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Background: Medulloblastoma is associated with rare hereditary cancer predisposition syndromes; however, consensus medulloblastoma predisposition genes have not been defined and screening guidelines for genetic counselling and testing for paediatric patients are not available. We aimed to assess and define these genes to provide evidence for future screening guidelines. Methods: In this international, multicentre study, we analysed patients with medulloblastoma from retrospective cohorts (International Cancer Genome Consortium [ICGC] PedBrain, Medulloblastoma Advanced Genomics International Consortium [MAGIC], and the CEFALO series) and from prospective cohorts from four clinical studies (SJMB03, SJMB12, SJYC07, and I-HIT-MED). Whole-genome sequences and exome sequences from blood and tumour samples were analysed for rare damaging germline mutations in cancer predisposition genes. DNA methylation profiling was done to determine consensus molecular subgroups: WNT (MB WNT ), SHH (MB SHH ), group 3 (MB Group3 ), and group 4 (MB Group4 ). Medulloblastoma predisposition genes were predicted on the basis of rare variant burden tests against controls without a cancer diagnosis from the Exome Aggregation Consortium (ExAC). Previously defined somatic mutational signatures were used to further classify medulloblastoma genomes into two groups, a clock-like group (signatures 1 and 5) and a homologous recombination repair deficiency-like group (signatures 3 and 8), and chromothripsis was investigated using previously established criteria. Progression-free survival and overall survival were modelled for patients with a genetic predisposition to medulloblastoma. Findings: We included a total of 1022 patients with medulloblastoma from the retrospective cohorts (n=673) and the four prospective studies (n=349), from whom blood samples (n=1022) and tumour samples (n=800) were analysed for germline mutations in 110 cancer predisposition genes. In our rare variant burden analysis, we compared these against 53 105 sequenced controls from ExAC and identified APC, BRCA2, PALB2, PTCH1, SUFU, and TP53 as consensus medulloblastoma predisposition genes according to our rare variant burden analysis and estimated that germline mutations accounted for 6% of medulloblastoma diagnoses in the retrospective cohort. The prevalence of genetic predispositions differed between molecular subgroups in the retrospective cohort and was highest for patients in the MB SHH subgroup (20% in the retrospective cohort). These estimates were replicated in the prospective clinical cohort (germline mutations accounted for 5% of medulloblastoma diagnoses, with the highest prevalence [14%] in the MB SHH subgroup). Patients with germline APC mutations developed MB WNT and accounted for most (five [71%] of seven) cases of MB WNT that had no somatic CTNNB1 exon 3 mutations. Patients with germline mutations in SUFU and PTCH1 mostly developed infant MB SHH . Germline TP53 mutations presented only in childhood patients in the MB SHH subgroup and explained more than half (eight [57%] of 14) of all chromothripsis events in this subgroup. Germline mutations in PALB2 and BRCA2 were observed across the MB SHH , MB Group3 , and MB Group4 molecular subgroups and were associated with mutational signatures typical of homologous recombination repair deficiency. In patients with a genetic predisposition to medulloblastoma, 5-year progression-free survival was 52% (95% CI 40–69) and 5-year overall survival was 65% (95% CI 52–81); these survival estimates differed significantly across patients with germline mutations in different medulloblastoma predisposition genes. Interpretation: Genetic counselling and testing should be used as a standard-of-care procedure in patients with MB WNT and MB SHH because these patients have the highest prevalence of damaging germline mutations in known cancer predisposition genes. We propose criteria for routine genetic screening for patients with medulloblastoma based on clinical and molecular tumour characteristics. Funding: German Cancer Aid; German Federal Ministry of Education and Research; German Childhood Cancer Foundation (Deutsche Kinderkrebsstiftung); European Research Council; National Institutes of Health; Canadian Institutes for Health Research; German Cancer Research Center; St Jude Comprehensive Cancer Center; American Lebanese Syrian Associated Charities; Swiss National Science Foundation; European Molecular Biology Organization; Cancer Research UK; Hertie Foundation; Alexander and Margaret Stewart Trust; V Foundation for Cancer Research; Sontag Foundation; Musicians Against Childhood Cancer; BC Cancer Foundation; Swedish Council for Health, Working Life and Welfare; Swedish Research Council; Swedish Cancer Society; the Swedish Radiation Protection Authority; Danish Strategic Research Council; Swiss Federal Office of Public Health; Swiss Research Foundation on Mobile Communication; Masaryk University; Ministry of Health of the Czech Republic; Research Council of Norway; Genome Canada; Genome BC; Terry Fox Research Institute; Ontario Institute for Cancer Research; Pediatric Oncology Group of Ontario; The Family of Kathleen Lorette and the Clark H Smith Brain Tumour Centre; Montreal Children's Hospital Foundation; The Hospital for Sick Children: Sonia and Arthur Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, Chief of Research Fund, Cancer Genetics Program, Garron Family Cancer Centre, MDT's Garron Family Endowment; BC Childhood Cancer Parents Association; Cure Search Foundation; Pediatric Brain Tumor Foundation; Brainchild; and the Government of Ontario.

