Suchergebnisse

To control the spread of coronavirus, the Kenyan Ministry of Health COVID-19 Taskforce has implemented initial prevention and mitigation measures. Of concern are the densely overcrowded, poor urban slums where sanitation and social distancing measures are near impossible. COVID-19 would spread rapidly and be devastating under these conditions. To inform the Taskforce strategy, the Population Council COVID-19 study team utilizes rapid phone-based surveys to collection information on knowledge, attitudes and practices among ~2,000 heads of household sampled from existing prospective cohort studies across five Nairobi urban slums. Iterations of the survey will be conducted every 1-2 weeks. Baseline findings on awareness of COVID-19 symptoms, perceived risk, awareness of and ability to carry out preventive behaviors, misconceptions, and fears will inform Taskforce interventions. In subsequent rounds, behavior change messages will be randomly assigned to measure effectiveness, or if randomization is not feasible, survey questions on exposure and response to government campaigns will be evaluated using causal inference approaches.

To control the spread of coronavirus, the Kenyan Ministry of Health COVID-19 Taskforce has implemented initial prevention and mitigation measures. Of concern are the densely overcrowded, poor urban slums where sanitation and social distancing measures are near impossible. COVID-19 would spread rapidly and be devastating under these conditions. To inform the Taskforce strategy, the Population Council COVID-19 study team utilizes rapid phone-based surveys to collection information on knowledge, attitudes and practices among ~2,000 heads of household sampled from existing prospective cohort studies across five Nairobi urban slums. Iterations of the survey will be conducted every 1-2 weeks. Baseline findings on awareness of COVID-19 symptoms, perceived risk, awareness of and ability to carry out preventive behaviors, misconceptions, and fears will inform Taskforce interventions. In subsequent rounds, behavior change messages will be randomly assigned to measure effectiveness, or if randomization is not feasible, survey questions on exposure and response to government campaigns will be evaluated using causal inference approaches.

"The Organizational Basis for Public Governance" published on by Oxford University Press.

Republiku Hrvatsku kroz povijest je zahvatilo nekoliko velikih iseljeničkih valova. Posljednji val iseljavanja započeo je pristupanjem Republike Hrvatske Europskoj uniji 2013. godine, a traje i danas. Razvijene zemlje Europske unije poput Njemačke, Austrije i Irske postale su glavno odredište hrvatskih iseljenika u potrazi za boljim životom. Cilj ovoga istraživanja je utvrditi stvarno stanje o broju iseljenih Hrvata iz Republike Hrvatske, usporediti podatke sa službenom statistikom Republike Hrvatske te dati zaključak o mogućim posljedicama iseljavanja. Rezultati istraživanja pokazuju da se iseljavanje hrvatskih državljana ne može pratiti prema službenim podacima Državnog zavoda za statistiku jer oni nisu usklađeni sa statističkim podacima zemalja emigracije, odnosno broj prijavljenih hrvatskih doseljenika veći je u prosjeku za 62 % od službenih podataka Republike Hrvatske. Prognoze budućih migracija hrvatskih državljana upućuju na gubitak 20 % stanovništva u sljedećih trideset godina zbog čega je već sada potrebno razvijati nove ekonomske, mirovinske, obrazovne i ostale politike koje utječu na demografske promjene. ; The Republic of Croatia has seen several large emigration waves throughout history. The last wave of emigration began with the accession of the Republic of Croatia to the European Union in 2013 and continues today. Developed European Union countries such as Germany, Austria and Ireland have become a major destination for Croatian expatriates in search of a better life. The aim of this research is to determine the actual status of the number of Croat emigrants from the Republic of Croatia, to compare the data with the official statistics of the Republic of Croatia and to conclude on the possible consequences of emigration. The results of the research show that the emigration of Croatian citizens cannot be monitored according to the official data of the Central Bureau of Statistics because they are not harmonized with the statistics of the emigration countries, i.e. the number of reported Croatian immigrants is on average 62% higher than the official data of the Republic of Croatia. Forecasts of future migration of Croatian citizens indicate that 20% of the population will lose over the next 30 years, which is why it is already necessary to develop new economic, pension, education and other policies that affect demographic change.

