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This is an invaluable volume, expanding Latin American women's and
labor history in important thematic, methodological, and theoretical directions.
The authors explore the lives, struggles, and consciousness of urban working
women in Brazil, the Southern Cone, Guatemala, and Colombia. By and large, the
essays develop a nuanced understanding of the relationship between gender and
class in twentieth-century Latin America. They incorporate postmodern approaches
to historical analysis as well as the classic concerns of labor history with
material conditions, social relations, and working-class political
consciousness. The contributors examine the multiple meanings of discourse and
popular culture while insisting that it is indeed possible to recapture
women's experience in some measure. They generally move beyond the
dichotomy of celebrating women's heroism and denouncing sexism, instead
showing how solidarity between laboring women and men could be intimately
interwoven with male domination. Finally, several of the authors employ oral
history in sophisticated ways, demonstrating that how a story is told can be
just as important in shaping our understanding of history as the empirical
detail it may seem to offer us.

Sin pretender ser una historia de las brigadas Internacionales en la Guerra Civil Española de 1936-1939, este trabajo se propone examinar ciertos aspectos míticos asociados con las BB.II, en especial la cuestión de su eficacia la experiencia militar de sus jefes. Llega a la conclusión que, aunque el valor y el autosacrificio de los internacionales son innegables, y pese a que se les empleaba a menudo a las BB.II como fuerzas de choque, su presencia en las fuerzas gubernamentales no pasaba de tener una ejemplaridad moral.This article is not a history of the International Brigades in the Spanish Civil War of 1936 - 1939. It tries to investigate certain persistent myths about the Brigades, in particular the question of their efficiency and the military expertise of their leaders. It concludes that, although the heroism and the self - sacrifice of the Brigades are undeniable, and despite their function as the vanguard in many of the batties, their presence in the Army of the Spanish Republic had a moral influence which far outweighed any military significance.

Book reviewed in this article: Tales of the Field: On Writing Ethnography. John Van Maanen. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1988, 173 pages, $25.00 hardback, $7.95 paper. Professional Powers: A Study of the Institutionalization of Formal Knowledge. Eliot Freidson. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1988, 241 pages, $12.95 paperback. Local Heroes: The Rebirth of Heroism in America. Bill Berkowitz. Lexington, MA: D. C. Heath and Company, 1987, 350 pages, $17.95 hardback. Moral Theory and Capital Punishment. Tom Sorell. New York: Basil Blackwell, 1988, 172 pages, paperback. Working but Poor: America's Contradiction. Sar A. Levitan and Isaac Shapiro. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987, 142 pages. Social Control of the Drinking Driver. Michael D. Laurence, John R. Snortum, and Franklin E. Zimring, editors. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1988, 452 pages, softback. The Faces of Homlessness. Marjorie Hope and James Young. Lexington: D. C. Heath and Company, 1986, 318 pages, paperback. Ultimate Penalties: Capital Punishment, Life Imprisonment, Physical Torture. Leon Shaskolsky Sheleff. Columbus: The Ohio State University Press, 1987, xi + 492 pages, $27.50.

Gholamreza Takhti (1930-1968), Olympiasieger im Freistil-Ringen 1956 und zweifacher Weltmeister, gilt in Iran bis heute nicht nur als sportliche Legende, sondern wird über nahezu alle politischen Lager hinweg als Repräsentant einer authentisch iranischen Männlichkeit verehrt. Die Faszination Takhtis gründet sich insbesondere auch auf seine einfache Herkunft und seinen demütigen, bodenständigen Charakter, der ihn schon zu Lebzeiten glaubwürdig als "Mann aus der eigenen Mitte" erscheinen ließ. Seine Heroisierung ist nicht loszulösen von kollektiven Subordinationserfahrungen vor dem Hintergrund ausländischer Hegemonie in Iran während des 20. Jahrhunderts, der in den 1960er-Jahren formulierten Diagnose einer "Westbefallenheit" der iranischen Gesellschaft und der damit verbundenen Suche nach Authentizität. Ausgehend von der Biographie des Ringers werden im Beitrag die geschlechtlich aufgeladenen Dimensionen dieser Erfahrungen besprochen und die dafür verwendeten Begriffe untersucht. Über die Sportart Ringen konnte die iranische Gegenwart mit der nationalen Mythologie verbunden werden, und Takhti wurde in einzigartiger Weise zum Modell des iranischen Helden, zum idealen Mann - noch verstärkt durch die Tragik seines frühen Todes.

