Suchergebnisse

Abstract. The rapid economic growth of Iran in the middle of the last century on the one hand and the large number of maritime trade exchanges between Iran and other countries on the other hand led to the Iranian legislator ratified the regulations on maritime transport, therefore, the Iranian Marine Law was approved in 1964. Although today, due to rapid industrial progress, most of the domestic and international transportation is carried out through air and land; the movement of passengers by sea, especially in short trips or sea voyages, is still a major contributor to domestic and international transport. Now, one of the questions that arises is that in the event of a dispute how it is resolved, which we will discuss in this study (both at the domestic and international levels).Keywords: Contract, transport, carrier, convention, arbitration.

Abstract. The rapid economic growth of Iran in the middle of the last century on the one hand and the large number of maritime trade exchanges between Iran and other countries on the other hand led to the Iranian legislator ratified the regulations on maritime transport, therefore, the Iranian Marine Law was approved in 1964. Although today, due to rapid industrial progress, most of the domestic and international transportation is carried out through air and land; the movement of passengers by sea, especially in short trips or sea voyages, is still a major contributor to domestic and international transport. Now, one of the questions that arises is that in the event of a dispute how it is resolved, which we will discuss in this study (both at the domestic and international levels).Keywords: Contract, transport, carrier, convention, arbitration.

High expenses are associated with international investment arbitration. To save the additional expenditure of the adjudication, parties typically prefer sponsored third-party ar bitration proceedings. On the other hand, the third-party funder is interested in funding the arbitration to benefit significantly from the dispute's resolution. Interestingly, the arbitrators should be able to overlook the Third-Party Funding [TPF] issue to gain the necessary compe tency. Their competence is limited to disputes between the foreign investor and the host state only. This article discusses the concept and legal status of the third-party funder in arbitration. Keywords: Arbitration, third-party funding, expenses, adjudication, disputes, dispute resolution.

AbstractNeeds are not uniquely American. From Johannesburg and Helsinki to Cairo and Santiago, they are assessed around the world in a variety of contexts and conditions. Needs assessments often cross borders and cultural boundaries, attempting to systematically assist communities, organizations, and people in making better informed decisions. This complexity can improve the results of an assessment, while at the same time presenting the assessor and the methods used with many practical challenges. In response, the focus of this chapter has to do with successfully conducting needs assessments in diverse international contexts. Offering practical tips, the foundation of the chapter provides real‐world guidance for handling many of the obstacles faced in needs assessments.

The core elements of the international legal framework are strong tools for the protection of children affected by armed conflict. However, there are other tools which have not been discussed in this introduction, such as the Ottawa Convention and the European Union Guidelines on Children and Armed Conflict, which can contribute to protection.Implementation of this framework needs continued investment in terms of national legislation and allocation of sufficient resources with the involvement of the many agencies such as NGOs, the Special Representative, the Security Council and other UN agencies. This investment should not be limited to children associated with armed forces or armed groups, but instead should include the protection, recovery and reintegration of all children affected by armed conflict, as required under the ACRWC and the CRC.Special attention is given to remedies for children's rights violations—for example, through truth and reconciliation commissions at the national and international level, and the prosecution of perpetrators of crimes against children via special courts and tribunals, and the ICC. The Third Optional Protocol to the CRC providing communications procedure can become an extra tool for remedies.

SummaryNATO's seventy-nine-day campaign of air strikes against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia has sparked a wide-ranging debate as to the legality of such military action. NATO has consistently justified its intervention on humanitarian grounds, thus clearly resorting to the controversial doctrine of "humanitarian intervention." The author argues that while a conventional analysis of the purported right of unilateral humanitarian intervention under international law and of NATO's acts on the Kosovo issue might lead some individuals to the conclusion that such acts were illegal (or, at best, of dubious legality), this conclusion fails to take into account the fact that state actors, particularly when acting in concert, tend to influence the content of international law itself. The author suggests that the true significance of NATO's forcible intervention in the Kosovo crisis is that it sets a clear precedent that may well crystallize an emergent norm of customary international law permitting forcible intervention by one or more states against another on humanitarian grounds, even without prior UN Security Council authorization. While such a norm may acquire universal status, it is also possible, in light of the regional concentration of the primary actors involved as well as of important objections from some quarters as to its legality, that it will acquire (at least in the first instance) a local or regional character, perhaps confined to the Euro-Atlantic area.