Foreword by Lynne Healy -- Introduction: Signature Pedagogy -- A Practice Laboratory of Social Work Education / Rajendra Baikady, Varoshini Nadesan, Sajid S.M. and M. Rezaul Islam -- Part I: Transforming Practice Teaching: Perspectives from Asia and the Pacific -- Chapter 1: Reclaiming a Macro Lens, Recasting Multilevel Practice: Social Work Field Education in Hong Kong / Andrew Pau Hoang, Lo Kai Chung and Lucy Porter Jordan -- Chapter 2: Developing Healthcare Social Work Curriculum and Arranging Field Work Education in China -- Johnston H. C. Wong -- Chapter 3: Fieldwork Education in Social Work as One Way of Building Bridges Between China and Europe -- Staffan Höjer, Honglin Chen, Juha Hämäläinen, Jie Lei, Steven M Shardlow, Zhao Fang -- Chapter 4: Fieldwork Education in Social Work: Perspectives of Vietnamese Social Work Students -- Huong / T Hoang and Hang T Dao -- Part II: Strengthening Field Education in Social Work: The North and South American Experience -- Chapter 5: Adopting a Trauma-Informed Perspective in the Field Practicum: Current Realities and Future Challenges -- Carolyn Knight -- Chapter 6: Social Work Field Education in the United States -- Carole Cox and Jan Miner -- Chapter 7: It's Time to Deconstruct the Problematic Attitude of 'Fieldwork' of 'Global North'! -- Shweta Singh -- Chapter 8: Social Work Field Education in Canada -- Marion Bogo and Karen M. Sewell -- Chapter 9: Integrated and Holistic Education for Social Work: The Special Place of Field Education -- Naomi B. Farber, Mariah Moran and Steven Wahle -- Chapter 10: When the Going Gets Tough: Case Studies of Challenge and Innovation in Canadian Field Education -- Brenda Morris, Sarah Todd and Alicia Kalmanovitch -- Part III: Current Realities of Social Work Field Education in Australia and Oceania -- Chapter 11: Social Work Field Education in Australia: Concepts, Challenges and 21st Century Concerns -- Helen Cleak -- Chapter 12: 'Getting Used to the First Nation Person in the Room': A Discussion on Field Practice in Australia -- Kiel Hennessey, Steven Keed, Rachael Howard, Bindi Bennett, Phillip Pallas, Kylie Agllias -- Chapter 13: Aotearoa New Zealand Field Education Practice -- Kathryn Hay, Dominic Chilvers andJane Maidment -- Chapter 14: Understanding Simulated Learning and its Relationship to Field Education -- Jennifer Boddy, Lise Johns, Christian Frost, Mark Lynch andFiona Stevens -- Chapter 15: Social Work Field Education in Australia: Issues and Trends -- Kylie Agllias and Leanne Schubert -- Part IV: Social Work Field Education in Europe -- Chapter 16: 'She Subjected Me to Pressure from Everybody in the Team': Aligning Black African Students' Experiences of Field Education with Social Workers' Motivations for Becoming Practice Educators in England -- Prospera Tedam and Irine Mano -- Chapter 17: Teaching Field Social Work: Views from Ukrainian Academia -- Tetyana Semigina -- Chapter 18: Professional Placements in Social Work Training in Southern Spain: A Comparison with Other Social Sciences -- Roser Manzanera Ruiz and Maria del Valle Medina Rodriguez -- Chapter 19: Estonian Undergraduate Social Work Students' Reflections on the Field Placement: Challenges for the Novice Social Workers -- Karmen Toros, Kersti Kriisk and Anne Tiko -- Chapter 20: Field Work Education in Social Work in Italy -- Annamaria Campanini, Marilena Dellavalle and Giovanni Cellini -- Chapter 21: A Critical Review of Practice Education in England -- Graham Ixer, Mary Baginsky and Jill Manthorpe -- Chapter 22: Hearing the Student Voice: An Evaluation of Students' Experiences and Learning in Fieldwork Education in University College Dublin, Ireland -- Elaine Wilson and Niamh Flanagan -- Chapter 23: Fieldwork in Social Work Education in Slovenia: Needs, Challenges and Possible Solutions -- Liljana Rihter and Tamara Rape Žiberna -- Chapter 24: Prior to Embarking on First Fieldwork Education Exposure: Preparing Social Work Students Through Five Experiential Learning Activities -- Elena Cabiati and Fabio Folgheraiter -- Chapter 25: Reflexivity Development Demonstrated in Examples of Field Placements of Social Work Students -- Navrátil Pavel and Navrátilová Jitka -- Chapter 26: Experiences on Social Work Field Work Education in Romania -- Béla Szabó, Ágnes Dávid-Kacsó and Éva László -- Chapter 27: Reflexivity as a Pivotal Component of Fieldwork in Social Work Education -- Jarosław Przeperski and Małgorzata Ciczkowska-Giedziun -- Chapter 28: Unconventional Practice Placements: Creativity, Partnership and New Professional Opportunities in an Italian Experience of Social Work Field Education -- M.L. Raineri, F. Corradini. C. Landi, P. Limongelli -- Chapter 29: Construction and Evaluation of Knowledge in Social Work from the Evidence of Professional Internships in Spain -- Enrique Pastor Seller -- Chapter 30: Character Strengths and Virtues for Competent Fieldwork Education: Perspectives of Undergraduate Students from Two University Departments of Social Work in Greece -- Eleni Papouli, Sevaste Chatzifotiou and Charalampos Tsairidis -- Chapter 31: Supervision about Culture and Culture in Supervision: International Field Placement -- Gurid Aga Askeland and Elsa Døhlie -- Chapter 32: Resilience Enhancement in Social Work Field Education -- Monika Punová -- Chapter 33: Social Work Field Instruction in Turkey: Challenges, Problems and Based Implications -- Cemre Bolgün and Buğra Yildirim -- Part V: Social Work Field Education under Covid-19 -- Chapter 34: The Self-directed Practicum: An Innovative Response to COVID-19 and a Crisis in Field Education -- Beth Archer-Kuhn, Angela Judge-Stasiak, Lorraine Letkemann, Jennifer Hewson and Jessica Ayala -- Chapter 35: Covid-19 Pandemic: A Threat or an Opportunity to Fieldwork Education in England? -- Paula Beesley -- Chapter 36: Performance of Volunteering and Work Duties during the Pandemic of Covid-19 in the Czech Republic: Lived Experience of Social Work Students -- Marie Špiláčková, Kateřina Glumbíková, Veronika Zegzulková, Iva Tichá and Pavlína Rabasová -- Conclusion: Technological Advancement and Changing Landscape of Social Work Practice -- Challenges Ahead of Next-Generation Practitioners -- Rajendra Baikady, Varoshini Nadesan, Sajid S.M. and M. Rezaul Islam.