Obwohl der Erste Weltkrieg als Maschinenkrieg bekannt ist, waren Pferde immer noch bedeutend für die Kriegsinfrastruktur. Die vorliegende Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit dem Militärpferd in Österreich-Ungarn. Folgende Fragestellungen werden beleuchtet: Welche körperliche Rolle spielte das Militärpferd im Ersten Weltkrieg? Wie wurde das Pferd an der Front von Zeitgenossen wahrgenommen, wie fotografisch dargestellt?In Bezug auf die Rolle des Pferdes wird zunächst der körperliche Aspekt unter Einbezug hippologischer und militärischer Quellen betrachtet. Zudem wird anhand von schriftlichen und fotografischen Quellen analysiert, wie die Militärpferde wahrgenommen und bildlich dargestellt wurden. Dies wird im Rahmen der Aspekte Heldentum, Kameradschaft und Tod untersucht. Anhand der Ergebnisse dieser Analyse lassen sich, unter Einbeziehung der Literatur, Rollen ableiten, die die Pferde abgesehen von ihrer körperlichen Nutzbarkeit und Arbeitskraft noch einnehmen konnten. Dabei werden kollektive Sinnzuschreibungen und Bedeutungen, die diese Bilder repräsentieren, herausgearbeitet. Hinsichtlich der Einsatzbereiche des Pferdes lässt sich eine Bedeutungsverschiebung beobachten: Während das Kavalleriepferd allmählich an Bedeutung verlor, wurde das Zugpferd durch kriegstechnische Entwicklungen im Laufe des Krieges wichtiger. Die Betrachtung der Quellen unter dem Aspekt Heldentum zeigt zwei unterschiedliche Formen, welche zu obiger Entwicklung in Kontrast stehen: Während das "heldenhafte Kavalleriepferd" in der Darstellung prominent ist, wird das "Zugpferd als tragischer Held" fotografisch kaum dargestellt. Hinsichtlich der Kameradschaft lässt sich ein Nebeneinander von emotionalisierten Beziehungen und der Reduktion auf körperliche Nutzbarkeit feststellen. Tote Pferde wurden primär als Ressourcen und Rohstofflieferanten abgebildet, einzelne Fotografien zeigen jedoch, dass Heroisierung und Kameradschaftsmythos nicht zwangsläufig mit dem Tod der Pferde endeten. ; Although World War I is known as a war of machines, horses still played a major role in its infrastructure. This thesis deals with the military horse in Austria-Hungary.The following research questions are examined: Which physical role did the military horse play in World War I? How was a horse perceived by its contemporaries on the front line, how was it represented photographically?Concerning the role of the horse, the physical aspect including hippological and military sources is first considered. In addition, based on written and photographic sources the way in which military horses were perceived as well as the way in which they were depicted is analysed. These analyses focus on the aspects of heroism, companionship, and death. From these results and sources, the roles of horses which they could fulfill in addition to their physical usability and their work capacity can be inferred. Thereby, collective attributions of meaning that are represented in the pictures are identified. Regarding the horses' areas of use a shift in meaning can be observed: while the cavalry horse gradually became less important, the draught horse's importance increased because of war technical developments throughout the war. The investigation of sources concerning the aspect of heroism reveals two different forms of meaning attributed which contrast with the developments mentioned above: while the "heroic cavalry horse" is prominent in photographic representation, the "draught horse as a tragic hero" is depicted only rarely. Concerning companionship, a coexistence of emotionalised relationships and a reduction to physical usability can be found. Dead horses were primarily depicted as resources and suppliers of raw materials. Individual photographs, however, show that heroisation and myth of companionship did not necessarily end with the horses' death. ; Arbeit an der Bibliothek noch nicht eingelangt - Daten nicht geprüft ; Abweichender Titel laut Übersetzung des Verfassers/der Verfasserin ; Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz, Diplomarbeit, 2021 ; (VLID)6434351

