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Old age is difficult to define, so many terms overlap or clash with each other, all of which raise a number of issues: the elderly, the third age, the fourth age, senior citizens, pensioners, etc. It is not easy to determine the threshold for entering the period of life commonly known as old age. One thing is certain, old age has changed profoundly. From now on, it has become for everyone, albeit with profound inequalities, a normal stage of life. Social security systems combined with the considerable progress in medicine have made it possible to increase the length of retirement. Whereas in 1950 a man retiring at 65 could expect to live for about 12 years, today life expectancy at 60 is over 20 years for men and over 25 years for women. However, this simple observation has much more complex consequences in terms of the social identity, integration and social behaviour of these new population groups. Despite an ageing population, Switzerland has a total labour force of 4.706 million people. In the fourth quarter of 2019, the participation rate of the population aged 15 and over was 68.1%. This puts the country in second place in Europe behind Iceland (79.9%). Switzerland's neighbouring states have significantly lower levels (Germany: 62.6%, Austria: 61.4%; France: 55.5%, Italy: 49.9%). In particular, Switzerland has one of the highest rates of employed women in Europe. The percentage of employed women increased significantly between 2010 and 2019, from 56.9% to 60%.

Eurocentric bias in three social science disciplines -- economics, psychology & social anthropology -- is compared. It is argued that in economics & psychology, metaphysical assumptions embedded in the European philosophical traditions of abstract individualism & universalism have been applied uncritically in the study of non-European societies; social anthropology is responsible for the opposite type of bias -- the maintenance of superiority through a reluctance to universalize, ie, maintaining excessive particularism. Analyzed is how the biases are manifested in each discipline & how "discipline-centrism" can exacerbate the biases. Consequences of Eurocentrism are discussed, eg: (1) it has damaged non-European societies through the "colonization" of their intellectuals; (2) it has impoverished the academic disciplines themselves, which remain unaware of alternative sources of knowledge outside mainstream development; & (3) it functions, regardless of intention, to legitimate international inequality. 34 References. Modified AA

Originally published in 1980, this book examines the major issues in the philosophy of social science, paying specific attention to cross-cultural understanding, humanism versus scientism, individualism versus collectivism, and the shaping of theory by evaluative commitment. Arguing for a cross-cultural conception of human beings, the authors defend humanism and individualism, and reject the notion that social inquiry is necessarily vitiated by an adherence to values

Argues that science has not lived up to its promise to work for the benefit of society as a whole, because of the narrow perspectives that basic & applied researchers take to their work. Among the barriers to broadening those perspectives is the myth that: the overriding purpose of science in human affairs is prediction; such predictions are prerequisites for major policy decisions; & scientific inputs to these decisions are objective & value-free. This myth is challenged from three standpoints -- epistemology, the historical context, & contemporary case studies -- as a step toward improving the responsibility & accountability of science to society. 79 References. Adapted from the source document.

A comprehensive account of different univariate and multivariate discrete and continuous distributions, the work comprises applications in economics and different financial problems and other scenarios in which these recently developed statistical models have been applied.

Bernard Scott's book explains the relevance of cybernetics for the social sciences. He provides a non-technical account of the history of cybernetics and its core concepts, with examples of applications of cybernetics in psychology, sociology, and anthropology.

Partial contents: Implantation and acclimatization of the social sciences in Thailand, by Prachoom Chomchai: Sociology in the third world situation, by G. E. Hurd and T. J. Johnson; The role of the sociologist and the growth of sociology in Latin America, by Jean Labbens; The implantation of sociology in Asia, by Ralph Pieris; Social crisis as an obstacle to the institutionalization of sociology in Latin America, by Aldo E. Solari.

The essays in this volume present a comprehensive view of modern economics. They range from technical papers on a specific issue, such as that devoted to a critique of Kaldor's model of income distribution, through evaluation of a wide-ranging literature, with special emphasis on the Cambridge controversies in the theory of capital. * Intellectual portraits of Eric Russell, Joan Robinson and Lorie Tarshis are also included. * The concluding essay 'The Social Science Imperialists' gives an overview of the issues and trends that have dominated economics in recent years

The 'spycops' scandal has laid bare the existence of secretive police units that sent undercover police officers to infiltrate and undermine hundreds of political campaigns and activist groups. This is the first academic analysis of the activists' experiences and their attempts to find answers and accountability in the Undercover Policing Inquiry. Written from the perspective of the 'policed', the author draws on extensive fieldwork and his first-hand experience of police infiltration through his participation in climate campaigns