This is my annual post listing books I read in the most recent year. It seems kind of hard to believe, but I have produced such a post since 2005. This is a link to the 2022 list if blog readers want to work backwards.Also, I posted short reviews of most of these books at Goodreads. Non-FictionAmitav Ghosh, The Great Derangement; Climate Change and the UnthinkableSamara Klar and Yanna Krupnikov, Independent Politics: How American Disdain for Parties Leads to Political InactionDavid Maraniss, Clemente; The Passion and Grace of Baseball's Last HeroSatchell Paige, Maybe I'll Pitch ForeverBill James, Bill James Handbook, Walk-Off EditionSean Forman, The Negro Leagues are Major LeaguesAnne Jewell, Baseball In LouisvilleJeff Silverman, The Greatest Baseball Stories Ever Told: Thirty Unforgettable Tales from the DiamondBuzz Bissinger, Three Nights in August; Strategy, Heartbreak, and Joy Inside the Mind of a ManagerRobert D. Kaplan, The Tragic Mind; Fear, Fate, and the Burden of PowerI read several books about climate change this year, but Ghosh's book is the only one that is not fiction. Ghosh writes a great deal about the need for artists to create content about climate change and he emphasizes the importance of imagining some of the catastrophic potential outcomes.  The Klar and Krupnikov book I got via ILL and read it for a project I'm working on with a colleague. The Maraniss and Paige bio and autobiography are definitely worth your time. I was inspired to read about Clemente after attending a Pirates game in Pittsburgh. I've purchased just about every book Bill James has written about baseball, including the annual Handbook (he is a contributor), but this book was disappointing. I realize the publisher is ending the run of this book because the stats are virtually all available on the internet, but I like to have them all together in one book that I can read at my leisure in my living room without a computer or device. This book does not include very many of the stats long associated with the book. The essays are fine, but the product is below the standard set by the prior editions.The Silverman edited volume has some great pieces, but I'd previously read most of the best ones. Some of the entries are not that great. I wrote a long review of Bissinger on this blog. Literature and Genre FictionLarry McMurtry, Terms of EndearmentAnne Tyler, Dinner at the Homesick RestaurantNick Hornby, Just Like YouJohn Updike, Bech is BackJenny Offill, WeatherYevgeny Zamyatin, WeI don't know why I've only recently read Terms of Endearment. I read the prior book in the Houston series decades ago. And I saw the movie with Shirley MacLaine and Jack Nicholson soon after it appeared. Oh well.Anne Tyler and Nick Hornby are always worth reading and I enjoyed both these books a great deal. The Bech book is really a set of short stories. It's OK, but uneven for this reason.  The Offill book didn't really click with me, though it occasionally mentions climate change. Zamyatin's We is a classic, but it seemed to fall short of my expectations for dystopian fiction. Genre fiction:James Kestrel, Five DecembersKurt Anderson, True Believers Colson Whitehead, Crook ManifestoWalter Mosley, Bad Boy Brawly BrownMichael Connelly, Trunk MusicJason Matthews, Palace of TreasonDerek Raymond, He Died With His Eyes OpenI'd say these books were the cream of the crop. Kestrel's book is excellent and I urge everyone to read it. Kestrel, Anderson, and Matthews have all written books featuring spies and espionage so it was another good year for reading that sort of fiction.Whitehead, Mosley, Connelly, and Raymond work in the crime genre and these are captivating examples. Ward Just, Exiles in the GardenM is for Malice, Sue GraftonJoe Gores, HammettR.D. Rosen, Dead BallRichard McGuire, HereIan Fleming, On Her Majesty's Secret ServiceDonald Westlake, Brothers KeepersDonald Hamilton, Death of a CitizenRichard Stark (Donald Westlake), SlaygroundDavid Goodis, The Wounded and the SlainCharles Willeford, The Burnt Orange HeresyRobert B. Parker, Taming a Sea HorseLoren Estleman, Angel EyesRoss McDonald, Sleeping BeautyDonald Westlake, The HookClaudia Davila, Luz Sees the LightCarl Hiaasen, Star IslandChristopher Buckley, Make Russia Great AgainJack Handey, The Stench of HonoluluMany, actually most, of the other authors are familiar from past iterations of this summary report. You'll find books here from the Kinsey Milhone, Easy Rawlins, Spencer, and Lew Archer detective series, which I'm generally reading in order. There are a couple of graphic novels about climate change on this list. Here is an interesting concept as the artist has drawn the changes over time to a single plot of land. The Luz book is for children, which means it is a quick read. Many of these books were OK, but most were so-so and had some serious flaws. I'm not going to be detailing all of those here, but you can probably find out on my Goodreads account. Buckley and Handey prove that it can be difficult to be funny. 