L'article analyse l'évolution spatio-temporelle des inondations dans la zone urbaine de Douala (Cameroun) à partir d'une approche géohistorique. Une base de données sur les inondations est créée à l'aide d'informations issues de la presse (du journal Cameroon Tribune) ; elle permet de spatialiser les événements pour comprendre quels sont les quartiers de Douala les plus fréquemment inondés. On observe ainsi une augmentation du nombre d'inondations rapportées depuis les années 2010, qui semble corrélée à l'évolution de l'emprise urbaine de la ville. Les zones urbaines inondées de façon récurrente sont le plus souvent les quartiers informels construits directement en zones inondables et dont l'accroissement est important depuis les années 1990. Les données de la presse ont aussi permis d'étudier l'évolution du discours sur les politiques de gestion du risque d'inondation. Celles-ci restent fortement focalisées sur la résolution des crises, malgré le contexte des politiques d'adaptation au changement climatique qui développent des projets d'amélioration de la gestion urbaine des inondations. ; Peer reviewed

International audience ; Comme l'ont montré les deux chapitres précédents, Migrinter a été dès sa création en 1986 un lieu d'échanges fructueux entre le champ des recherches urbaines et celui sur les migrations internationales avec pour arrière-plan la montée de la thématique des « mobilités ». Jusqu'alors dans la recherche française, les champs des mobilités quotidiennes, résidentielles et des migrations étaient relativement cloisonnés (Brun, 1993 ; Kaufmann, 2014). Ils se sont néanmoins progressivement rapprochés depuis les années 1990 avec l'émergence du paradigme de la « mobilités », introduit en particulier pour décrire les évolutions urbaines contemporaines (Tarrius, 2000 ; Urry, 2005). Les recherches sur les migrations internationales ont insisté sur la circulation internationale des migrants et leurs investissements, ainsi que sur leur insertion dans les grandes métropoles ; celles sur la mobilité résidentielle ont de plus en plus envisagé les phénomènes de ségrégation urbaine en termes d'inégalités d'accès aux ressources urbaines (Dureau et al, 2002) ; celles sur la mobilité quotidienne ont focalisé leur attention sur les pratiques de la ville en insistant sur la mobilité des personnes comme capacité à appréhender des environnements urbains variés. Ces trois champs ont convergé au moment où la croissance démographique des villes européennes, devenue endogène, n'a plus été alimentée par la migration, qu'elle soit interne ou internationale. On est ainsi passé du comptage des migrations qui font la croissance d'une ville à celle des migrants qui y sont ancrés et qui circulent entre « ici et là-bas ». Par ailleurs, les dynamiques sociales des agglomérations des pays où la transition urbaine (Zelinsky, 1971) est déjà bien avancée, sont le résultat de mobilités intra-urbaines qui s'inscrivent elles-mêmes dans des stratégies résidentielles (Brun, 1993). À leur tour, ces stratégies résidentielles ne peuvent se comprendre sans saisir le rapport que les individus et les ménages entretiennent avec leurs lieux de vie (Bonvalet et Brun, 2002 ; Rémy, 2004 ; Grafmeyer, 2010) et donc les déplacements qui les relient. À partir du milieu des années 1970, les recherches urbaines se sont aussi intéressées aux grands projets de rénovation des villes post-industrielles (Castells et Godard, 1974). La thématique de la métropolisation s'est développée à mesure que la compétition internationale entre métropoles s'est trouvée exacerbée. Rendre les grandes villes attractives pour les multinationales et les touristes ne va pas sans entraîner des pratiques de circulation. Cette attractivité s'est appuyée sur une « reconquête des centres » souvent pilotée par des politiques publiques impulsées par les pouvoirs municipaux (Bidou-Zachariasen, 2003). Cette reconquête a abouti à des reconfigurations sociales des espaces métropolitains causées en grande partie par des mobilités résidentielles différenciées selon les groupes sociaux. Des chercheurs en sciences sociales ont de plus en plus insisté sur le fait que les dynamiques urbaines sont le fruit d'un jeu complexe d'échelles de mobilités sans pouvoir toutefois développer de façon systématique une approche globale de ces mobilités, très exigeante d'un point de vue méthodologique (Lévy et Dureau, 2002). Certains, enfin, ont poussé la lecture « mobilitaire » de la ville jusqu'à l'instituer en paradigme en faisant de la mobilité un attribut d'urbanité, au risque d'en faire la qualité quasi-exclusive des élites urbaines (Urry, 2005). Cette évolution des recherches urbaines vers la prise en compte des mobilités dans leur globalité se reflète dans les recherches menées à Migrinter. Dès l'origine, les questions qui préoccupent les chercheurs du laboratoire concernent, d'une part, l'insertion des migrants dans la ville et, d'autre part, la production de la ville par les migrants. Dans un contexte politique français où l'intégration des populations immigrées est posée comme un problème social, ce qui n'a pas été sans de vifs débats dans les milieux académiques, le positionnement scientifique de Migrinter a été de considérer les migrants, en tant qu'individus ou de groupes, dotés d'une capacité d'action. Proches du point de vue de l'école urbaine de Chicago qu'alors les sciences sociales françaises redécouvrent, voire traduisent (Grafmeyer et Joseph, 1984 ; Roncayolo et Paquot, 1992), les recherches réalisées à Migrinter attribuent aux migrants le rôle d'acteurs qui s'insèrent dans la ville tout en agissant sur celle-ci. Ces producteurs de la ville sont avant tout pris en compte en tant que résidents d'un quartier, investisseurs dans leur pays d'origine ou entrepreneurs immigrés. Les évolutions ultérieures, à partir du milieu des années 1990, se sont faites au gré de la diversification des recherches et du profil des chercheurs rejoignant le laboratoire. Elles ne sont évidemment pas indépendantes de l'évolution du contexte scientifique lui-même des études urbaines et de celles sur les migrations internationales, dont Migrinter a été partie prenante. Afin de bien saisir cette contribution, essayons de donner quelques points de repères. Concernant les travaux qui portent sur les migrations internationales, on peut noter la variété des usages donnés au terme mobilités. Si l'on considère les articles qui font mention du terme « mobilités » publiés dans