En el año de 1948, siendo presidente de México, Miguel Alemán Valdés, y gobernador interino de Veracruz, Ángel Carvajal Bernal, la Legislatura estatal expidió el decreto número 73, declarando "Cuatro Veces Heroica" a la ciudad de Veracruz, por haber tenido lugar ahí cuatro de los sucesos más importantes en la defensa de la soberanía nacional, en los que la población luchó "heroicamente" contra invasores extranjeros. Este ensayo busca analizar algunos aspectos clave de los acontecimientos que condujeron a cada nombramiento; destaca los mitos tras dichos acontecimientos y el sentido de tales nombramientos y analiza, finalmente, las maneras en las que el poder público ha utilizado los nombramientos para alcanzar metas específicas de política y control público, y algunos de sus efectos sobre las instituciones formales del país.Palabras clave: Heroísmo, Historia oficial, Mitos Historical Reflection on the Appointments of Heroism: The case of Veracruz, "Four-Time Heroic"AbstractIn the year of 1948, being president of Mexico, Miguel Alemán Valdés, and interim governor of the state of Veracruz, Ángel Carvajal Bernal, the Legislature of this state issued a decree (Decree 73), declaring Four Times Heroic the city of Veracruz, for having taken place in this site four of the most important events in the defense of national sovereignty, in which its population fought "heroically" against foreign invaders. This article seeks to objectively analyze some key aspects of the events that led to these appointments. It will also highlight the myth or myths behind these events and the meaning of these appointments. Finally, it will analyze the ways in which public power has used these appointments to reach specific public policy and control goals and some of their effects on the country's formal institutions.Keywords: Heroism; Official history; Myths Réflexion historique sur les nominations de Héroïsme: Le cas de Veracruz, « Quatre Fois Eroica »RésuméEn 1948, étant Président de la République Miguel Alemán Valdés et Gouverneur intérimaire de l'État de Veracruz Ángel Carvajal Bernal, la Législature de cet État a expédié le décret numéro 73 qui déclare Quatre Fois Héroïque à la ville de Veracruz, confirmé par quelques nominations antérieures dans ce sens, pour avoir eu lieu à Veracruz quatre des événements les plus importants dans la défense de la souveraineté nationale, dans lesquels sa population a lutté « héroïquement » contre des envahisseurs étrangers.Cet article analysera quelques aspects clés des événements qui ont conduit envers ces nominations. De même, il distinguera les mythes derrière ces événements et le sens de ces nominations. Finalement, il analysera les manières à travers lesquelles le pouvoir public les a utilisé à fin de couvrir des aspects spécifiques en politique et en contrôle public, ainsi que ses effets sur les institutions formelles du pays.Mots clés : Héroïsme ; Histoire officielle ; Mythes

