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Актуальность и цели. С развитием международной торговли приобретают актуальность вопросы защиты прав интеллектуальной собственности при перемещении через таможенные границы товаров, содержащих объекты интеллектуальной собственности. Этим обусловлено развитие дискуссии о параллельном импорте и использовании принципа исчерпания прав в рамках современных интеграционных процессов. Цель статьи рассмотреть существующие концепции в области исчерпания исключительных прав и предложить варианты их применения в условиях Таможенного союза и формирования Евразийского экономического пространства. Материалы и методы. Реализация исследовательских задач была достигнута на основе изучения нормативно-правовой базы в области исчерпания исключительных прав, которая включает в себя несколько уровней: международно-правовой, наднациональный (уровень Таможенного союза) и национальное законодательство. Автором использован исторический метод в части исследования процессов формирования действующего принципа исчерпания прав в отечественном законодательстве. В основу исследования легли также результаты судебной практики, акты Высшего арбитражного суда РФ, характеризующие правоприменительную практику в области «параллельного импорта». Кроме того, в работе использован метод экспертной оценки в сфере регламентации принципа исчерпания прав, в рамках которого были учтены официальные позиции отдельных государственных ведомств РФ (Федеральная антимонопольная служба России, Федеральная таможенная служба России). Результаты. В статье рассматривается правоприменительная практика с участием таможенных органов и правообладателей в сфере использования интеллектуальных прав, а также позиции по поводу исчерпания прав в условиях Таможенного союза. Отмечены современные тенденции в области решения проблем «параллельного импорта» на территории Таможенного союза. Обоснована целесообразность применения регионального принципа исчерпания прав на территории Евразийского экономического пространства. Выводы. На основе анализа нормативно-правовой базы, правоприменительной практики и теоретических положений в области исчерпания исключительных прав в работе делается вывод о необходимости сохранения регионального принципа исчерпания исключительных прав как основы оптимального механизма защиты прав интеллектуальной собственности в условиях Таможенного союза. ; Background. With the development of international trade the issues of intellectual property protection become topical when goods containing objects of intellectual property cross customs borders. It accounts for the development of discussion on parallel imports and the use of the principle of rights exhaustion under the modern integration processes. The purpose of the paper is to review the existing concepts in the area of exclusive rights exhaustion and suggest the ways of their application in the framework of the Customs Union and Eurasian Economic Community. Materials and methods. The implementation of research tasks has been achieved on the basis of studying the regulatory and legal framework in the area of exclusive rights exhaustion, which includes several levels: international, supranational (the level of the Customs Union) and national legislation. The author has used the historical method while studying the processes of the formation of the active principle of rights exhaustion in the domestic legislation. The study is based on the results of judicial practice and acts of the Supreme Arbitration Court of the Russian Federation characterizing the enforcement practice in the area of "parallel imports". In addition, we used the method of expert assessment in the regulation of the principle of rights exhaustion, under which the official positions of certain government departments of the Russian Federation (Russian Federal Antimonopoly Service, Federal Customs Service of Russia) were considered. Results. The article deals with enforcement practices involving customs authorities and rightholders in the area of using intellectual property rights as well as positions on the issue of rights exhaustion in the Customs Union. The modern tendencies in solving "parallel imports" problem on the territory of the Customs Union have been pointed out. The expediency of applying the principle of regional rights exhaustion on the territory of the Eurasian Economic Community has been grounded. Conclusions. Based on the analysis of the regulatory and legal framework, enforcement practice and theoretical positions in the area of exclusive rights exhaustion the paper concludes that there is a necessity to preserve the regional principle of exclusive rights exhaustion as the basis of the optimal mechanism for the protection of intellectual property rights in the Customs Union.

Актуальность и цели. Модернизация российской экономики обусловливает необходимость внедрения механизмов проектного управления, которые могут сыграть важную роль в обеспечении ее глобальной конкурентоспособности. Современная теория инновационного развития регионов теория тройной спирали инновационного взаимодействия «университеты бизнес государство» рассматривает проектную деятельность акторов и деятельность по совершенствованию бизнес-процессов как ключевые условия поддержки точек роста и повышения качества жизни в регионах. Для максимального использования возможностей, открывающихся в связи с принятием Федерального закона «О государственном стратегическом планировании», необходимы адекватные подходы к планированию деятельности акторов. Цель работы проанализировать содержание и эффективность механизмов планирования на уровне ключевых акторов региональных инновационных систем. Материалы и методы. Реализация исследовательских задач была достигнута на основе сравнительного анализа особенностей процессного и проектного планирования в органах государственной исполнительной власти, в реальном секторе экономики, в классических университетах. Особое место в настоящем исследовании занимает бенчмаркинговый анализ данных об эффективности планирования деятельности в пилотных регионах, в органах государственной власти которых будет внедрено проектное управление, и находящихся на их территории крупных университетов. Методологический потенциал включает абстрактно-логический и экономико-статический методы, в том числе методы экспертной оценки и бенчмаркингового анализа, которые позволяют идентифицировать подходы к планированию на уровне конкретного актора, сопоставить его содержание и эффективность в части развития механизмов управления деятельностью. Результаты. Исследованы механизмы процессного и проектного подходов к планированию деятельности органов государственной исполнительной власти, бизнес-структур, университетов, проанализированы основные элементы процессов планирования, разработан подход к формированию организационно-экономического механизма поддержки проектного управления, доказана необходимость организации эффективных проектных офисов как новых организационных форм проектного управления. Выводы. Изучение особенностей процессного и проектного планирования на уровне ключевых акторов региональных инновационных систем позволяет уяснить причины его неэффективности, выявить актуальные аспекты методологии планирования и тенденции ее развития, определить области совершенствования процедур планирования деятельности, обосновать основные функции проектных офисов. ; Background. Modernization of the Russian economy determines the necessity of introduction of mechanisms of project management, which can play an important role in ensuring the global competitiveness. The modern theory of innovative development of regions the triple helix theory of innovative collaboration «universities business state» considers the project activity actors and activities to improve business processes as key conditions to support growth and improve the quality of life in the regions. To maximize the opportunities opening in connection with adoption of the Federal law «On state strategic planning, appropriate approa­ches to planning the activity of actors». The purpose of the work is to analyze the contents and effectiveness of mechanisms of planning at the level of key actors of the regional innovation systems. Materials and methods. Implementation of the research objectives was achieved on the basis of comparative analysis of the peculiarities of process and project planning in the bodies of state Executive power, in the real sector of the economy, in classical universities. A special place in the present study is taken by the benchmarking analysis of data on efficiency of activity planning in the pilot regions in the bodies of state power which are to implement project management, and of the large universities. Methodological potential includes the abstract-logical and economic-statistical methods, including the methods for peer review and benchmarking analysis, which allow identification of approaches to planning at the level of a particular actor, to compare its content and efficiency in the development of mechanisms of activity control. Results. The authors investigated the mechanisms of process and project approach for planning the activities of the Executive government bodies, business structures, universities, analyzed the main elements of the planning processes, developed approach to the formation of organizational and economic mechanism of project management support, the necessity of organization of effective project offices as new organizational forms of project management. Conclusions. Study of the peculiarities of process and project planning at the level of key actors of the regional innovation systems allows to understand the reasons for its ineffectiveness, identify relevant aspects of the methodology of planning and development trends, identify areas for improvement in the procedures for activity planning, justify the main functions of the project offices.