Fragmentation has been much discussed as a threat to international law as a legal system. This book contends that the fragmentation of international law is far exceeded by its convergence, as international bodies find ways to account for each other and the interactions of emerging sub-fields. Reasserting its role as the 'principal judicial organ of the United Nations', the International Court of Justice has ensured that the centre of international law can and does hold. This process has strengthened a trend towards the reunification of international law. In order to explore this process, this book looks at fragmentation and convergence from the point of view of the centre of the International Court and of the position of other courts and tribunals. Featuring contributions by leading international lawyers from a range of backgrounds, this volume proposes both a new take and the last word on the fragmentation debate in international law

This article reviews the state of the discipline of international relations. It starts from statements made by the editors in their editorial published in the first issue of this journal. The editors noted that there seemed to have been less adherence to positivism in international relations than in other areas of political science and that there was both more opposition to positivism and more methodological and epistemological openness in international relations than in political science generally. The article outlines the current state of the field, focusing on the rationalist mainstream and then on the reflectivist alternatives, before looking at social constructivism, seeing it as the likely acceptable alternative to rationalism in the mainstream literature of the next decade. It then turns to examine whether international relations is still an American social science, before looking at the situation in the United Kingdom. It concludes that the editors' comments were indeed accurate, but that the fact that there is both more opposition to positivism in international relations and more openness in the UK academic community does not mean that the mainstream US literature is anything like as open or pluralist. The UK community is indeed more able to develop theory relevant to the globalised world at the new millennium, but the US academic community still dominates the discipline.

"In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird das Spannungsfeld der Entstehung und Entwicklung
von internationalen Standards für die Wirtschaftsprüfung und Rechnungslegung
seit dem 2. Weltkrieg untersucht. In den letzten Jahrzehnten ist
eine Zunahme von Aktivitäten und Initiativen zur grenzüberschreitenden
Harmonisierung von Rechnungslegungsstandards zu beobachten. Die
Schaffung von transnationalen bzw. internationalen Standards erweist sich als
hochpolitischer Prozess, in den Akteure aus unterschiedlichen Bereichen ihre
spezifischen Interessen, Wahrnehmungen, Strategien und Ressourcen
einbringen. Tatsächlich verdeutlichen diese Vorgänge, dass Konkurrenz und
Konflikt als treibende Kräfte für die internationale Standardsetzung dienen
können, sofern der Verfahrensrahmen allgemein anerkannt ist." (Autorenreferat)

A world of opportunity : science, gender, and collaboration -- Traveling abroad, coming home : ambivalent discourses on the U.S. role in global science -- The .edu bonus : gender, academic nationality, and status -- Glass fences : gendered organization of global academia -- Families and international mobility : fences or opportunities? -- Toward an inclusive world of (global) academia

Abstract This paper presents a database with USPTO patents for selected years between 1991 and 2009, totaling 1,022,490 patents, 786,780 patents with international citations and 4,064,995 cross-border citations - links in our analysis. We evaluate a network from those international links, with nodes that are institutions - patent assignees. The literature review organizes arguments for patent citations as knowledge flows and acknowledges problems such as differences between applicants and examiners citations - an exercise to deal with this problem is presented. This network has firms as the dominant institution. An inter-temporal analysis shows the network growth over time and the preservation of its scale-free structure, evidence of its resilience. Over time, this network evolves, changing the leading sectors in a matrix of interaction between citing and cited patents - indications of changes caused by the emergence of new sectors.

Grundlagen der Europäisierung des internationalen Subventionsrechts -- Die subventionsrechtlichen Vorschriften in den Präferenzabkommen der neuen Generation -- Grenzen des Rechtsexports -- Das bilaterale europäische Subventionsrecht und seine Auswirkungen auf die multilaterale Handelsordnung