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Over the last five years, the Center for Migration Studies of New York (CMS) has conducted four surveys of Catholic immigrant-serving institutions, programs, and ministries in the United States. These surveys identify the multi-faceted needs of immigrants and refugees, and examine the successes and challenges of Catholic institutions in responding to them. CMS administered its most recent survey, the Catholic Refugee and Immigrant Service Integration Survey (the "CRISIS Survey") from December 14, 2020 through February 5, 2021. This survey explored the work of Catholic institutions during the Trump administration and the COVID-19 pandemic. The CRISIS Survey documents the reach, diversity, and productivity of Catholic institutions that worked with immigrants and refugees during a pandemic that particularly devastated their communities and an administration whose policies and rhetoric made their work far more difficult. At a time of rampant "Catholic decline" narratives, the survey also documents the reach, vitality, and relevance of Catholic immigrant-serving institutions. It identifies the obstacles encountered by immigrants in accessing Catholic programs and ministries — both organizational (funding, staffing, and siting) and exogenous (federal policies, the pandemic, and community opposition). It underscores the threat posed by US immigration policies to immigrants and to the work of Catholic institutions. Survey respondents reported that they offered new services during this period, such as: Financial assistance for families, particularly those at risk of losing housing or utilities. COVID-19 testing, education, contact tracing, and quarantine services. Mental health services. Grief support and assistance with funeral expenses. Delivery of food and sanitation supplies for infected and other homebound persons. Voter registration and Census promotion activities. Virtually all respondents provided services remotely during the pandemic. Many reported on difficulties faced by immigrants in accessing their services, due to poor internet connections, limited computer access, and lack of communications technology and training. Respondents identified several factors that negatively affected immigrants' access to their services pre-pandemic. As in previous CMS surveys, these factors included lack of immigration status, negative community attitudes toward immigrants, fear of apprehension (particularly after traffic stops) and deportation, public transportation deficiencies, stigma over receipt of mental health services, and identification requirements to access public benefits. Respondents also reported on obstacles in working with immigrants during the pandemic. These included the pandemic itself, limited funding, demand that outpaced resources, government restrictions on relief and benefit eligibility, and (particularly for students) living arrangements, work, and family caretaking responsibilities. Respondents overwhelmingly believed that immigration enforcement, tied to fear of deportation, very negatively or somewhat negatively affected participation in their services and programs. In Catholic terms, they reported that nativist immigration policies, rhetoric, and media sources interfered with their practice of discipleship. One respondent stated, "Fear of ICE and round-ups, locally in our state and nationally, along with negative immigration rhetoric from the out-going president have made our clients very fearful to access services they rightly qualify for." A healthcare provider reported that immigrants were "avoiding or delaying seeking treatment for COVID-19 for fear of apprehension and/or deportation." Many said that enforcement partnerships between Immigration and Customs Enforcement and states and localities made immigrants fearful of reporting crimes or accessing government facilities. One said that potential sponsors feared coming forward to reunify with children. Respondents also cited as problems delays in family reunification, barriers to asylum-seekers entering the United States, decreased refugee admissions, and the Trump administration's rule on the public charge ground of inadmissibility. The report recommends that Catholic institutions take stock of the creative new programs, skills and capacities that they have developed during the pandemic and build on them. It also recommends that scholars and researchers prioritize independent, person-centered research that critically analyzes the work of Catholic immigrant-serving institutions. Such research would ask whether these institutions, in the words of Pope Francis, are putting "the person at the center, in his or her many aspects" and honoring the "fundamental equality" of every person. It would draw on the perspectives of immigrants served by Catholic institutions to examine the degree to which these institutions advance the rights, participation, and wellbeing of immigrants and their families in US society. Finally, it would analyze how Catholic institutions work with each other — within Arch/dioceses, regionally, nationally, and across these realms — in response to the cross-cutting needs of immigrants. The report recommends that Catholic institutions develop programmatic plans to ensure that immigrants can return to or can continue to access their programs and ministries as the pandemic subsides. These plans will need to combine communication strategies, financial support, and services such as transportation and childcare. In addition, Catholic institutions should make it a high priority to ensure that immigrants can access the infrastructure, platforms, and training that will allow them to access virtual services. They should also develop strategies to engage Catholics who do not understand, who ignore, or who work at cross-purposes to Catholic teaching and policy positions in this area. Finally, they should redouble their work with the administration and Congress to reform US immigration laws, and with states and localities to promote welcoming and inclusive communities.

This thesis argues that it is productive to consider playthings, playmates, playgrounds, and play practices as constituting a set with shared design characteristics. I make this argument by analyzing a series of examples, teasing out commonalities, and articulating these as play design principles. Since play is central to human experience, play design techniques allow us to design for the whole human, whether we are crafting games, tools, learning experiences, or playthings. SimCity, a software plaything that confounds game-centric approaches (e.g. game studies and game design), is the keystone in an arch of case studies that takes us from some of the earliest examples of computer simulation all the way to model cities enacted with children, cardboard, and costumes, and unusual playgrounds made of junk.Before turning to the case studies that lead to the principles of play design, we must first address two foundational methodological points:First, in order to analyze something as play, we must be able to speak constructively about play itself, which is a bewildering subject. In chapter 1, Play, we review the literature on play, reconciling multiple perspectives and definitions, and distill seven play characteristics that underpin the thesis.Second, in order to analyze software, we must have methods for doing so. Chapter 2, Software, advances an analytical framework for this purpose. This is a methodological contribution to the nascent field of software studies, which seeks to interpret the semi-visible infrastructure of computing that mediates modern life, from our bodies and our most intimate relationships to our public and political lives. To link software to play, I introduce an additional analytical framework for considering software as a resource for play.Will Wright created SimCity to amuse himself and learn about cities. To build it, he appropriated from multiple traditions in which computers are used as tools for modeling and thinking about the world as a complex system, most notably system dynamics and cellular automata. Wright's make believe play was scaffolded by these software practices, which offered inspiration and guidance, as well as abstract computational primitives for world building. Chapters 3–5 trace the historical contexts and origins of SimCity's many design influences, from system dynamics (chapter 3) and cellular automata (chapter 4)—two very different ways of seeing, thinking about, and computationally representing the world—to Pinball Construction Set and Raid on Bungling Bay (chapter 5).Taking up the evolution of software in this way allows us to see how it is formed, what it is made of, and how ideas are embedded within and perpetuated by it. Deconstruction also helps us to understand software as a medium of dynamic representation, a scaffold for thought, an aesthetic experience, and its appeal as a resource for play.In Chapter 5, SimBusiness, I give a historical account of SimCity's creation and the social circumstances that shaped its design, and sketch the history of Maxis, the company that marshaled and published SimCity. The trajectory of Maxis offers a parable about play and creativity. We see in Maxis's formation and unraveling the inescapable tension between play and capitalism, and between intrinsic and extrinsic play—the private autotelic play that innovates and creates, and the public play of player-consumers that pays the bills.Chapter 6, SimCity, completes the SimCity case study by considering it as play artifact and experience. Using extensive diagrams that translate and map its code, I perform a close reading of SimCity, explaining how it conjures the illusion of a miniature living city, and how this living world scaffolds play.Two non-digital examples round out the play design case studies. In chapter 7, City Building Education, we look at Doreen Nelson's practice of building and role playing model cities with children in classrooms. Nelson's simulation is an excellent counterpoint to Wright's, and their comparison elucidates many play design principles. Chapter 8, Adventure Playground, looks at an unusual playground in which children build with junk, and play with risks and materials, like wood, paint, and nails, that are typically withheld from them. In addition to illuminating principles of play design, the adventure playground tradition reveals play's "refructifying" (Sutton-Smith 1999) capacity to sweep up everything, even the detritus of civilization, and creatively reimagine it. Conceived amidst the darkness of World War II, adventure playgrounds illustrate how life transcends ruin through play—an important lesson for the 21st century's unfolding challenges.In chapter 9, Play Design, I articulate play design principles drawn from the case studies. The principles are analytical, enabling us to see how play is scaffolded, as well as generative, prescribing design strategies for scaffolding play. This analytical-generative pairing enables us to deconstruct the design of a plaything, and transfer these design techniques to a new project—a technique that should be of interest to the educators, marketers, and designers of all stripes who have often envied the deep focus, enthusiasm, and pleasure afforded by make believe caves, dungeons, cities, and computationally animated living worlds. Play design is also deeply relevant to new embodiments of computation on the horizon, such as augmented reality and tangible dynamic media. Play is profoundly appropriative, and good play designs teach us how to robustly accommodate unpredictable environments and activities—a key design consideration for builders of such systems, which must gracefully take in the human world in all its glorious messiness.