I föreliggande rapport beskrivs de bakomliggande kraven till varför Sverige har åtagit sig att implementera ett PRTR-system, hur Sveriges PRTR-system har im-plementerats i lagstiftning och praktiskt samt erfarenheter från implementerings-processen. Sverige ratificerade UNECE Protokollet avseende Pollutant Release and Transfer Register (PRTR) hösten 2008. PRTR-protokollet syftar till att införa ett register innehållande utsläpp av föroreningar till luft, vatten och mark samt överföringar av föroreningar via avloppvatten och överföringar av avfallsmängder, för att underlät-ta allmänhetens deltagande i beslutsfattandet om miljöfrågor och att bidra till att hindra och minska nedsmutsningen av miljön. Även EU har ratificerat protokollet och för att klara sina åtaganden har EU upprättat en förordning avseende införande av ett europeiskt PRTR (E-PRTR). Det gör att Sverige, som medlem av EU, omfat-tas dels av rapporterings krav avseende PRTR-protokollet och EG förordningen avseende E-PRTR. I rapporten beskrivs bakgrunden för dessa bakomliggande krav, samt hur de avviker från varandra. En kortfattad beskrivning av Sekretesslagen, Miljöbalken och vad som gäller för miljöfarliga verksamheter i Sverige ges. Vidare ges en detaljerad beskrivning av hur kraven enligt PRTR-protokollet och EG förordningen avseende E-PRTR im-plementerats i den svenska lagstiftningen via integrering av miljörapportssystemet. Hur kraven för berörda verksamhetsutövares rapportering avviker från kraven en-ligt PRTR-protokollet och EG förordningen avseende E-PRTR illustreras. Vidare beskrivs i rapporten rapporteringsprocessen innehållande verksamhetsut-övarnas elektroniska rapportering via den Svenska Miljörapportering Portalen (SMP), ansvar avseende kvalitet i rapporterade data, granskning av data, Utsläpp i Siffror d.v.s. Sveriges rapportering enligt PRTR-protokollet och rapportering av data till EU avseende E-PRTR, och svårigheter diskuteras. Vidare redovisas syn-punkter från allmänheten avseende Utsläpp i Siffror. Slutligen diskuteras övergripande erfarenheter från implementeringsprocessen av Sveriges PRTR (Utsläpp i Siffror). ; The present report describes the underlying requirements to why Sweden has un-dertaken to implement a Pollutant Release and Transfer Register (PRTR), how Sweden's PRTR-system has been implemented both from legislative and practical point of view, as well as lessons learned from the implementation process. Sweden ratified the UNECE Protocol on PRTR in autumn 2008. The PRTR Proto-col aims at introducing a register of pollutant releases to air, water and land, as well as off-site transfers of wastewater and waste, in order to facilitate public participa-tion in environment decision-making as well as contribute to the prevention and reduction of pollution of the environment. The EU has also ratified the Protocol and to meet its commitments, the EU has established a regulation concerning the introduction of a European-PRTR (E-PRTR). This means that Sweden, as a mem-ber of the EU, is covered both by reporting requirements relating to the PRTR Protocol and the E-PRTR Regulation concerning E-PRTR. The report describes the background to these underlying requirements and how they differ from each other. A brief description of' the Secrecy Act, the Environmental Code and on what is applicable to environmentally hazardous activities in Sweden is given. Also a de-tailed description is provided on how the requirements of the PRTR Protocol and the E-PRTR Regulation are implemented in Swedish legislation through the inte-gration of the environmental reporting system. Further, it is illustrated how the requirements concerning the operators reporting differ from the requirements of the PRTR Protocol and the E-PRTR Regulation. The reporting process is described in detail and specific problems are discussed. The reporting process includes the following steps; the operators electronic report-ing via the Swedish Portal for Environmental Reporting (SMP), responsibility for the quality of reported data, data review, Swedish PRTR (i.e. Sweden's reporting according to PRTR Protocol) and reporting of data to the EU concerning E-PRTR. Furthermore, it is discussed how public participation is handled within the system. Finally, the overall experience from the implementation process of the Swedish PRTR is discussed.

This study contains a review of the figure of Juan Cortés de Monroy (1584-1653). After 15 years' service in the war in Chile, he accompanied his father, grand master Pedro Cortés, to Spain to plead for an end to the defensive war. From 1613, he worked intensively in the Court to obtain the favours which he considered were owing to him, for his own years of service and especially for the more than sixty years that his father had served in the Chilean war. Moulding his strategy to the new "reputationist" politics of Olivares, he took part in the third attempt to place the war on an offensive footing, as the only way of pacifying the Chilean Indians. To this end he produced a memorandum containing proposals to ensure the victory which had eluded the Spaniards for over half a century. The memorandum not only provides concrete biographical information, but is a reflection on his project, presented in 1625 before he departed to assume the governorship of Veraguas. It also contains the answers that were given in October of that year, when the decision to resume active hostilities had been taken. After analysing Cortés' memorandum and comparing it with other initiatives from the beginning of the 17th century, we must conclude that it offers neither new solutions nor significant information on strategic knowledge of special interest, except in the determination with which he defends the assumption of direction of the war by the Viceroy of Peru. We therefore believe that this memorandum was no more than an opportunist strategy to attract the attention of the Council of the Indies, and to profit from the merits of his father and grandfather to overcome resistance to his appointment to the Order of Santiago. It was also a way of denouncing the unjust treatment meted out to old soldiers who, because they lacked "godfathers" in the Council, ended their days without receiving the remuneration due for their services. ; En este trabajo se aborda una revisión de la figura de Juan Cortés de Monroy (1584-1653), quien tras 15 años de servicio en la guerra de Chile, acompaño a su padre, el maestre de campo Pedro Cortés, a Castilla, para abogar por el fin de la guerra defensiva. Desde 1613 desarrolló una intensa actividad en la Corte para procurarse las mercedes de las que se consideraba acreedor, por sus años de servicio y, sobre todo por los más de 60 que su padre había dedicado a la guerra chilena. En esa estrategia, aprovechando los nuevos vientos de la política "reputacionista" de Olivares, se sumo a la tercera ofensiva por la vuelta a una guerra activa como único medio de aquietar a los indios chilenos, con un memorial en el que se proponían algunos remedios para asegurar una victoria que llevaba resistiéndose, desde hacía más de medio siglo. Además de aportar precisiones significativas sobre su biografía, se reflexiona sobre su proyecto, presentado en 1625, antes de partir a cumplir con sus obligaciones como gobernador de Veragua, y las respuestas aportadas en octubre de ese año, cuando ya estaba tomada la decisión de volver a las hostilidades activas. Del análisis y la comparativa con otras iniciativas desarrolladas desde el principio del Siglo XVII, cabe concluir que el memorial de Cortés, salvo en el empeño con que defiende la asunción de la dirección de la guerra por parte del Virrey del Perú, no ofrece ninguna solución novedosa, ni aporta datos significativos que revelen conocimientos estratégicos dignos de tener en cuenta. En consecuencia, creemos que su memorial no fue sino una estrategia oportunista en su empeño por hacerse visible ante el Consejo y vencer, al amparo de los méritos de su padre y su abuelo, las resistencias para obtención del hábito de Santiago, además de un recurso para denunciar la injusticia con que se trataba a los "viejos soldados" que careciendo de "padrinazgos" suficientes en el Consejo, veían acabar su vida sin la remuneración debida a sus servicios.