Herbaceous vegetation is a major source of interference with the regeneration of woody species. This is particularly the case after forest fires, as a dense herbaceous layer usually regenerates naturally. Although the competitive effect of the herbaceous vegetation upon tree seedlings has been widely studied, there are still gaps in knowledge for management related to the effect of tree seedling age and size on the outcome of the interaction. In this study, we seek to determine the response of maritime pine (Pinus pinaster Aiton) seedlings to herbaceous competition at two different seedling ages. For that, two treatments of herbaceous competition were implemented, namely unweeded (no action around pine seedlings) and weeded (herbaceous cover removed around pine seedlings). Treatments were conducted twice (2 and 4 years after the fire), and we monitored seedling survival and growth at the end of each growing season. The treatments were implemented across three adjacent landscape units that differed in the management of burned wood and that are representative of common post-fire scenarios: no intervention, salvage logging, and an intermediate degree of intervention. Weeding increased seedling survival from 44.7% to 67.8% when seedlings were 2 years old, but had no effect for four-year-old seedlings, which showed 99% survival. Seedling growth also increased in the weeding treatment, but only slightly. Moreover, growth (and survival for two-year-old seedlings) was strongly correlated with initial seedling size, particularly in the case of two-year-old seedlings. Initial pine seedling height was strongly and positively correlated with the height of the herbaceous layer, supporting the existence of microsite features that promote plant growth above competitive effects. The results support that management actions conducive to foster post-fire pine forest restoration in this Mediterranean ecosystem should reduce herbaceous competition at early stages after fire (second or third year) and focus on larger seedlings. ; This research was funded by projects 10/2005 from the Organismo Autónomo de Parques Nacionales (Spanish Government), CGL2008-01671 from the Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (Spanish Government), and P12-RNM-2705 from Junta de Andalucía (Andalusian regional Government).