За останні десятиріччя значно почастішали випадки звернень до ортодонтів пацієнтів із зубощелепними аномаліями, зумовленими різноманітними системними захворюваннями. Ортодонтичне лікування таких пацієнтів досить складне та довготривале, а іноді малоефективне. Тому нерідко виникають непорозуміння між лікарями та батьками хворих дітей. Ортодонт, щоб уникнути цього, повинен добре орієнтуватися в діагностиці спадкових захворювань, знати найбільш характерні їх прояви. У спеціальній вітчизняній літературі ці питання висвітлені ще недостатньо. Тому є актуальним ознайомлення лікарів-ортодонтів з найпоширенішою патологією, яка проявляється різними порушеннями зубощелепнолицевої ділянки, що потребує міждисциплінарного підходу не тільки у проведенні їх диференційної діагностики, а й у виборі адекватних комплексних методів лікування, особливо апаратного, та вміти прогнозувати його результати. Проведені дослідження та клінічні спостереження засвідчили, що пацієнти з синдромальною патологією потребують особливої уваги до себе. В першу чергу, вони повинні перебувати на диспансерному обліку за місцем проживання і проходити лікування в спеціалізованих центрах, які на даний час ще не функціонують. Питання своєчасного та адекватного лікування таких хворих на професійному рівні повинні вирішуватися при участі спеціалістів відповідного профілю, а також при широкій і всебічній підтримці органів охорони здоров'я та місцевого самоврядування.За последние десятилетия значительно участились случаи обращений к ортодонтам пациентов с зубочелюстными аномалиями, обусловленными различными системными заболеваниями. Ортодонтическое лечение таких пациентов довольно сложное и длительное, а иногда малоэффективное. Поэтому нередко возникают недоразумения между врачами и родителями больных детей. Ортодонт, чтобы избежать этого, должен хорошо ориентироваться в диагностике наследственных заболеваний, знать наиболее характерные их проявления. В специальной отечественной литературе эти вопросы освещены недостаточно. Поэтому актуально ознакомление врачей-ортодонтов с распространенной патологией, которая проявляется различными нарушениями зубочелюстнолицевой области, что требует междисциплинарного подхода не только в проведении их дифференциальной диагностики, но и в выборе адекватных комплексных методов лечения, особенно аппаратного, и уметь прогнозировать его результаты. Проведенные исследования и клинические наблюдения показали, что пациенты с синдромальной патологией требуют особого внимания к себе. В первую очередь, они должны находиться на диспансерном учете по месту жительства и проходить лечение в специализированных центрах, которые в настоящее время еще не функционируют. Вопросы своевременного и адекватного лечения таких больных на профессиональном уровне должны решаться при участии специалистов соответствующего профиля, а также при широкой и всесторонней поддержке органов здравоохранения и местного самоуправления. ; Over the past decade, more frequent cases of appeals to orthodontists patients with dentition abnormalities caused by various systemic diseases. Orthodontic treatment of these patients is quite difficult and timeconsuming and sometimes ineffective. Because there are often misunderstandings between doctors and parents of sick children. Orthodontist to avoid this, is to learn the ropes in the diagnosis of hereditary diseases, they know the most characteristic manifestations. In a special national literature highlights these issues is not enough. Therefore, there is urgent review of medical orthodontists with the most common pathology, which manifests itself in various disorders that requires a multidisciplinary approach not only in carrying out their differential diagnosis, but also in the choice of correct therapeutic method, especially hardware and be able to predict the results. Past studies have shown that the largest number of patients 37.5 % (19 people) were patients with syndrome Christa-Siemens-Touraine, in which affected all derived from the ectoderm characterized by the so-called "Three-ada": anhidrosis no sweat glands, atryhoz no hair aedentia lack of dental germs (multiple and full). In second place at the request of the clinic patients with the syndrome were Sheysthauer Marie-Seiton (clavicular head dysostosis) and fibromatosis, 8.7 % (6 people) and 10.1 % (7 people), respectively. Hondrodystrofiya met less frequently 7.3 % (5 people). Third place was taken syndromes such as: Papiyona-Lefebvre 5.8 % (4 persons), pituitary dwarfism 4.4 % (3 persons), osteogenesis imperfecta 4.4 % (3 persons) Franchesketti-Tsvalena 4 4 % (3 persons), Albright 4.4 % (3 persons) and others. Studies have shown that the main symptom of dental genetic syndromes, as hondrodystrofie, traumatic clavicular dysostosis and gingival fibromatosis is multiple and full retention of teeth. Retarded teeth at hondrodystrofie and clavicular head dysostosis located randomly in the jaw bones. The roots of their underdeveloped shortened, twisted, apical part in most of them immature, despite the older age of the patient. When cleidocranial dysostosis, unlike hondrodystrofie in jaw bones along with retarded teeth with complete teeth was a significant number of supernumerary teeth. In addition, some retarded teeth located in the opposite direction of eruption. Temporary teeth for a long time detained in alignment and all were affected by caries. In patients with syndrome Franchesketti-Tsvalena-Klein (maxillo-facial dysostosis), there was one, and sometimes bilateral lesions of the face as a result of violation of origin of the first gill arch gill and furrows. The syndrome Papiyona-Lefebvre (hyperkeratosis hand-plantar with parodontoliz) observed innate (already at birth) hyperkeratosis of palms and soles and progressive destruction of alveolar bone around temporary and then permanent teeth. Our studies and clinical observations have shown that patients with syndrome disorders need special attention. First of all, they should be on the dispensary in the community and be treated in specialized centers, which are currently not operational yet. The issue of timely and adequate treatment of such patients should be handled professionally with the participation of specialists of the profile, as well as broad and comprehensive support of health authorities and local governments.