В статье автор описывает основные тенденции развития современных политических процессов в контексте социальных сетей и виртуальных сообществ, определяет их особенности, влияние на политический аспект современной жизни. Определяет, что в русле развития новых информационно-коммуникационных технологий и появления новых социальных групп возможно возникновение новых идеологических конструктов. Анализирует влияние активности данных сообществ в контексте национальной и международной безопасности. ; In this article the true meaning of social interests is being reconsidered, and virtual space is analyzed as a rather new arena for developing some political issues. The permanent growing factor of influence of the virtual communities at political processes and governmental structures is being discovered. The aim is to analyze services of social networks and their impact on the development of the modern world from the point of international security. The key question is how should be, due to the trends of recent years, as well as recent and ongoing revolutions online in the Middle East and elsewhere, considered the impact of social networking services on international security and the national security of Ukraine. Analysis of the mentioned problems is performed from the point of view of political science, claiming the legal and technical expertise. Consideration of social networks in terms of security that in the title of the article suggests a departure from the legal focus, review and usage of concepts such as "national security", "International Security" beyond the specific context. Technical aspects of the issue shifted to the back or left out because that is not the main object of analysis and require separate studies. They are considered only to the extent that is necessary for understanding international political dimension. The objects of analysis are social network services, although this statement is not unique for a given phenomenon. Acceptable also are such terms as "social media", "social networking community" and, in a particular context, "social media". It can be said, that the present inactivity and amorphous social media activity in terms of corporate structures that can play on a one field with state actors is true only now, and could change in the future. So, social network services finally developed as non-state actors like multinational corporations which can clearly understand their interests and possible strategies in events like the Arab Spring. The role of social networks in the social and political transformations is neither monopolistic or dominant among other means of communication. According to this, consideration of social networking as a possible threat or challenge to the international and national security is unreasonable and would be a classic example of a false problem. We must carefully examine the experience of development and progress of implementation of integrated Internet security and user identity such as Identity Ecosystem. This project, being developed by the U.S. now, is a promising example of an integrated approach to the problem of identification. Given the scarcity of normative and conceptual framework, which is currently at its disposal in this field in Ukraine it should be successfully to learn and adapt the experience of the U.S. authorities to overcome the current limited approach and skepticism to American initiatives in this area. Developing decisions for such projects requires active participation and priority associations, businesses and horizontal vertical networks of public authorities at various levels. Also, for understanding the importance of these principles a clear power boost from the expert community is required. Social networking services can serve the interests of national and international security in areas not related to the tasks of international security or military issues. Currently the interaction of the state with the online community is developing slowly. Delaying the political decisions in this sphere threatens the effectiveness and conservation of the existing governmental issues including those of its agencies in charge of national security. The expert community here has to take the initiative and inform government agencies of the need to adapt to the new reality that has changed under the influence of ICT and including social networking services.

В статье представлена находящаяся в печати книга «Острова утопии: педагогическое и социальное проектирование послевоенной школы» (под ред. М. Майофис, П. Сафронова, И. Кукулина. Москва : Новое литературное обозрение, 2014.). Эта коллективная монография результат проведения научного проекта Школы актуальных гуманитарных исследований Российской академии народного хозяйства и государственной службы. Работа посвящена относительно ограниченному по времени отрезку истории образования: 1940-1980-м годам, но по своему охвату она неизбежно выходит за эти рамки, заставляя задумываться о том, что происходило в советском образовании до этого периода и стало после в образовании постсоветском. Автор определяет жанр рассматриваемой книги, как педагогика нон-фикшн. Работы в жанре нон-фикшн до выхода вышеупомянутой книги не имели аналогов среди историко-педагогических трудов. Этот жанр, с одной стороны, предполагает точность, отказ от многих мифов, укоренившихся в нашем сознании. Но, с другой стороны, он допускает определенные вольности, открывая простор для многочисленных интерпретаций. Поэтому автор отмечает, что текст его статьи нельзя рассматривать как профессиональную рецензию с кратким обзором разноплановых глав коллективной академической монографии. Это именно размышление над книгой, открывающее читателю возможность вступить в напряженный содержательный диалог с ее создателями, дополнить работу параллельными сюжетами, которые проясняют и уточняют позиции авторов, а кое-где подталкивают к несогласию с ними. Книга написана серьезными отечественными и зарубежными профессионалами. Она дает возможность трезво оценить пройденный нашей системой образования путь со всеми его взлетами и срывами. Материалы книги убеждают в том, что, несмотря на то, что образование сфера деятельности крайне зависимая от государственной политики и идеологии, в ней возможны прорывы, приводящие к возникновению относительную автономных педагогических утопий. Обширный материал о реформировании образования в других странах, представленный в книге, показывает, что нигде в мире не найдено единственно правильное решение, устраивающее абсолютно всех игроков на образовательном поле: государство и педагогов, родителей и их детей. ; The paper presents the book "Island of Utopia: pedagogical and social engineering of postwar school" (M. Mayofis, P. Safronova, & I. Kukulina (Eds.) (2014) Moscow, Novoe literaturnoe obozrenie) which is currently in press. This collective monograph is the result of a research project relevant School of Humanitarian Studies of the Russian Academy of National Economy and Public Administration. The work is devoted to a particular period of history of education (1940s-1980s), but in scope, it inevitably goes beyond the period mentioned, forcing to think about what was happening in the Soviet education before this period after, i.e. in the post-Soviet education. The author defines the genre of the book mentioned, as non-fiction pedagogy literature. Previously non-fiction pieces had no analogues among the historical and pedagogical works. On the one hand, the genre of non-fiction involves precision, rejection of many myths rooted in human consciousness. On the other hand, it allows multiple interpretations. Therefore, the author notes that the text of the paper cannot be regarded as a professional review with a brief overview of the diverse collective heads of academic monographs. This is a reflection on the book that offers readers the opportunity to join a meaningful conversation, complete the piece with their own stories that clarify and specify the message of the book, and sometimes even disagree with the authors of the book. The book is written by serious Russian and foreign authors. It enables a sober assessment of the Russian education system with all its ups and downs. The book convinces the reader that despite education being a sphere of activity is very dependent on the state of politics and ideology, it allows a certain breakthrough which results in emerging relatively autonomous pedagogical utopias. A great number of pages devoted to the reform of education outside Russia show that the only correct solution accepted by absolutely all the players on the field of education (the state and the teachers, parents and their children) is found nowhere in the world.

