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In this chapter, I introduce one cognitive school of Critical Discourse Studies (CDS) in the form of Cognitive Linguistic approaches. Cognitive Linguistic CDS (CL-CDS) is characterised by an emphasis on the conceptual dimensions of semiosis. Specifically, it addresses the conceptualisations invoked by language and the ideological or legitimating potentials that those conceptualisations might realise in political contexts of communication. I begin the chapter by providing an overview of the different frameworks in CL-CDS before focussing specifically on image schema analysis, illustrated with examples from discourse on political protests. I then go on to make a connection between Cognitive Linguistic and multimodal approaches to CDS. The claim made is that understanding language involves fully modal rather than amodal mental representations. I therefore argue that existing research on the social semiotics of multimodal representation is an important source in considering the meanings of language in use. I illustrate this claim relating linguistic instances of discourse on political protests to visual instances.

Abstract
The increase in Basque speakers in the last 30 years has been due in large part to 'new speakers' or euskaldunberri, a term that will be used here to refer to those who have learned the language by means other than family transmission. While very significant in numbers, to date this group has not been the object of much study. Little is known about their attitudes and motivations, how they perceive themselves as Basque speakers, or their language use and transmission patterns. Acquiring answers to these questions is of strategic importance for developing an effective evidence-based language policy for the future. This article presents the results of a qualitative study of new speakers. Drawing on data from focus groups and interviews, the central goal of the article is to examine how new speakers of differing profiles perceive and locate themselves with respect to the popularly used labels for "new" and "native" Basque speakers and the ideologies of authenticity and legitimacy that seem to shape these perceptions. The analysis shows that learning the language alone, even to a high degree of competence, does not guarantee a view of themselves as true and genuine speakers of Basque.

How does language influence politics? Usually when this question is posed, it is understood to concern relations within a polity among communities whose members speak different languages. Our concern, however, is what contribution politicians' language may make to the choice between authoritarianism or democracy. Of course, we reject any reduction of that determination to language alone.The study of change in political Russian during the Soviet and post-Soviet era has concentrated on the consequences of variation incontent.As Meyer observed, during the Soviet period scholars mainly evaluated the degree to which "routine thinking in terms of the official doctrine … [exerted] an effect on actions taken or not taken…" Remington called attention to the existence in the Soviet period of "two interdependent but opposed codes," one for "the ritualized world of public life" and the other for private interaction—a difference that, as early as 1960, Tucker had traced back to origins in tsarist Russia.

Principles of Linguistic Change: Social Factors, Volume 2. William Labov. Maiden, MA: Blackwell Publishers, 2001. 572 pp.

AbstractSpeed of linguistic change is not constant: it differs as between different language and dialects, and between different chronological periods. These differences are, at least to some extent, conditioned by social parameters. Two major social factors are involved in producing these different rates of linguistic change. There is, first, the role of the relative degree of contact versus isolation which speech communities have experienced: a good example is provided by the contrast between Faroese and Icelandic as opposed to the continental Scandinavian languages. There is, secondly, an important role for relative social stability versus social instability in the histories of communities. There is considerable evidence to suggest that conservative language varieties generally tend to be the ones which are relatively more geographically isolated than rapid-change varieties, as well as being relatively more stable as this paper illustrates, through a study of the linguistic consequences of social upheavals involving different historical periods, different continents, and different languages.

"For five previous editions, professors have turned to Language, Culture, and Society for its comprehensive coverage of all critical aspects of linguistic anthropology, as well as for its reputation as a pedagogically sound, student-friendly text. Zdenek Salzmann and coauthors James Stanlaw and Nobuko Adachi have revised this classic text with extensive updates and expanded discussions of contemporary issues in the field. This sixth edition continues to be the essential teaching text for the introductory linguistic anthropology course. The sixth edition of Language, Culture, and Society features A greatly expanded discussion of the sociocultural context of language, including gender, race/ethnicity, class, and power dynamics, including a brand-new chapter on gender and a thoroughly revised and broadened chapter on race, ethnicity, and class. An updated chapter-by-chapter resource manual and study guide for students and instructors, including key terms, questions for discussion, group and individual projects, objective study questions and problems (with answers), and suggestions for further reading. More exercises on phonetics and syntax, reflecting contemporary research. Sidebars and boxes throughout the book to provide ethnographic detail, enhance student comprehension of context, and illustrate the practical experience of conducting linguistic research. A global perspective and a focus on transnational and multilingual anthropology Expanded sections on written languages and theoretical and historical perspectives of Linguistic Anthropology. End-of-chapter summary and conclusion sections and a glossary for easy review, as well as an updated bibliography for further research. "--

Τhis paper reports on a questionnaire study investigating primary school teachers' (N=85) attitudes and practices with regard to bilingualism in their classes. The study was conducted in three major Greek cities in 2013-14 as part of a large European Union funded project ('Thalis') on bilingualism and bilingual education, run by the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki. Our findings demonstrate that teachers are divided between those who are more aware of the benefits of bilingualism and adopt related practices and those who are more conservative in their views and practices. The need for continuing professional development aiming to enhance teachers' awareness on issues connected to bilingualism cannot be overestimated.