In Germany, secondary school students differ greatly in their science achievement, a dispersion that is far above the OECD average (Schiepe-Tiska, Rönnebeck, & Neumann, 2019). Immigrant students tend to be at the lower end of the scale in Germany – on average, they achieve substantially less well in science than non-immigrant students (OECD, 2016d), which is partially due to the German school system (Zoido, 2013). These differences in achievement translate into underrepresentation of immigrants in science-related jobs in Germany (OECD, 2008). Achievement and career choices are closely intertwined with academic self-concept (for an overview see Marsh & Craven, 2006). Regarding science self-concept, the pattern that immigrant students tend to score lower is present in many countries (e.g. Riegle-Crumb, Moore, & Ramos-Wada, 2011). The goal of the present research project was to investigate these inequalities between immigrant and non-immigrant secondary school students. This was done focusing on secondary school students' chemistry self-concepts. Chemistry self-concepts were focused on because achievement in chemistry is an important factor for careers in natural sciences (Cohen & Kelly, 2019). Research on chemistry self-concept has concentrated on young adults (e.g. Bauer, 2005; Xu & Lewis, 2011) and so little is known about secondary school students. Besides the impact of students' migration background, the research project analyses the role that gender plays because gender has important effects on science self-concepts (e.g. Jurik, Gröschner, & Seidel, 2013; Riegle-Crumb et al., 2011; Wan & Lee, 2017). A big challenge in this context was that the prevailing methods in academic self-concept research are prone to yield biased data (Byrne, 2002; Byrne et al., 2009). Although this was pointed out more than 15 years ago, the problem persists in science self-concept research. The present research project addresses this issue and presents a new mixed methods approach to culture-sensitive academic self-concept research. The term 'culture' is used in the sense of migration background, a concept that categorizes people's migration histories in Germany. A combination of qualitative interview data and quantitative data permit an investigation of certain types of bias defined by Byrne and colleagues (2009). The pilot study operated with a chemistry self-concept questionnaire (N=116) and qualitative interviews (N=43). The main study was based on an extended questionnaire comprising several other scales (N=585) and deeper qualitative interviews (N=48). The hypotheses based on the literature were that in Germany, (h1) immigrant students would show more negative chemistry self-concepts than non-immigrant students. (h2) Female students would show more negative chemistry self-concepts than male students. The third hypothesis (h3) was that the home environment has an important impact on students' chemistry self-concepts. The first two hypotheses (h1 and h2) were not confirmed. Gender and migration background did not show a significant effect on students' chemistry self-concepts. Instead, gender relations differ depending on the students' migration background. Among students without a migration background, boys tend to have stronger chemistry self-concepts than girls. In contrast, among students with a Turkish migration background, girls tend to have stronger chemistry self-concepts. Existing science self-concept literature did not explain this. Literature on gender relations in science in Turkey suggests that this interaction effect could be due to a more gender-neutral conception of science in Turkey. Slightly more women than men work in science in Turkey (OECD, 2009a) and girls achieve substantially better (Batyra, 2017a, 2017b). According to the third hypothesis (h3), the gender conceptions in Turkey could potentially be transmitted to students with a Turkish migration background in the home environment, through their parents or other people. Science education literature did not provide a satisfying model for conceptualizing the influence of the home environment on students in the field of chemistry that would allow investigating the third hypothesis (h3). Therefore, the concept of chemistry capital was introduced based on the analysis of the interviews in the main study. Chemistry capital was developed based on the concept of science capital by Archer and colleagues (2015). Chemistry capital conceptualizes the resources a person possesses that have value in the field of chemistry. This encompasses social networks (e.g. knowing a chemist) as well as emotional and cognitive resources (e.g. attitudes towards chemistry and chemistry knowledge), and the engagement in chemistry-related activities. In particular, the concept allows analyzing the transmission processes of chemistry from the home environment to the individual student. The qualitative analyses in the main study showed that the chemistry capital home environment influences the students in the field of chemistry in multiple ways. This supports hypothesis 3 (h3). Further, the data suggest that structural inequalities in the German school system might foster differences in chemistry. Students who already possess little chemistry capital in their home environments are in addition found more often at the type of school (Hauptschule) in which the proportion of chemistry teachers who do not hold a university degree in chemistry is the highest, depriving these students of another possible source of chemistry capital. Vice versa, students who already possess a lot of chemistry capital in their home environments more often attend school types (Gymnasium, Realschule) where also more formally qualified chemistry teachers are available, thus potentially widening the gap. The mixed methods analysis in the main study