Surabaya sebagai salah satu kota besar di Indonesia, tidak lepas dari berbagai macam permasalahan publik. Salah satu diantaranya adalah kemacetan lalu-lintas. Maksud perjalanan pengguna jalan sangat beragam, seperti bekerja, berbelanja, atau sekedar jalan-jalan. Dengan demikian terdapat banyak pembangkit lalu lintas yang memicu terjadinya kemacetan. Menurut hasil survei Dinas Perhubungan Surabaya, tingkat pelayanan jalan di kota Surabaya berada pada level F yang artinya terhambat hingga macet. Pengguna jalan yang mayoritas adalah sepeda motor sejumlah 97.968 dan mobil pribadi yaitu 26.677 menjadi pendukung kemacetan yang ada. Atas dasar pemikiran tersebut, maka penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh Kondisi Lingkungan Fisik terhadap kemacetan lalu-lintas di Kota Surabaya.Populasi penelitian ini adalah seluruh segmen jalan di kota Surabaya yang mengalami kemacetan. 10 segmen jalan diambil sebagai sampel dan diukur tingkat kemacetannya dalam menit per kilometer (menit/km). Variabel kemacetan lalu-lintas dianalisis hubungannya dengan variabel-variabel kondisi lingkungan fisik. Zonasi wilayah terkait jalan dilihat secara kelingkungan dan kewilayahan. Model SPSS digunakan untuk pengolahan datanya secara statistik. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa hubungan kondisi lingkungan fisik dengan kemacetan lalu-lintas yang dijelaskan dari variabel kepadatan pusat pelayanan umum, jumlah persimpangan, lebar jalan, kepadatan penduduk, menunjukkan nilai korelasi yang tinggi yaitu 0,829 dan dapat dikatakan hubungannya cukup kuat. Nilai R Square diperoleh 0,688 yang artinya pengaruh variabel dari kondisi lingkungan fisik terhadap kemacetan lalu-lintas sebesar 68,8%. Variabel yang paling menentukan terhadap kemacetan lalu-lintas di Surabaya adalah persimpangan jalan. Nilai beta persimpangan jalan menunjukkan angka tertinggi yaitu 0,664 artinya dalam penelitian ini pengaruh persimpangan terhadap kemacetan lalu-lintas paling besar. Dari penelitian ini, diharapkan pemerintah melakukan peninjauan ulang durasi waktu traffic light secara berkala dan pembuatan jalur alternatif baru serta kebijakan dalam pembangunan pusat pelayanan umum di masa mendatang yang mengharuskan memiliki ANDAL yaitu analisis dampak lalu-lintas.Kata Kunci : Kondisi Lingkungan Fisik, Kemacetan Lalu-lintasAbstractSurabaya as one of the big cities in Indonesia, can not be separated from a variety of public issues. One of them is traffic congestion. The purpose of road users traveling very diverse, such as work, shopping, or just a walk. Thus there are many plants that trigger traffic congestion. According survey Department of Transportation Surabaya, level of service in the city of Surabaya is at level F, which means obstructed by jammed. The majority of road users are some 97,968 motorcycles and 26,677 private cars are a supporter of the existing congestion. On the basis of this conceptual , this study aimed to know the effect of Physical Environmental Conditions on traffic congestion in the city of Surabaya. The population of this research is all the road segment in the city of Surabaya experiencing congestion. 10 road segments sampled and measured the level of congestion in minutes per kilometer (min/km). The variable traffic congestion analyzed the releations with variables the physical environment areas. Zoning of region roads reviewed in ecological and territorial. SPSS Model used for statistical data processing. The results showed that correlations the condition of the physical environment with traffic congestion that are described from the variable density of public service center, the total of intersections, the width of roads, population density, showed a high correlation value is 0.829 and it can be said quite strong relationship. R Square value of 0.688, which means that the influence of variable physical environmental conditions on traffic congestion by 68.8%. The most decisive variable for traffic congestion in Surabaya is a crossroads. Crossroads beta value shows the highest rate 0.664, means that in this study the effect of crossroads traffic congestion at major. From this study, it is expected the government to the review duration of the traffic light at regular intervals and the creation of new alternative line, as well as the center of development policy in the public service in the future that requires having ANDAL or the traffic impact analysis.Keywords: Physical Environment Condition, Traffic Congestion

This document describes the most relevant aspects about the functions of the statutory auditor in Colombia, facing the process of laundering assets and financing of terrorism within the framework of the Circular outer 304-000001 of 19 April 2014. Taking into account its close relationship with the field audit and the control requirements that arise from the process of globalization of information that exists in the current reality. The challenge of the statutory auditor, from the general accounting community, the supervisory authorities and the national Government, the importance of advance and implement plans, programs that will assist in the detection of laundering assets and financing of the terrorism-related activities; in the same way advance training in community activities related to the economic accounting activities. Through this document highlights the importance of the design and implementation in the organizations of a proper management of this risk of asset laundering and financing of terrorism as good practices, and also indicating the importance of a statutory auditor, focused on the methodology of risks; highlighting the importance of the Board and the Assembly of shareholder support and follow- up for the realization and commissioning underway control programs that help the mitigation of laundering activities of asset under the methodology of risk. The methodology used for this study is the review of the literature, whereas the hermeneutic of cross-section. Therefore, taking into account the norms issued by the organs of control over the subject and the ongoing processes of transmission in exchange of information between and control entities, it is necessary to analyse how the statutory auditor sees this time the possibility to contribute to the Control and monitoring. There that is relevant to the implementation of a system of self-control and management of the risk of terrorism financing and asset laundering organizations ; El presente documento, describe los aspectos más relevantes sobre las funciones de la Revisoría Fiscal en Colombia, frente al proceso de Lavado de Activo y Financiación del Terrorismo en el marco de la Circular Externa 304-000001 de 19 Abril de 2014. Se tiene en cuenta la estrecha relación entre la auditoria y las exigencias en materia de control que surgen del proceso de globalización de la información que se vive en la realidad actual. Se plantea el reto de la Revisoría Fiscal, de la comunidad contable general, de las autoridades de control y del mismo Gobierno Nacional, y la importancia de adelantar e implementar planes y programas que ayuden en la detección de las actividades relacionadas con el Lavado Activo y Financiación del terrorismo. De igual forma se sugiere adelantar actividades de capacitación para la comunidad relacionadas con las actividades económicas contables. A través de este documento se resalta la importancia del diseño e implementación en las organizaciones de una adecuada gestión de este riesgo de Lavado Activo y Financiación del Terrorismo como buenas prácticas, y se destaca la calidad de una Revisoría Fiscal enfocada en la metodología de riesgos que resalta el papel de los consejos directivos y la asamblea de accionista en el apoyo y seguimiento para la realización y puesta en marcha de programas de control que ayuden a la mitigación de las actividades de lavado de activo, bajo la metodología de riesgo. La metodología utilizada para este estudio es la revisión bibliográfica, que tiene en cuenta la hermenéutica de corte transversal. Por ello, se considera la normatividad expedida por los órganos de control sobre el tema, y los constantes procesos de transmisión en intercambio de información entre y hacia las entidades de control. Es necesario analizar cómo la Revisoría Fiscal ve en esta oportunidad la posibilidad de aportar al Control y Monitoreo. De allí que resulta importante la implementación de un sistema de autocontrol y gestión del riesgo del Lavado de Activo y Financiación del Terrorismo por parte de las organizaciones.