In this study we examine linguistic variation and its dependence on both social and geographic factors. We follow dialectometry in applying a quantitative methodology and focusing on dialect distances, and social dialectology in the choice of factors we examine in building a model to predict word pronunciation distances from the standard Dutch language to 424 Dutch dialects. We combine linear mixed-effects regression modeling with generalized additive modeling to predict the pronunciation distance of 559 words. Although geographical position is the dominant predictor, several other factors emerged as significant. The model predicts a greater distance from the standard for smaller communities, for communities with a higher average age, for nouns (as contrasted with verbs and adjectives), for more frequent words, and for words with relatively many vowels. The impact of the demographic variables, however, varied from word to word. For a majority of words, larger, richer and younger communities are moving towards the standard. For a smaller minority of words, larger, richer and younger communities emerge as driving a change away from the standard. Similarly, the strength of the effects of word frequency and word category varied geographically. The peripheral areas of the Netherlands showed a greater distance from the standard for nouns (as opposed to verbs and adjectives) as well as for high-frequency words, compared to the more central areas. Our findings indicate that changes in pronunciation have been spreading (in particular for low-frequency words) from the Hollandic center of economic power to the peripheral areas of the country, meeting resistance that is stronger wherever, for well-documented historical reasons, the political influence of Holland was reduced. Our results are also consistent with the theory of lexical diffusion, in that distances from the Hollandic norm vary systematically and predictably on a word by word basis.

The paper examines the scientific contribution and creative work of the lesser-known Polish linguist, Baudouin de Courtenay (1845-1929), a distinguished Slavist and Indo-Europeanist. The paper discusses numerous aspects of his modernist theories and provides an overview of the most significant reflections on language that can be considered as precursors to contemporary linguistic thought. In his long academic career from the Kazan period to his engagement at the universities of Dorpat, Kraków, Saint Petersburg, and Warsaw, the paper highlights the various influences he exerted on the linguistic research of his time as well as on the later generations of linguists with a special reference to de Courtenay's influence on Ferdinand de Saussure and the development of general and structural linguistics. The paper examines the evolution and development of de Courtenay's thought in various domains such as the theory of phonemes and phonetic alternations, which positioned him as the forerunner of the Prague Linguistic Circle, psycholinguistic research and the definition of language as a psychosocial phenomenon, South Slavic dialectology and lexicology, as well as the study of the use of language in other sciences and disciplines.

The aim of this paper is to explore the relation between the Covid-19 pandemic and the linguistic landscape of Berlin. The approach builds on a dynamic perspective, which sees the semiotic landscape of a city as an arena of contestation between different social groups with various interests. Berlin constitutes an interesting research site, as it is known for its superdiversity, the co-existence of numerous subcultures, as well as its variety of cultural and political centres. This paper aims at studying the manifestation of the pandemic on the linguistic landscape while focusing on the intersection between language, space, politics, and activist discourse. The data were collected during the so-called "second wave" of the pandemic and consist of posters, advertisements, stencils, and banners. In the analysis both the sign and the environment in which it is positioned are taken into consideration. While Covid-19 is a global phenomenon, which is expected to affect the linguistic landscape of most urban conglomerates, the focus of this article is set on local features and their relation to the city's profile.

AbstractThis chapter ethnographically documents "lessons learned" in an evaluation of a tuberculosis program, focusing on linguistic rich points gathered from interviews and conversations with program staff.

This article aims at shedding some light on both explicit and implicit internal language arrangements and practices which currently exist in the various EU institutions, bodies and agencies. It will be shown that they enjoy in effect a large "linguistic autonomy" to determine their own internal language arrangements. The legal basis of this linguistic autonomy will be discussed, as well as the ensuing internal language policies which have been explicitly or implicitly established.

Respecting the linguistic rights of the Amazigh people promotes social integration and allows speakers to freely express their culture and identity, which results in increased civic engagement.