This research was a case study that observed the movement of Jamaah Anshorut Tauhid. JAT movement is a jihad movement with the aim of fighting for Islamic Sharia in Indonesia. This research uses qualitative deskriptif method in direct contact with the object under study. It gives a complete picture of the phenomenon of radical Islamic JAT movements that was religiously motivated and understand the process of dynamics and the purpose of the social change that they want. The radical changes that they expect was contradict with the regime in Indonesia. The government's refreshing action accompanies every step of the JAT jihadists. In fact, excessive force often carried out by the authorities to provide a deterrent effect. But such actions only lead to jihadist heroism and reinforce their beliefs. Two things should be explained in the JAT movement, firstly, JAT involvement in Aceh military training in 2010. This military training involved cross-tanzhim jihad in Indonesia. The alumnus of this training will form a new radical network affiliated with ISIS. Second, the influence of ISIS in Indonesia caused a split in JAT. For JAT jihadi that supports ISIS still survives under the leadership of Abu Bakar Ba'asyir and Aman Abdurrahman while those who refuse to join ISIS have to get out of tanzhim. Those who came out of JAT formed a new organisation with the name of Jamaah Anshorut Syariah (JAS) under the leadership of Muhammad Achwan.Penelitian ini merupakan studi kasus yang menyorot gerakan Jamaah Anshorut Tauhid. Gerakan JAT merupakan gerakan jihad dengan tujuan memperjuangkan 214 Syariat Islam di Indonesia. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptik kualitatif yang bersentuhan langsung dengan obyek yang diteliti. Memberikan gambaran utuh fenomena gerakan radikal Islam JAT yang bermotif agama dan memahami proses dinamika dan tujuan dari perubahan sosial yang hendak mereka wujudkan. Perubahan radikal yang mereka harapkan bertentangan dengan rezim di Indonesia. Tindakan refresif pemerintah mengiringi setiap langkah para jihadis JAT. Bahkan kerapkali kekerasan berlebihan dilakukan aparat untuk memberikan efek jera. Tetapi tindakan seperti ini hanya menimbulkan sikap heroisme jihadis dan semakin meneguhkan keyakinan mereka. Dua hal yang patut disorot dari gerakan JAT pertama, keterlibatan JAT dalam pelatihan militer Aceh tahun 2010. Pelatihan militer ini melibatkan lintas tanzhim jihad di Indonesia. Alumni dari pelatihan ini kelak membentuk jaringan radikal baru yang berafiliasi dengan ISIS. Kedua, pengaruh ISIS di Indonesia melahirkan perpecahan bagi JAT. Bagi jihadi JAT yang mendukung ISIS tetap bertahan dibawah pimpinan Abu Bakar Ba'asyir dan Aman Abdurrahman sedangkan yang menolak bergabung dengan ISIS harus keluar dari tanzhim. Mereka yang keluar dari JAT membentuk jamaah baru dengan nama Jamaah Anshorut Syariah (JAS) dibawah pimpinan Muhammad Achwan.

Contemporary analyses state the arrival of a post-heroic society: Has the heroic lost its significance? Karl-Heinrich Bette shows that the last heroic reserve of modernity is forgotten and suppressed in these descriptions: high-performance sport with its continuous production of victories and defeats, spectacular records and nerve-racking tension. Viewed from this perspective, competitions appear as artificially and serially created crisis and emergency situations that enable individuals or groups to make themselves visible to a mass audience as heroes in post-heroic times.

Cover -- Half Title -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction Interpreting British Slave Trade Abolition -- PART ONE Trade -- ONE A "Diabolical Traffic" British Slave Trading, 1640-1807 -- TWO Managing the "Train of Uncertainty" Liverpool and the Bight of Biafra -- THREE The "Wheel of Unfathomable Commerce" Credit, Incentives, and Sustainability -- PART TWO Opinions -- FOUR "Vulgar Error" Questioning Transatlantic Slavery in the Age of Locke -- FIVE Contrary to "the Laws of God, and the Rights of Man" The Intellectual Roots of the British Anti- Slave Trade Movement -- SIX "Tumults of Imagination" Literature and British Anti- Slave Trade Sentiment -- SEVEN Reaching "the Common People" Newspapers, African Voices, and Politicizing the Slave Trade -- PART THREE Politics -- EIGHT "To Interest Men of E very Description in the Abolition of the Traffic" Mobilization and the "Take Off" of Abolitionism -- NINE Finding "a Pathway for the Humanities" The Politics of Slave Trade Abolition, 1791-1807 -- TEN On the "Heroism of Principle" Reflecting on the British Slave Trade and Its Abolition -- Notes -- Index -- A -- B -- C -- D -- E -- F -- G -- H -- I -- J -- K -- L -- M -- N -- O -- P -- Q -- R -- S -- T -- U -- V -- W -- X -- Y -- Z.

"The November 1970 coup that brought Hafiz al-Asad to power fundamentally transformed cultural production in Syria. A comprehensive intellectual, ideological, and political project--a Ba'thist cultural revolution--sought to align artistic endeavors with the ideological interests of the regime. The ensuing agonistic struggle pitted official aesthetics of power against alternative modes of creative expression that could evade or ignore the effects of the state. With this book, Max Weiss offers the first cultural and intellectual history of Ba'thist Syria, from the coming to power of Hafiz al-Asad, through the transitional period under Bashar al-Asad, and continuing up through the Syria War. Revolutions Aesthetic reconceptualizes contemporary Syrian politics, authoritarianism, and cultural life. Engaging rich original sources--novels, films, and cultural periodicals--Weiss highlights themes crucial to the making of contemporary Syria: heroism and leadership, gender and power, comedy and ideology, surveillance and the senses, witnessing and temporality, and death and the imagination. Revolutions Aesthetic places front and center the struggle around aesthetic ideology that has been key to the constitution of state, society, and culture in Syria over the course of the past fifty years"--