Purpose — the article is to provide a holistic view on concept of value co-creation and existing models for measuring and managing it by conducting theoretical analysis of scientific literature sources targeting the integration of various approaches. Most important and relevant results of the literature study are presented with a focus on changed roles of organizations and consumers. This article aims at contributing theoretically to the research stream of measuring co-creation of value in order to gain knowledge for improvement of organizational performance and enabling new and innovative means of value creation. Design/methodology/approach. The nature of this research is exploratory – theoretical analysis and synthesis of scientific literature sources targeting the integration of various approaches was performed. This approach was chosen due to the absence of established theory on models of co-creation, possible uses in organizations and systematic overview of tools measuring/suggesting how to measure co-creation. Findings. While the principles of managing and measuring co-creation in regards of consumer motivation and involvement are widely researched, little attempt has been made to identify critical factors and create models dealing with organizational capabilities and managerial implications of value co-creation. Systematic analysis of literature revealed a gap not only in empirical research concerning organization's role in co-creation process, but in theoretical and conceptual levels, too. Research limitations/implications. The limitations of this work as a literature review lies in its nature – the complete reliance on previously published research papers and the availability of these studies. For a deeper understanding of co-creation management and for developing models that can be used in real-life organizations, a broader theoretical, as well as empirical, research is necessary. Practical implications. Analysis of the literature revealed limited existence of conceptual and, even more importantly, empirically tested models for managing co-creation. With importance of rising customers input, it is crucial to find ways of managing co-creation. This article can be considered as an initial phase into building conceptual model for measuring co-creation Originality/Value. Even though co-creation of value with customers is a widely discussed topic in scientific world, little attempt has been made to find means for organizations to influence and manage customer's involvement. This work aims at reviewing existing models in order to present empirically tested model based on past research. ; Tikslas: per paskutiniuosius metus tradiciniai verslo procesai ir vertės kūrimo būdai pasikeitė dėl didžiulio kiekio žinių ir informacijos apie organizacijas prieinamumo išoriniams veikėjams. Naujai įgytos žinios leido atsirasti esminiams rinkodaros supratimo pokyčiams – pradėtas akcentuoti abipusis vertės kūrimas tobulinant ir kuriant produktus bei paslaugas. Šio straipsnio tikslas yra pateikti holistinį požiūrį į vertės kūrimo kartu su vartotojais koncepciją bei egzistuojančius teorinius matavimo ir valdymo modelius atliekant mokslinės literatūros analizę ir integruojant skirtingus požiūrius. Straipsnyje pateikiami svarbiausi ir aktualiausi literatūros apžvalgos ir analizės rezultatai daugiausia dėmesio sutelkiant į pasikeitusius vartotojų ir organizacijų vaidmenis. Šiuo straipsniu siekiama prisidėti prie mokslinių tyrimų srauto, siekiančio išaiškinti vertės kūrimo kartu su vartotojais matavimo būdus bei gauti žinių apie tai, kaip padidinti organizacijos efektyvumą ir rasti naujus būdus vertei kurti. Metodologija: teorinė literatūros šaltinių analizė ir sintezė. Atsižvelgiant į tyrimo objekto naujumą ir sudėtingumą šio tyrimo pobūdis yra apžvalgomasis. Tyrimo ribotumas: tyrimo ribotumas slypi literatūros apžvalgos prigimtyje, nes tyrimo metu autorius turi visiškai pasikliauti anksčiau paskelbtais bei prieinamais moksliniais straipsniais. Rezultatai: analizė atskleidė, kad dauguma šaltinių tyrinėja proceso ypatumus vartotojų pusėje, tačiau tik nedidelė dalis šaltinių analizuoja organizacinį indėlį į bendros vertės kūrimą su vartotojais bei būdus jį matuoti ir valdyti. Dar svarbiau, kad esami moksliniai tyrimai remiasi koncepcinių modelių kūrimu ir nedidelės apimties kokybine bei atvejų analize. Praktinė reikšmė: tyrimas gali būti laikomas pirmu žingsniu link modelio, matuojančio organizacijos indėlio į vertės kartu su vartotojais kūrimo procesą, kūrimo bei jo empirinio išbandymo. Tyrimo tipas: literatūros apžvalga.

Globally, urban development near transit stations has long been understood to be critical to transit's success primarily because it can contribute to ridership and improve the efficiency of transit investments. In the United States in particular, fixed-guideway transit's land use-shaping capability has been an important justification and goal for transit investment. In fact, today's U.S. federal funding policies increasingly focus on achieving transit-oriented real estate development near new transit infrastructure. However, the widespread implementation of transit and land use coordination practices has been considered an uphill battle. The academic literature suggests the most effective practice may be for U.S. transit planners to locate transit stations where pre-existing conditions are advantageous for real estate development or transit investments can generate the political will to dramatically alter local conditions to make them amenable to real estate development. However, prior to this study, no research had investigated the influence of real estate development considerations on U.S. transit project planning, particularly whether transit planners purposefully located alignments and stations as described in the literature.Based on interviews with more than 60 transit planners and case studies of three transit projects, I found that transit planners have modified transit planning processes and project designs in numerous ways for multiple real estate development-related reasons on billions of dollars of transit investments. Integrated transit and land use planning is not necessarily the exception it was once considered. I found abundant examples across 18 U.S. regions of route realignments, station relocations, and station designs that were carried out in order to influence real estate development. Interviewees explained that some real estate development-related project elements escalated capital costs, increased operating costs, and reduced ridership forecasts relative to the alternative designs that were under consideration. The costs were thought to be worthwhile because of real estate development-related benefits that transit planners expected to accrue, such as more compact regional growth and increased ridership from station area real estate development. Yet, numerous interviewees also explained that their efforts had often resulted in less real estate development than they had anticipated.I found that transit planning professionals' theories regarding real estate development around transit helped explain why their expectations may not have been met. Through interpretive analysis of interviews with nearly 100 transit professionals--including transit planners, federal policymakers, and federal policy implementers--and a review of federal policy documents, I developed a taxonomy of transit professionals' theories-of-practice regarding station area real estate development. I found that many were oversimplified and decontextualized versions of academic theories. Such theories helped explain interviewee's commonly-held view that transit-oriented development was likely around many, if not all, newly constructed transit stations.Indeed, when transit planners rely on oversimplified and decontextualized theories about transit-oriented development, it can contribute to unrealistic development expectations that inspire real estate development-related elements of transit planning processes and project designs. Ultimately, the costs incurred to promote the anticipated development may not be justified by the transit-oriented development benefits that accrue. Ineffective theories and practices may contribute to an inefficient allocation of scarce transit funding resources and significant opportunity costs incurred directly by governments, transit agencies, private investors, and citizens.This qualitative investigation establishes the existence of these theories and practices and can serve as the foundation for future research that more thoroughly quantifies the actual costs and benefits of real estate development-inspired transit planning practices across a representative sample of transit projects. If the overall scale of transit planning inefficiencies are found to be significant and worth addressing, policymakers can rely on findings from this research to adapt public policies. Also, researchers can rely on the findings to launch studies that will help us better understand how transit planners' theories-of-practice emerge, disseminate, and persist. Further, scholars can engage with transit planners in reflective research to help them improve their efficacy, and ultimately, the efficiency of transit systems in the United States.