International audience ; BackgroundIn 2005, the European Union (EU) started to use a disability-free life expectancy, known as Healthy Life Years (HLY), to monitor progress in the strategic European policies such as the 2000 Lisbon strategy. HLY are based on the underlying measure: the Global Activity Limitation Indicator (GALI). Twelve years after its implementation, this study aims to assess its current use in EU Member States and the European Commission.MethodsIn March 2017, a questionnaire was sent to 28 Member states and the European Commission. The questionnaire inquired how the GALI and HLY are used to set policy targets, in which surveys the GALI has been introduced since 2005, how the GALI and HLY are presented, and what the capacity in each country is to investigate the GALI and HLY.ResultsThe survey was answered by 22 Member States and by the Commission. HLY are often used to set targets and develop strategies in health such as national health plans. Analysis of HLY has even led to policy change. In some countries, HLY have become the main indicator for health, gaining more importance than life expectancy. More recently, the GALI and HLY have also been used for policy targets outside the health sector such as in the area of pension and retirement age or in the context of sustainable development. Regarding surveys, the GALI is mostly obtained from the EU-SILC, SHARE and EHIS, but is also increasingly introduced in national surveys. National health reporting systems usually present HLY on their national statistics websites. Most countries have up to three specialists working on the GALI and HLY, which has been consistent through time. Others have increased their capacity over various institutions.ConclusionHLY is an indicator that is systematically used to monitor health developments in most EU countries. The SHARE, EU-SILC and EHIS are commonly used to assess HLY through the GALI. The results are then described in reports and presented on national statistics websites and used in different policy ...

9 pages, 5 figures, supporting information https://doi.org/10.1111/conl.12341 ; Understanding the drivers of restoration success is a central issue for marine conservation. Here, we explore the role of life‐history strategies of sessile marine species in shaping restoration outcomes and their associated timescales. A transplantation experiment for the extremely slow‐growing and threatened octocoral Corallium rubrum was highly successful over a relatively short term due to high survival and reproductive potential of the transplanted colonies. However, demographic projections predict that from 30 to 40 years may be required for fully functional C. rubrum populations to develop. More broadly, a comprehensive meta‐analysis revealed a negative correlation between survival after transplanting and growth rates among sessile species. As a result, simulated dynamics for a range of marine sessile invertebrates predict that longer recovery times are positively associated with survival rates. These results demonstrate a tradeoff between initial transplantation efforts and the speed of recovery. Transplantation of slow‐growing species will tend to require lower initial effort due to higher survival after transplanting, but the period required to fully recover habitat complexity will tend to be far longer. This study highlights the important role of life history as a driver of marine restoration outcomes and shows how demographic knowledge and modeling tools can help managers to anticipate the dynamics and timescales of restored populations ; Funding was provided by the Spanish MINECO (CTM2009-08045 and CGL2012-32194), the Oak Foundation, the TOTAL Foundation Perfect Project, and the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 689518 (MERCES). [.] IMS was supported by a FPI grant (BES-2013-066150), CL by a Ramon y Cajal (RyC-2011-08134), and JBL by a Postdoctoral grant (SFRH/BPD/74400/2010). Authors are part of the Medrecover group (2014SGR1297) ; Peer Reviewed