suggested that a simple linear relationship between student chemistry self-concept and chemistry capital in the home environment does not exist. A study based on quantitative (or mixed methods) analyses of data of a larger sample on chemistry capital in the home environment and students' chemistry self-concepts could provide further insights. It is not yet clear if the third hypothesis (h3) is true. To sum up, the present research project thus advances the field of chemistry education in three regards: (i) it provides an approach to culture-sensitive academic self-concept. This approach proved to increase both the validity and the explanatory power of chemistry self-concept research. It is not chemistry-specific and can, thus, be used in other areas of research as well. (ii) The research discovered an interaction effect of gender and migration background on chemistry self-concept that was unknown in science education literature. (iii) It introduces and defines the concept of chemistry capital which permits to analyze chemistry education from a sociocultural perspective. Employing the concept of chemistry capital helps to shift the focus from the individual student to the resources a student possesses in the sociocultural context that help him or her succeed in the field of chemistry. This allows uncovering social inequalities in the field that need to be addressed in educational policy. Moreover, it can inspire intervention studies and application-focused research (e.g. approaches to culture-sensitive chemistry teaching). ; Schülerinnen und Schüler in Deutschland unterscheiden sich immens in ihren Leistungen in den Naturwissenschaften, eine deutlich breitere Streuung als im OECD-Mittel (Schiepe-Tiska et al., 2019). Schülerinnen und Schüler mit Migrationshintergrund befinden sich in Deutschland tendenziell am unteren Ende der Leistungsskala – im Durchschnitt zeigen sie erheblich schlechtere Leistungen in den Naturwissenschaften als Schülerinnen und Schüler ohne Migrationshintergrund (OECD, 2016d). Dies scheint zu einem Teil dem deutschen Schulsystem geschuldet (Zoido, 2013). Diese Leistungsunterschiede in den Naturwissenschaften schlagen sich auf dem Arbeitsmarkt nieder: In Deutschland sind Personen mit Migrationshintergrund in naturwissenschaftsnahen Berufen unterrepräsentiert (OECD, 2008). Leistungen und Berufswahl sind eng mit akademischen Selbstkonzepten verwoben (for an overview see Marsh & Craven, 2006). Und auch hier zeigt sich, dass Schülerinnen und Schüler mit Migrationshintergrund in vielen Ländern schwächere naturwissenschaftliche Selbstkonzepte haben (e.g. Riegle-Crumb et al., 2011). Ziel des vorliegenden Forschungsprojekts war es, diese Ungleichheiten zwischen Schülerinnen und Schülern der Sekundarstufe zu untersuchen. Hierzu wurden ihre Selbstkonzepte analysiert, mit besonderem Fokus auf den Aspekt des Migrationshintergrunds. Genauer gesagt wurden Chemie-Selbstkonzepte untersucht, da Leistungen in diesem Fach eine Gatekeeper-Funktion für naturwissenschaftliche Karrieren besitzen (Cohen & Kelly, 2019). Die Forschung über Chemie-Selbstkonzepte hat sich in der Vergangenheit auf junge Erwachsene beschränkt (e.g. Bauer, 2005; Xu & Lewis, 2011), weshalb wenig über die Chemie-Selbstkonzepte von Schülerinnen und Schülern der Sekundarstufe bekannt ist. Neben dem Migrationshintergrund wird auch Gender als Variable betrachtet, da Gender bedeutenden Einfluss auf naturwissenschaftliche Selbstkonzepte ausübt (e.g. Jurik et al., 2013; Riegle-Crumb et al., 2011; Wan & Lee, 2017). In diesem Kontext stellte sich die große Herausforderung, dass die vorherrschenden Methoden in der Forschung zu akademischen Selbstkonzepte möglicherweise verzerrte Daten liefern (Byrne, 2002; Byrne et al., 2009). Obwohl diese Problematik schon vor über 15 Jahren thematisiert wurde, besteht es in der naturwissenschaftlichen Selbstkonzeptforschung bis heute fort. Das vorliegende Forschungsprojekt befasst sich mit diesem Problem und legt einen neuen Forschungsansatz für kultursensible akademische Selbstkonzeptforschung im Mixed-Methods-Design vor. Der Begriff der 'Kultur' wird hier im Sinne des Migrationshintergrunds genutzt, ein Konzept, mit dem sich die Migrationsgeschichten der Menschen in Deutschland kategorisieren lassen. Die Kombination aus qualitativen Interviewdaten und quantitativen Daten ermöglicht es, einige der Arten von Verzerrungen zu detektieren, die von Byrne und Kollegen (2009) definiert wurden. In der Pilotstudie wurden Daten mittels eines Fragebogens zum Chemie-Selbstkonzept (N=116) sowie qualitativer Interviews erhoben (N=43). Die Hauptstudie basiert auf Fragebogen (N=585), der einige weitere Skalen umfasst, sowie qualitativen Interviews (N=48). Aus der Literatur wurden folgende Hypothesen abgeleitet: (h1) Schülerinnen und Schüler mit Migrationshintergrund zeigen vermutlich schwächere Chemie-Selbstkonzepte als solche ohne Migrationshintergrund. (h2) Weibliche Schülerinnen zeigen vermutlich schwächere Chemie-Selbstkonzepte als männliche Schüler. (h3) Das häusliche Umfeld übt vermutlich einen bedeutenden Einfluss auf die Chemie-Selbstkonzepte der Schülerinnen und Schüler aus. Die ersten beiden Hypothesen (h1 und h2) bestätigten sich nicht. Gender und Migrationshintergrund zeigten keine signifikanten Effekte auf die Chemie-Selbstkonzepte der Schülerinnen und Schüler. Stattdessen zeigte sich, dass die Geschlechterverhältnisse von den Migrationshintergründen der Schülerinnen und Schüler abhängen. Bei den Schülerinnen und Schülern ohne Migrationshintergrund haben Jungen tendenziell stärkere Chemie-Selbstkonzepte als Mädchen. Im Gegensatz hierzu zeigen bei den Schülerinnen und Schülern mit türkischem Migrationshintergrund die Mädchen tendenziell stärkere Chemie-Selbstkonzepte als die Jungen. Die bestehende Forschung zu naturwissenschaftlichen Selbstkonzepten