Effect of NOCs may improve quality of economic growth and trade of oil which impact on their domestic resident"s life. Recent research shows that governments have constantly attempted to alter their economic growth through involving with oil productions especially in their national companies. The National Oil Companies which are built to cover up the lack of economic development and competitive point in the Middle East become one of the important issues for domestic countries. As a result, the level of accessibility and permeability of oil within the countries, in fact, affect the country's level of developing in economic and export that rise satisfaction and the quality of resident's life. Another topic that makes this paper more original and attractive is researching about how these NOCs can be effective for military spending; In fact I research on that the oil production of the NOCs is correlated with army and military spending in that regions. The result shows that high correlation between GDP growth and military spending is the one of section that directly affected by oil production of NOCs. The current study applies the using National Oil Companies concept as an important tool for reading interrelations between these companies and the economic growth in various contexts from the single country in Middle East. The thesis is aimed to support the argument of different oil company"s impact on the quality of residential growth and the trade of oil by the means of a thorough literature review of the introductory chapter. After that it focuses on using of oil company concept and importance of accessibility to different type of them in sixth different countries typologies as samples. The results showed that using the NOCs have notable share in provide the opportunity for their domestic country to extend their economic growth and also rise their export of oil which is result more wealth for governments to extend their planes to development and raise the security of their country by spending the oil output on military and defense expenditure. Countries use NOCs as an instrument to reclaim the level of wealth and development in their domestic country, and define their territory by use output of oil on defense expenditure. Through the observations of country's history of oil production and export of fuel as percentage of GDP, using the NOCs increase the resident satisfaction and encouraged them to participate in the global activities. Since current countries development regulations and production methods of each country, this study suggested recreating the better management tools of oil companies, more focus on export of NOCs oil production and also tries to repair the existent NOCs to provide a new perspective in NOCs and economic growth. Keywords: National Oil Company, Middle East, Economic Growth, Oil production and Trade, Military Spending and Army. ; ÖZ: Yerel Petrol Firmalarının etkisi, yerel halkın yaşamını olumlu yönde etkileyen petrol ticareti ve ekonomik büyümenin kalitesini iyileştirmektedir. Son yapılan araştırmalara göre, hükümetler yerel firmaların petrol üretmelerini desdekleyerek ekonomik büyümeyi değiştirmek için çaba harcamaktedırlar. Bu bağlamda, mevcut çalışmanın amaçlarından bir tanesi Yerel Petrol Firmalarının ekonomik büyümeye olan etkisini ölçmektir. Çalışmayı orijinal kılan bir diğer husus da petrol üretiminin ve dolayısı ile Yerel Petrol Firmalarının askeri harcamalara nasıl etki yapacağının incelemesidir. Çalışmadan çıkan sonuçlara göre Yerel Petrol Firmaları, hükümetlerin ekonomik büyümeyi sağlamalarında ve petrol ihracatının artırılması sureti ile askeri harcamalara destek çıkacak olan refah seviyesini yükseltmelerinde önemli bir katkı yapmaktadırlar. Dolayısı ile, mevcut çalışmadan çıkan sonuçlar doğrultusunda, ekonomik büyümeyi iyileştirmek ve bu bağlamda askeri harcamalarını artırmak isteyen ülkeler, Yerel Petrol Firmalarına ve petrol üretimine gereken önemi vermeli ve bu firmaların en iyi şekilde faaliyetlerini sürdürebilmeleri için en etkin staratejileri geliştirmelidirler. Anahtar kelimeler: Yerel Petrol Firmaları, Orta Doğu, Ekonomik Büyüme, Petrol Üretimi ve Ticaret, Askeri Harcamalar. ; Master of Business Administration in Business Administration. Thesis (M.B.A.)--Eastern Mediterranean University, Faculty of Business and Economics, Dept. of Business Administration, 2013. Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Mustafa Tümer

SUMMARY This study aims to examine the extent to which entrepreneurial characters of co-operative leaders is related to the success of agribusiness co-operatives ; so that the findings can be used to form strategies for developing agribusiness co-operatives. This general objective can be achieved through some of the following operational objectives ; namely to: (1) analyze factors that influence the development of co-operatives to determine success levels of agribusiness co-operatives in Indonesia ; (2) identify characteristics of co-operative entrepreneurs in successful agribusiness co-operatives ; (3) evaluate the effectiveness of co-operative education and training (CET) programs in Indonesia ; and (4) formulate strategies for developing co-operative entrepreneurs and agribusiness co-operatives in Indonesia. The research was conducted in thirty dairy co-operatives in the Provinces of West Java and East Java. The determination of dairy co-operatives as the object of study was done deliberately ; because dairy co-operatives in Indonesia are established in one of two ways ; either in the form of a KUD which is established by government policy (top-down approach) or in the form of a Non-KUD ; which is established naturally by dairy farmers (bottom-up approach). Analyses were conducted on the performance of co-operatives in 2000 ; and on the growth of co-operative businesses over five years (1996-2000). The data collected were analyzed in terms of the business and organizational aspects of co-operatives. Research respondents included co-operative boards of directors (BOD) ; managers ; employees ; and members and non-members of co-operatives ; coming to a total of 420 respondents. Two indices were made ; one each for business and organizational variables. After this was done ; both of these indexes were plotted to form quadrants ; in which the thirty dairy co-operatives distributed themselves into four typologies. The best co-operatives were those in the typology of Quadrant-I ; which had relatively better performance in both business and organizational aspects than those in the other typologies. There were ten co-operatives in Quadrant-1 ; four co-operatives in Quadrant-II ; and ten and six co-operatives in Quadrant-III and IV ; respectively. Additionally ; the two indices were then processed into a single index called the Dairy Co-operative Development Index ; which sorted the thirty sample co-operatives from best-to-worst performance. The performance of co-operative leaders was analyzed by comparing their performance among quadrants. A statistical test was used to determine whether the character of co-operative leaders was significantly different among quadrants ; particularly between Quadrant-I and the other Quadrants. This study shows that co-operative leaders in Quadrant-I have traits frequently recognized as entrepreneurial traits ; namely the highest score for internal locus of control and the need for achievement ; an ideal graph form of social motives ; as well as a moderate risk-taking attitude. To examine the third operational objective ; the study observed the implementation of CET programs in Indonesia. The primary data was obtained from 58 co-operative lecturers from 32 universities throughout Indonesia and 206 students who were taking co-operative studies at four sampled universities. In addition to this ; expert interviews were conducted with eight co-operative experts ; using the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) method. The result showed that the implementation of CET programs in Indonesia was still not effective in supporting the development of co-operatives. In addition ; a review of the implementation of co-operative education at universities showed that co-operative education was still not capable of motivating students to contribute to the development of co-operatives. The strategy proposed for developing CE consists of developing its three pillars ; namely: (1) building understanding and confidence in co-operatives ; (2) developing business and technological knowledge and skills ; and (3) developing altruistic leadership skills. Meanwhile ; the strategy for developing agribusiness co-operatives prioritizes the development of the existing agribusiness co-operatives ; which is formulated while referring to the typology of co-operatives and Co-operative Development Index.