Knowledge of landscape and regional circumstances where conservation programs are successful on working lands inagricultural production are needed. Convertingmarginal croplands to grasslands using conservation programs such as the United States Department of Agriculture Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) should be beneficial for many grassland-obligate wildlife species; however, addition of CRP grasslands may result indifferent population effects based on regional climate, characteristics of the surrounding landscape, or species planted or established. Within landscapes occupied by lesser prairie-chickens (Tympanuchus pallidicinctus), CRP may provide habitat only for specific life stages and habitat selection for CRP may vary between wet and dry years. Among all study sites, we captured and fitted 280 female lesser prairie-chickens with very high frequency (VHF)- and global positioning system (GPS) transmitters during the spring lekking seasons of 2013-2015 to monitor habitat selection for CRP in regions of varying climate. We also estimated vital rates and habitat selection for 148 individuals, using sites in northwest Kansas, USA. The greatest ecological services of CRP became apparent when examining habitat selection and densities. Nest densities were approximately 3 times greater in CRP grasslands than native working grasslands (i.e., grazed), demonstrating a population-level benefit (CRP = 6.0 nests/10 km(2) +/- 1.29 [ SE], native working grassland = 1.7 nests/10 km(2) +/- 0.62). However, CRP supporting high nest density did not provide brood habitat; 85% of females with broods surviving to 7 days moved their young to other cover types. Regression analyses indicated lesser prairie-chickens were approximately 8 times more likely to use CRP when 5,000-ha landscapes were 70% rather than 20% grassland, indicating variation in the level of ecological services provided by CRP was dependent upon composition of the larger landscape. Further, CRP grasslands were 1.7 times more likely to be used by lesser prairie-chickens in regions receiving 40 cm compared to 70 cm of average annual precipitation and during years of greater drought intensity. Demographic and resource selection analyses revealed that establishing CRP grasslands in northwest Kansas can increase the amount nesting habitat in a region where it may have previously been limited, thereby providing refugia to sustain populations through periods of extreme drought. Nest survival, adult survival during breeding, and nonbreeding season survival did not vary between lesser prairie-chickens that used and did not use CRP grasslands. The finite rate of population growth was also similar for birds using CRP and using only native working grasslands, suggesting that CRP provides habitat similar to that of native working grassland in this region. Overall, lesser prairie-chickens may thrive in landscapes that are a mosaic of native working grassland, CRP grassland, with a minimal amount of cropland, particularly when nesting and brood habitat are in close proximity. (C) 2018 The Wildlife Society ; Kansas Wildlife, Parks, and Tourism (Federal Assistance Grant) [KS W-73-R-3]; United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Farm Services CRP Monitoring, Assessment, and Evaluation [7, KSCFWRU RWO 62]; USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service, Lesser Prairie-Chicken Initiative ; Any use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the United States Government. We thank R. D. Rodgers for providing comments and edits on a previous draft of the manuscript. B. Anderson, S. Baker, S. Bard, G. Brinkman, K. Broadfoot, R. Cooper, J. Danner, J. Decker, E. D. Entsminger, R. M. Galvin, N. Gilbert, A. Godar, G. Gould, B. Hardy, S.P. Hoffman, D. Holt, B. M. Irle, T. Karish, A. Klais, H. Kruckman, K. Kuechle, S. J. Lane, E. A. Leipold, J. Letlebo, E. Mangelinckx, L. McCall, A. Nichter, K. Phillips, J. K. Proescholdt, J. Rabon, T. Reed, A. Rhodes, B. E. Ross, D. Spencer, A. M. Steed, A. E. Swicegood, P. Waldron, B. A. Walter, I. Waters, W. J. White, E. Wiens, J. B. Yantachka, and A. Zarazua, provided much needed assistance with data collection. We greatly appreciate the logistic and technical support provided by J. C. Pitman, J. Kramer, M. Mitchener, D. K. Dahlgren, J. A. Prendergast, C. Berens, G. Kramos, A. A. Flanders, and S. Hyberg. Funding for the project was provided by Kansas Wildlife, Parks, and Tourism (Federal Assistance Grant KS W-73-R-3); United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Farm Services CRP Monitoring, Assessment, and Evaluation (12-IA-MRE CRP TA#7, KSCFWRU RWO 62); and USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service, Lesser Prairie-Chicken Initiative. ; Public domain authored by a U.S. government employee

Im Jahr 1943 wurde die 1926 gegründete "Abteilung Westen" des Instituts für Konjunkturforschung, Berlin (heute: Deutsches Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung, DIW) als "Rheinisch-Westfälisches Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung e.V." (RWI) verselbstständigt. Rainer Fremdling untersucht im ersten Teil bis 1945 die Umorientierung von der Konjunkturforschung in der Weimarer Republik zur Raumforschung unter dem Nationalsozialismus und der Kriegswirtschaft, wobei die enge Verzahnung des RWI und des DIW mit dem NS-Herrschaftssystem deutlich wird. Toni Pierenkemper widmet sich der Geschichte des RWI seit Kriegsende. Hierzu gehört die Wiederbegründung und Neuorientierung des RWI (1945 bis 1952) ebenso wie die Rolle des Instituts im wirtschaftlichen Strukturwandel und in der neuen Wirtschafts- und Währungsordnung (1952 bis 1974), in den Krisen der folgenden Jahre (1974 bis 2000) und schließlich die Neuausrichtung im neuen Jahrtausend (2000 bis 2018). Die komplexen Beziehungen zwischen Wirtschaft, Politik und wirtschaftspolitischer Beratung werden dabei offenbar. Ziel des Projekts ist es, nicht nur die Geschichte des RWI zu dokumentieren, sondern diese in die jeweiligen politischen, wirtschaftlichen und wissenschaftlichen Entwicklungen einzubetten. Das so entstehende umfassende Bild geht weit über eine reine "Institutshistorie" hinaus und lässt die deutsche Wirtschaft und Wirtschaftspolitik im Untersuchungszeitraum lebendig werden. ; This title documents the history of the Rhenish-Westphalian Institute for Economic Research (RWI), re-founded in 1943 as the "Western Division" of the German Institute for Economic Research. Starting from the initial founding in 1926, it includes the post-war re-founding and reorientation of the Institute, its redirection in the new millennium through 2018, and describes the changing economic, political, and scientific contexts of the times.

