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Distance education program is a dimension of contemporary and new education technologies. Concepts and applications in this field are the results of a series of educational demands and developments in various communication and education technologies. Distance education applications have some conceptual bases. These are creating new education opportunities, realizing work-education unity, getting democratic in education, lifelong education, tendency to individual matters, effective use of institutions, integration of technology and education, tendency to individual and social needs, taking three dimensional integration as the main principle (publishing, printed materials and face to face education), reaching maximum mass, individual and mass education integrity and education demand and financial matters balance. Economics, Business Administration and Open Education faculties, which have been giving education within Anadolu University since 1982 in Turkey, are carrying on education with nearly 1.000.000 students. The aim of this study is to determine organizational commitment levels of students who have been studying at Anadolu University Economics, Business Administration and Open Education faculties in the scope of affective, continuance and nominative commitment in Allen&Meyer model. In the study, organizational commitment of the Economics, Business Administration and Open Education faculty students, who are receiving education by means of distance education, to their faculties is dealt after introducing Anadolu University Distance Education system which gives higher education via distance education method in Turkey. In order to increase the success level of faculties it is required for students to have high level of organizational commitment to their faculties. A questionnaire has been applied by using "Organizational Commitment Scale", developed by Meyer&Allen to determine organizational commitments of Economics, Business Administration and Open Education students. Organizational commitment is dealt ...

The present work introduces Reading plans as state policies that should not be subjected to government changes. They should be equally developed by a multidisciplinary team of professionals: It is neither a matter of presenting the suitability of the practices in the formal education realm versus non formal or 'popular education' nor the planning of the necessity of taking the promotion of reading away from school. In fact it is about the attempt to cover all the experiences in a space of 'literary teaching', an area that must be set and grow through the positive experiences from both the nearby mediator and the public agent. ; El presente trabajo presenta los planes de lectura como políticas de estado que no deberían estar sujetas a los cambios de gobierno, y que son desarrolladas por un conjunto multidisciplinar de profesionales. No se trata de presentar la ideonidad de las prácticas en el ámbito de la educación formal frente a la no formal o "educación popular", o de plantear la necesidad de sacar la promoción de la lectura del ámbito escolar sino tratar de englobar todas las experiencias en un espacio de "enseñanza literaria" que se vaya consolidando y creciendo a través de experiencias positivas que precisan tanto del mediador más cercano como del gestor público.

The subject of the research. The both on the planet as a whole and in each country in particular. One of the manifestations of globalization is the establishment of common approaches, algorithms of communication between individual institutions, subjects and objects in society. Public administration is a clearly defined discipline that has its own criteria and parameters world is constantly moving in the realm of all–encompassing globalization. This is happening. The purpose of the study. As for the new era, the system that was built in the business environment, namely marketing, is beginning to be actively used in government. In this article, we will look at some aspects of this, and try to understand the mechanisms that allow its full use. Research methods. This article aims to explore the use of strategic marketing in public administration. This is a fragment of a large study of mechanisms that can be used in communications between the state and society, and the subsequent in–depth use of the Internet. In recent years, less and less level of communication occurs through traditional mechanisms, namely newspapers, radio, television and increasingly used Internet networks. Research methods. Therefore, the basic things of marketing, which have begun to take shape in public administration in recent decades, must now adapt to new challenges. Field of application of results. Internet networks. Conclusions. In this article we will consider the basic things of marketing in public administration, which are the basis for the creation of communication systems, and consequently productive public administration for society.

Many critical research studies have documented the complex ways in which global policies on school curricula are reshaped at national and local levels. This paper focuses on the discourses which regulate the recontextualizations of global policies in local school settings. The paper presents an empirical study on the enactments of language curricula in the Greek school education system. Using Bernstein's theory of knowledge pedagogization, we analyze data produced by semi-structured interviews and classroom observations in five lower secondary state schools with socially and ethnically diverse student populations, in the inner city of Athens. Our findings show that, while the socially disadvantaged schools are regulated by discourses on inclusion, in the more advantaged schools of the study regulative discourses are related to performance management concerns. The paper points to the potential implications of such discourses, claiming that challenging educational inequalities requires to identify and act upon the discourses regulating teachers' practices.