This article focuses on precarious settlements along the border of the twin cities in the Amazon border. This is a case study about the cities of Leticia, Colombia and Tabatinga, Brazil. From this study, it is possible to illustrate that these two cities are being informally integrated in the area, and that the settlements studied are transforming the border: the concept of limit is centered on the construction, by part of the inhabitants, of a social space of the territory. From this perspective, the article, first, realizes a comparative study that searches for symmetric and asymmetric aspects analyzing the socioeconomic and physical characteristics of the inhabitants of these settlements. Second, it develops a review of the urban legal framework and Colombian and Brazilian border policies applicable to the case: twin cities. The objective is to formulate an appropriate short and long term international border policy, which can be developed by the local governments of the twin cities Leticia and Tabatinga. The aim of such policy is to manage precarious settlements along the border as a common and shared problem. The research methodology utilized can also be an appropriate research procedure for future urban studies in the twin cities of Leticia and Tabatinga. ; Este artículo se enfoca en el tema de los asentamientos precarios, localizados a lo largo de espacios fronterizos y ciudades gemelas, específicamente en el contexto amazónico. Para esto, se toma el caso de ciudades como Leticia (Colombia) y Tabatinga (Brasil). A partir de este estudio es posible afirmar que estas dos ciudades están siendo integradas por la informalidad en el área objeto de estudio y que los asentamientos, analizados por el presente estudio, están transformando la frontera: el concepto de límite se ha centrado en la construcción, por parte de los habitantes, de un espacio social del territorio. Desde esta perspectiva el artículo realiza primero, un estudio comparativo que busca aspectos simétricos y asimétricos analizando las características socioeconómicas y físicas de los habitantes de dichos asentamientos. Segundo, desarrolla una revisión del marco legal urbano y de políticas de fronteras de Colombia y Brasil que se apliquen al caso de estudio: las ciudades gemelas. A partir de lo anterior, se busca formular una estrategia transfronteriza apropiada en el corto y largo plazo, que pueda ser desarrollada por los gobiernos locales de las ciudades gemelas Leticia y Tabatinga, esto con miras a manejar los asentamientos precarios a lo largo de las fronteras como un problema común y compartido. La metodología de investigación desarrollada puede ser además, un procedimiento apropiado de investigación para futuros estudios urbanos en las ciudades gemelas Leticia y Tabatinga. ; Este artigo enfoca o tema dos assentamentos precários, localizados ao longo das fronteiras das cidades gêmeas localizadas no contexto amazônico. Aborda-se o caso de cidades como Letícia, Colômbia e Tabatinga, Brasil. A partir deste estudo é possível afirmar que estas duas cidades estão sendo integradas pela informalidade na área objeto da pesquisa e que os assentamentos, analisados pela pesquisa, estão transformando a fronteira: o conceito do limite tem se centrado na construção, por parte dos habitantes, de um espaço social do território. Desta perspectiva, o artigo realiza primeiro um estudo comparativo que busca aspectos simétricos e assimétricos analisando as características socioeconômicas e físicas dos habitantes desses assentamentos. Segundo, desenvolve uma revisão do marco legal urbano e das políticas fronteiriças da Colômbia e do Brasil que se aplicam ao caso do estudo: as cidades gêmeas. A partir do anterior, busca-se formular uma estratégia transfronteiriça apropriada no curto e longo prazo, que possa ser desenvolvida pelos governos locais das cidades gêmeas, Letícia e Tabatinga, isto procurando a gestão dos assentamentos precários ao longo das fronteiras como um problema comum e compartilhado. A metodologia de pesquisa desenvolvida pode ser, no obstante, um procedimento apropriado de pesquisa para futuros estudos urbanos nas cidades gêmeas Letícia e Tabatinga.

Con la aparición de la crisis de la Encefalopatía Espongiforme Bovina, los científicos albergaron sospechas de que la causa de la propagación de la epizootia fuera el consumo por los animales bovinos de MBM. Desde el 1988, se prohibió la utilización de proteínas derivadas de mamíferos en la alimentación de los rumiantes. Para ello, se pidió a la comunidad científica buscar el desarrollo y la validación de métodos analíticos para la detección de especies animales en piensos. Uno de los métodos candidatos, para reemplazar o complementar al método oficial (microscopía óptica) es la espectroscopía NIR-CI que integra la tecnología NIRS con el análisis de imagen. La presente tesis se divide en varios capítulos. El Capítulo 1, recoge una revisión de la legislación sobre el uso de harinas proteicas en piensos animales, una descripción de los actuales métodos analíticos para la detección de MBM y en particular de las características operativas de la tecnología NIR-CI. Los Capítulos 2 y 3 describen la puesta a punto de un protocolo para analizar muestras de harinas animales y crear imágenes hiperespectrales e incluye la identificación de factores influyentes en los valores de reflectancia/absorbancia de diferentes pixeles y la optimización de estos factores. A continuación en el Cap. 4 se realiza una evaluación de métodos de compresión y reducción de datos para la optimización del tamaño y la estructura del set de entrenamiento. Una vez establecidos los parámetros para seleccionar un colectivo de píxeles representativos, se desarrollan y validan modelos quimiométricos para la predicción de composición de harinas animales comparando entre diferentes herramientas de estadística multivariante (Cap. 5). El estudio sucesivo (Cap. 6) incluye la puesta a punto de un protocolo para la determinación cuantitativa de la especie animal en una harina proteica. Finalmente (Cap. 7) se comprueba la viabilidad de la tecnología NIR-CI para la detección de diferentes especies en harinas animales comparando los resultados obtenidos con la tecnología NIR-CI frente a los obtenidos con la espectroscopía NIR tradicional. ; After the emergence of the crisis of BSE, scientists hosted suspicions that the cause of the spread of the disease was the consumption of MBM by cattle. Since 1988, the use of mammalian derived protein in ruminant feed was banned. For this purpose the scientific community was requested to seek development and validation of analytical methods for the detection of animal species in feedstuffs. One of the candidate methods, to replace or to complement the official method (Optical Microscopy) is NIR-CI which integrates NIRS technology with image analysis. This thesis is divided into several chapters. Chapter 1 provides a review of legislation on the use of protein meals in animal feed, a description of current analytical methods for the detection of MBM and in particular the operational features of NIR-CI technology. Chapter 2 and 3 describe the development of a protocol to analyze samples of animal meal and create hyperspectral images including the identification of factors influencing the values of reflectance / absorbance of different pixels and the optimization of these factors . Then on Chapter 4 an assessment of compression methods and data reduction was performed to optimize the size and structure of the training set. Having established the parameters for selecting a representative group of pixels, chemometric models were developed and validated for predicting the composition of animal meal by comparing different multivariate statistical tools (Chapter 5). The following study (Chapter 6) includes the development of a protocol for the quantitative determination of the species in protein meal. Finally (Ch. 7) the feasibility of NIR-CI to detect different species of animal meal was studied by comparing the results obtained with NIR-CI to those obtained with traditional NIR spectroscopy.