На основе данных метрических книг Барнаула XIX – начала XX в. анализируется уровень брачности населения Барнаула в исторической динамике. Дана количественная (и содержательная) характеристика абсолютных показателей и интенсивности вступления в брак у населения Барнаула на основе анализа временных рядов демографических показателей за длительный период (1825–1918 гг.). Был сделан вывод, что основной тенденцией в динамике коэффициентов брачности в Барнауле в первой половине XIX в. был умеренный рост показателей. В рамках периода фиксируется рост брачности на протяжении 1830–1840-х гг. и последующее ее снижение в течение трех десятилетий. В 1825–1860-х гг. показатель находился в зоне высокого уровня брачности. В пореформенный период фиксируется слабая тенденция к снижению уровня брачности, которая становится более заметной в начале XX столетия. Общий коэффициент брачности, за редким исключением, не превышал 10‰.Погодичные данные начала XX в. фиксируют заметные снижения показателей в 1904–1905 и 1914–1916 гг. и последующий подъем за счет частичной реализации отложенных браков. Подобная динамика связана с участием России в военных конфликтах и с революционными событиями. Тенденции брачности Барнаула сопоставимы с общесибирскими тенденциями.DOI 10.14258/izvasu(2017)5-17 ; The article is devoted to analysis of the marriage rate of Barnaul population in its historical dynamics. Quantitative (and content) characteristics of marriages of absolute indexes and intensity of concluding marriages among the population of Barnaul is given on the on the basis of time series demographic data analyzing for the time period of 1825–1918. The source base is parish register books of Barnaul churches. The author has come to the conclusion that the basic trend in the marriage rate in Barnaul in the first half of the 19th century was the moderate growth rates of indexes. In 1830–1840s there is a growth of marriage rate with its subsequent fall during the next three decades. In 1825–1860s the index was in the area of high level of marriages. In the post reform period there is a slight tendency to the marriage rate decline which becomes more noticeable in the beginning of the 20th century. The general coefficient of nuptiality with rare exceptions did not exceed 10%. Year by year data illustrate considerable decline of the indexes in the period of 1904–1905 and 1914–1916 and the following rise due to the partial concluding of the postponed marriages. The dynamics is related with the participation of Russia in military conflicts and revolutionary events. Marriage trends in Barnaul correlate with general Siberian trends.DOI 10.14258/izvasu(2017)5-17

International audience ; BackgroundIn 2005, the European Union (EU) started to use a disability-free life expectancy, known as Healthy Life Years (HLY), to monitor progress in the strategic European policies such as the 2000 Lisbon strategy. HLY are based on the underlying measure: the Global Activity Limitation Indicator (GALI). Twelve years after its implementation, this study aims to assess its current use in EU Member States and the European Commission.MethodsIn March 2017, a questionnaire was sent to 28 Member states and the European Commission. The questionnaire inquired how the GALI and HLY are used to set policy targets, in which surveys the GALI has been introduced since 2005, how the GALI and HLY are presented, and what the capacity in each country is to investigate the GALI and HLY.ResultsThe survey was answered by 22 Member States and by the Commission. HLY are often used to set targets and develop strategies in health such as national health plans. Analysis of HLY has even led to policy change. In some countries, HLY have become the main indicator for health, gaining more importance than life expectancy. More recently, the GALI and HLY have also been used for policy targets outside the health sector such as in the area of pension and retirement age or in the context of sustainable development. Regarding surveys, the GALI is mostly obtained from the EU-SILC, SHARE and EHIS, but is also increasingly introduced in national surveys. National health reporting systems usually present HLY on their national statistics websites. Most countries have up to three specialists working on the GALI and HLY, which has been consistent through time. Others have increased their capacity over various institutions.ConclusionHLY is an indicator that is systematically used to monitor health developments in most EU countries. The SHARE, EU-SILC and EHIS are commonly used to assess HLY through the GALI. The results are then described in reports and presented on national statistics websites and used in different policy settings. Expertise to analyse the GALI and HLY is available in most countries.