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Listeria innocua (surrogate for L. monocytogenes) were used to investigate the potential for photoreactivation and/or dark repair post PUV flow-through disinfection. A continuous-flow low-pressure UV was also analysed under similar experimental conditions. Bacterial inactivation via flow-through PUV was dependant on energy output with E. coli exhibiting greatest sensitivity to PUV treatment (5.3 log 10 inactivation after treatment at 1539 mJ/cm 2 - output in UV range < 300 nm); L. innocua exhibited the highest PUV resistance (3.0 log 10 inactivation after treatment at 1539 mJ/cm 2 – output in UV range < 300 nm) under similar treatment conditions. Greater photoreactivation occurred at lower PUV outputs for both S. aureus and E. coli after flow-through PUV treatment. Thus exposure of treated bacteria to natural light, immediately post flow-through PUV treatment, should be avoided to minimise photoreactivation. The LPUV demonstrated inactivation of all bacteria below the limit of detection (1 CFU/mL) and inhibited the occurrence of photoreactivation. This study highlights the importance of considering bacterial repair potential and the need for further development of PUV technology for such applications ; The authors would like to acknowledge the Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine of Ireland (Ref: 13-F-507) for funding this research. Dr. Val del Rio was supported by the Spanish Government (CTM2014-55397-JIN project co-funded by FEDER) and Xunta de Galicia postdoctoral fellowship ; SI

International relations of the 21st century are characterised by the multiplicity of actors, the emergence of new challenges and the uncertainty inherent in the system. The States have sought alternative routes to resolving their differences and channelling foreign demands. This is where parliamentary diplomacy plays an important role. This practice has developed very rapidly in recent years and is likely to continue to grow. Although there is no universal definition, we can say that it covers international activities carried out by parliaments and their officials to increase mutual understanding between two states, assisting each other to improve the control of governments and the representation of people. Parliamentary diplomacy is emerging as a response to globalisation; there are an increasing number of actors in the International System and, on the other hand, the failure of the central government to channel all demands (Wiesglas, De Boer, 2007). The Honourable Congress of the Argentine Nation, in its two chambers, has Directorates-General for Parliamentary Diplomacy, which is an indication of the progress of this type of instrument. There are also international relations departments in other parliaments in the world, it is impossible to deny that, in the context of increasing globalisation, parliaments have a key role to play. The Argentine Republic and the Russian Federation share a long diplomatic history. Bilateral relations were established on 22 October 1885 and were suspended following the October Revolution on Russian territory, and consular relations were also established on 27 June 1866. Relations would be restored through a treaty signed between the Republic of Argentina and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) signed on June 06, 1946. After the fall of the Soviet Union, Argentina recognised Russia as the successor state of the USSR in December 1991 (Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 2019). Institute for International Relations ; Las Relaciones Internacionales del Siglo XXI se ...