The dissertation is continuing research on the project named "Sustainable Development by Integrated Land Use Planning (SILUP) ", which has been completed cooperatively by both Chinese and German research institutions, taking Jiangning District as a typical research area to recognize the spatial patterns, monitor dynamic change, measure distinct extents, analyze the driving forces and access impacts of urban sprawl based on the technology of Remote Sensing (RS), Geographic Information System (GIS) and so on. Over the past 30 years, urban development in China has been remarkable. Land development and consumption have been out of control and kept expanding massively, especially to marginal areas of some metropolises. The undesirable growth patterns in Chinese cities appear to threaten the goal of sustainable development and impose some costs socially, economically and environmentally on households, firms and governments. At present, the research on urban sprawl in China is still in a preliminary stage- the basic characteristics of urban sprawl are not explicitly defined and the understanding of its internal mechanisms has been maintained at the level of empirical theory. The dissertation deals with the existing literatures on the subject of urban sprawl, undertaking a thorough review in terms of similarities and differences, consensuses and disagreements among many researchers and publications by comparing definitions, indicators, causes and costs between the sprawl in Western countries and China. Looking at the example of the United States, urban sprawl occurred within a perfect market economic system. However, urban sprawl in many cities of China has emerged during a transition period of China's economy from a planned economic system to a market economic system. Is it appropriate to transfer the Western conceptualization of urban sprawl to China? To what extent can these results be applicable to China? Therefore, it is urgent necessary to find ways to research urban sprawl in Chinese cities. Key questions should be answered: What is the exact definition of urban sprawl? How do we express the basic characteristics of urban sprawl explicitly? What are the internal mechanisms of urban sprawl? What are the driving forces and impacts of sprawl? The objective of this dissertation is to structure a complete framework for areas in China which have similar development backgrounds as Jiangning, provide ideas of urban sprawl study in some developing countries which also have similar a development background with Jiangning and give references and ideas for comparative study on the problem of urban sprawl between areas in Western countries and China. This dissertation intends to provide some cautions to decision-makers which they can use to implement good planning for the future development of Jiangning. ; Die Abhandlung ist, während die subsequential Forschung des Projektes Sustainable Development durch integrierte Flächennutzung-Planung (SILUP) nannte, die kooperativ von den chinesischen und deutschen Forschung Anstalten erfolgt worden ist und nimmt Jiangning Bezirk als der typische Forschung Bereich, um die räumlichen Muster, dynamische änderung des Monitors zu erkennen, mißt eindeutigen Umfang, analysiert die Antriebskräfte und die Zugang Auswirkungen der städtischen Ausbreitung basiert auf der Technologie der Fernabfragung (RS), des geographischen Informationssystems (GIS), des etc. Über den letzten 30 Jahren ist städtische Entwicklung in China bemerkenswert gewesen. Landentwicklung und -verbrauch sind aus, die der Steuerung und gehaltener gewesen Erweiterung heraus, besonders zu den begrenzten Bereichen einiger Hauptstadt außer Betrieb sind. Die nicht wünschenswerten Wachstummuster der städtischen Ausbreitung in den chinesischen Städte scheinen, das Ziel der stützbaren Entwicklung zu bedrohen und etwas Kosten Haushalten, Unternehmen und Regierungen sozial, ökonomisch und umweltsmäßig aufzuerlegen. Zur Zeit ist eine Forschung auf dem Gebiet einer städtischen Ausbreitung in China noch in einem einleitenden Stadium, haben die grundlegenden Eigenschaften der städtischen Ausbreitung keinen ausdrücklichen Ausdruck, und die Realisierung seiner internen Einheiten ist im Niveau von empiricism beibehalten worden. Die Abhandlung wird mit den vorhandenen literatures bezüglich der städtischen Ausbreitung fertig und nimmt sich einen vollständigen Bericht in ähnlichkeiten und Unterschieden ausgedrückt, übereinstimmung und Widerspruch unter vielen Forschern und Publikationen auf, indem sie zwischen Definitionen, Anzeigen, Ursachen und Kosten von Ausbreitung in den Westländern und in China vergleicht, die unterschiedliche Hintergründe in der städtischen Ausbreitung haben. Ein Beispiel von Vereinigten Staaten nehmend, trat städtische Ausbreitung mit einem Wirtschaftssystem des vollkommenen Marktes auf, jedoch ist städtische Ausbreitung in vielen Städte von China seit 1980 aufgetaucht. Dieses ist eine übergangsphase von Wirtschaft Chinas von einem geplanten Wirtschaftsystem zu einem Wirtschaftssystem des Marktes. Ist es möglich, die westliche Konzeptualisierung der städtischen Ausbreitung zu bringen? In welchem Ausmass diese Resultate nach China anwendbar sein können? Folglich ist es dringend, Wege zu finden, auf städtischer Ausbreitung in den chinesischen Städte zu erforschen. Schlüsselfragen sollten beantwortet werden: Was ist die genaue Definition der städtischen Ausbreitung? Wie man die grundlegenden Eigenschaften der städtischen Ausbreitung ausdrücklich ausdrückt? Was sind die internen Einheiten der städtischen Ausbreitung? Was sind Antriebskräfte und Auswirkungen von Ausbreitung? Die Zielsetzung dieser Abhandlung ist, einen kompletten Rahmen für Bereiche in China zu strukturieren, die ähnlichen Entwicklung Hintergrund mit Jiangning haben, zur Verfügung stellen einige Ideen der Studie der städtischen Ausbreitung für Bereiche in einigen Entwicklungsländern, die auch ähnlichen Entwicklung Hintergrund mit Jiangning und Hinweis für vergleichbare Untersuchung über das Problem städtischer Ausbreitung zwischen Bereichen in den westlichen Ländern und China haben. Die Resultate der Abhandlung beabsichtigen, einige Alarme zum Entscheidungstreffer zu geben, um die gute Planung für zukünftige Entwicklung von Jiangning zu bilden.