"The crowning achievement of Afro-Colombian author Manuel Zapata Olivella, Changó depicts the African American experience from a perspective of gods who stand over the world and watch. The centennial anniversary release of this ground-breaking postcolonial text remains a passionate tour de force to make sense of our past, present, and future. A new introduction by Professor William Luis positions the book in contemporary politics and reasserts this book's importance in Afro-Spanish American literature. Ranging from Brazil to New England but centered in the Caribbean, where countless slaves once arrived from West Africa, this book recounts scenes from four centuries of involuntary displacement and servitude of the muntu, the people. Through the voices of Benkos Biojo in Colombia, Henri Christophe in Haiti, Simon Bolivar in Venezuela, Jose Maria Morelos in Mexico, the Aleijadinho in Brazil, or Malcolm X in Harlem, Zapata Olivella conveys, in luminous verse and prose, the breadth of heroism, betrayal, and suffering common to the history of people of African descent in the Western hemisphere. Readers and critics of postcolonial literatures will relish the opportunity to experience Zapata Olivella's masterpiece in English; students of world cultures will appreciate this extraordinary tapestry, woven from equal strands of myth and history"--

Cover -- Half Title -- Series Page -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- List of illustrations -- List of contributors -- Acknowledgments -- Imaginations, interactions, and realities -- PART I: Imaginations -- 1. "These plains of Great Russia were once the bottom of the sea": Peter Simon Pallas, Siberian geohistory, and empire -- 2. The view of the golden mountains: The Altai and the historical resilience of the imagination -- 3. Imaginary travel to imaginary Constantinople: A painted panorama, the periodical press, and the Russo-Turkish War (1828-1829) -- 4. Chinese roads in the Russian imagination and in reality: The 1870s as a decade of discovery -- PART II: Interactions -- 5. Captivity and empire: Central Asia in nineteenth-century Russian captivity narratives -- 6. Imperial dreams and the Russo-Japanese War: The diary of Field Chaplain Mitrofan Srebrianski -- 7. Bad medicine: Ritual, sacrifice, and the birth of Soviet Sakha literature -- 8. Heroism or colonialism? China and the Soviet imagination of Manchuria in Port Arthur -- PART III: Realities -- 9. Welfare and work: Reintegrating "invalids" into Soviet Kyrgyzstan after the Great Patriotic War -- 10. Urbanization, language vitality, and well-being in Russian Eurasia -- 11. Evolving language contact and multilingualism in Northeastern Russia -- Selected Bibliography -- Index.

A tale of two battles: narrating Verdun and the Somme, 1916 / John Horne -- The stories the First World War inherited: adaptations of Napoleonic veterans' memoirs, 1814-1914 / Matilda Greig -- The archive as narrator? narratives of German "enemy citizens" in the Netherlands after 1945 / Marieke Oprel -- Of triumph and defeat: World War II and its historians in post-war Germany / Christina Morina -- The imagery of war: screening the battlefield in the twentieth century / Frank van Vree -- The war books controversy revisited: First World War novels and veteran memory / Dunja Dusanic -- War and peace as a "paradoxical coherence": how the European Union uses the remembrance of the Great War to construct European identities / Peter Pichler -- History wars in school textbooks? the massacres in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia in Polish history textbooks since 1989 / Sylwia Bobryk -- "I was hurt and you were hurt too": the role of religion and competing narratives in the reconciliation process in Bosnia and Herzegovina / Marieke Zoodsma -- Hints of heroism, traces of trauma: trauma and narrative structure in interviews with Dutch and English international brigade volunteers of the Spanish Civil War / Tim Scheffe -- Digital survival? online interview portals and the re-contextualization of Holocaust testimonies / Susan Hogervorst -- Remembering the Sternlager of Bergen-Belsen: anecdotes, humour and poetry as survival strategies / Evelien Gans.