Recent research on democratisation has highlighted the importance of religious actors in shaping political development. Scholars argue that the nature of state–religion relations could impact political activism of these actors. Comparing two of the largest Muslim countries in Asia, Indonesia and Pakistan, the objective of this article is to understand their post-authoritarian divergent political trajectories through an examination of their state–religion relations. Based on the comparative analysis of the institutional relationship and political theology, the article concludes that Indonesia and Pakistan differ in their respective patterns of state–religion relations, whereas the 'respect-all' model of Indonesia's state–religion relations, characterised by mutual respect and accommodation between political authorities and religious institutions, helps consolidate its democracy by constructing institutional independence, its moderate political theology also embraces democratic values and pluralism. In contrast, Pakistan's integrated state–religion relations, the absence of a 'respect-all' model, and its commitment to traditional political theology aimed at establishing an Islamic state pose challenges to its democratisation efforts. Drawing implications for peacebuilding and security, Indonesia's state–religion relations could offer a potential model for Muslim democracy in South Asia and beyond.

The object of the research is the behavior of older people in the labor market in Russia.

AbstractThe power of an integer programming approach—and more particularly a 0,1 programming approach—to resource allocation problems is not widely appreciated. Recent developments in mathematical programming and in problem formulation enable decision makers to deal explicitly with the special conditions which characterize real world problems in capital budgeting, scheduling, and facilities planning. In this paper, somewhat tutorial in nature, we seek to demonstrate formulation and solution of an equipment selection resource allocation problem with several special conditions. The problem can be solved on any reasonably equipped computer system. Sensitivity studies are also performed and discussed.

The Bacon Report (2001) recommended an increase in the numbers of occupational therapists, physiotherapists, and speech and language therapists in Ireland. As a result four new programmes were introduced in 2003. These new programmes, along with the existing programmes, resulted in a significant increase in placement requirements, against a backdrop of public service reform and a challenging economic environment. A National Steering Group for Practice Education was established to oversee the development and implementation of a national model of practice education. Three key principles underpinned the development and implementation of this model i.e., the use of an organisational development approach, promotion of an interprofessional approach, and innovative models for delivering practice education. First, the use of an organisational development approach involved key stakeholders in all aspects of the process, thus promoting ownership and collaborative problem-solving.Second, the use of an interprofessional approach promoted collaborative working and the achievement of quality outcomes within relatively short time-frames. Third, the exploration of innovative models of placement delivery has been helpful in relation to increasing placement capacity. As well as benefitting students, some of these models have been positive for patients. The learning from these experiences may be useful for other health and social care professions.

This article extends research on the association between paternal incarceration and family functioning by differentiating between families with fathers who have been incarcerated in local jails, state prisons, federal prisons, and unknown types of facilities. Data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study (FFCW) enable this finer grained analysis. We show that there are few observable differences between families with fathers incarcerated in a local, state, or federal facility and the 53 percent of families with fathers incarcerated in an unknown facility type. We test the association between facility type and family functioning using a series of fixed effects models, showing strong associations between facility type and only two of seven family outcomes. The evidence presented here suggests that family functioning does not markedly vary by type of facility, but this finding needs to be substantiated in future research.

Despite ongoing instability and underdevelopment in post -Saddam Iraq, some parts of the country have realized relative security and growth. The Kurdish north, once an isolated outpost for the Iraqi army and local militia, has become an internationally recognized autonomous region. In The Kurdish Quasi-State, Natali explains the Nature of this transformation and how it has influenced the relationship between the Kurdistan region and Iraq's central government. This much-needed scholarship focuses on foreign aid as helping to create and sustain the Kurdish quasi-state. It argues that the generous nature of external assistance to the Kurdishtan region over time has given it new forms of legitimacy and leverage in the country. Since 2003, the kurdistan region has gained representation in the central government and developed commercial investment and political ties with regional states and foreign governments. Drawing on extensive field research, Natali explores how this transition has had positive and unintended consequences on Kurdish-state relations. Greater complexity in the regional political economy has demanded new forms of compromise with the central government. The Kurdistan region may have become a distinct political entity that challenges Baghdad; however, the benefits of aid and the logic of quasi-statehood ensure that it will remain part of Iraq. Acutely familiar with the nuances of Kurdish politics, society, and culture, Natali has produced a timely and immensely important book for policy makers, scholars, and practitioners interested in the region. -- Book jacket.