vermochte diese Befunde nicht zu erklären. Literatur über die Geschlechterverhältnisse in den Naturwissenschaften in der Türkei legt die Vermutung nahe, dass dieser Interaktionseffekt auf einem stärker genderneutralen Konzept der Naturwissenschaften in der Türkei beruhen könnte. In der Türkei arbeiten etwas mehr Frauen als Männer in naturwissenschaftlichen Berufen (OECD, 2009a) und Mädchen zeigen deutlich bessere Leistungen in Naturwissenschaften (Batyra, 2017a, 2017b). Nach der dritten Hypothese (h3) könnten diese Gender-Konzepte möglicherweise durch das häusliche Umfeld, also durch Eltern oder andere wichtige Bezugspersonen an die Schülerinnen und Schüler mit türkischem Migrationshintergrund weitergetragen werden. Die naturwissenschaftsdidaktische Literatur hielt kein zufriedenstellendes Modell bereit zur Konzeptualisierung des Einflusses des häuslichen Umfelds auf die Schülerinnen und Schüler im Feld der Chemie und somit zur Untersuchung der dritten Hypothese (h3). Aus diesem Grund wurde im vorliegenden Forschungsprojekt das Konzept des chemistry capital entwickelt und in die Forschungsliteratur eingeführt. Chemistry capital basiert auf der Forschung zu science capital nach Archer und Kollegen (2015). Chemistry capital konzeptualisiert die Ressourcen einer Person, die im Feld der Chemie Wert haben. Dies umfasst soziale Netzwerke (z. B. Kontakt zu einer Chemikerin/einem Chemiker), emotionale und kognitive Ressourcen (z. B. Chemie-Wissen und Einstellung gegenüber Chemie) sowie chemiebezogene Aktivitäten. Die qualitativen Analysen zeigten, dass das chemistry capital im häuslichen Umfeld die Schülerinnen und Schüler im Feld der Chemie auf vielfältige Weise beeinflusst. Dies unterstützt Hypothese 3 (h3). Weiterhin legen die Daten die Vermutung nahe, dass strukturelle Ungleichheiten im deutschen Schulsystem die Unterschiede in Chemie verstärken. Schülerinnen und Schüler mit wenig chemistry capital in ihrem häuslichen Umfeld besuchen tendenziell Schulen, in denen der Anteil an fachfremden Chemielehrkräften besonders hoch ist. Hierdurch wird diesen Schülerinnen und Schülern eine wichtige Quelle von chemistry capital vorenthalten. Im Gegensatz hierzu scheinen die Schülerinnen und Schüler, die bereits in ihrem häuslichen Umfeld über chemistry capital verfügen, tendenziell Schulen zu besuchen, in denen Chemie fast ausschließlich durch Fachlehrkräfte unterrichtet wird. Die Mixed-Methods-Analyse in der Hauptstudie legte die Vermutung nahe, dass zwischen Chemie-Selbstkonzept der Schülerinnen und Schüler und chemistry capital im häuslichen Umfeld kein linearer Zusammenhang besteht. Eine Studie mit größerem Stichprobenumfang basierend auf quantitativen (oder Mixed-Methods-) Analysen von chemistry capital im häuslichen Umfeld und Chemie-Selbstkonzept könnte tiefere Einblicke bieten. Es ist derzeit noch unklar, ob die dritte Hypothese (h3) wahr ist. Das vorliegende Forschungsprojekt treibt die chemie- und naturwissenschafts-didaktische Forschung also in dreifacher Hinsicht voran: (i) Es legt einen Ansatz für kultursensible Erforschung akademischer Selbstkonzepte vor. Dieser Ansatz verbesserte sowohl die Validität als auch die Erklärungskraft der Chemie-Selbstkonzeptforschung. Er ist nicht chemiespezifisch und kann daher in anderen Bereichen der Selbstkonzeptforschung genutzt werden. (ii) Ein Interaktionseffekt von Gender und Migrationshintergrund wurde entdeckt, der in der Literatur zuvor noch nicht beschrieben wurde. (iii) Das Konzept des chemistry capital wurde definiert und in die Literatur eingeführt. Es ermöglicht Analysen des Chemielernens aus einer soziokulturellen Perspektive. Der Fokus verschiebt sich von den individuellen Schülerinnen und Schülern hin zu den Ressourcen, über die eine Schülerin oder ein Schüler in seinem oder ihrem sozikulturellen Kontext verfügt und die sie oder ihn im Feld der Chemie unterstützen. Dies erlaubt es, soziale Ungleichheiten in dem Feld aufzudecken, mit denen sich die Bildungspolitik befassen muss. Weiterhin birgt chemistry capital das Potential, Interventionsstudien und anwendungsorientierte Forschung (z. B. Ansätze zu kultursensiblem Chemieunterricht) zu inspirieren.

Part I. Slavery, survival, and community building / Kidada E. Williams -- "An address to the slaves of the United States" / Henry Highland Garnet -- From life and adventures of Charles Ball / Charles Ball -- From incidents in the life of a slave girl / Harriet Jacobs -- "Roll Jordan roll" / adapted by Nicholas Britell -- "I've been in the storm so long" -- "Before Charleston's church shooting, a long history of attacks" / Douglas R. Egerton -- "The first attack on Charleston's AME Church" / Maurie McInnis -- From "sweet dreams of freedom': freedwomen's reconstruction of life and labor in lowcountry South Carolina" / Leslie Schwalm -- From soul by soul: life inside the antebellum slave market / Walter Johnson -- From saltwater slavery: a middle passage from Africa to American diaspora / Stephanie E. Smallwood -- From in the shadow of slavery: African Americans in New York City, 1626-1863 / Leslie M. Harris -- Part II. Religious life, spirituality, and racial identity / Keisha N. Blain -- From religious experience and journal of Mrs. Jarena Lee, giving an account of her call to preach the gospel / Jarena Lee -- "Amazing grace" / John Newton -- "Love and terror in the Black church" / Michael Eric Dyson -- "The long and proud history of Charleston's AME Church" / Manisha Sinha -- "The condition of Black life is one of mourning" / Claudia Rankine -- From African American religion: a very short introduction / Eddie S. Glaude -- From "bitter herbs and a lock of hair: recollections of Africa in slave narratives of the Garrisonian era" / Jermaine O. Archer -- From Islam in Black America: identity, liberation, and difference in African American Islamic thought / Edward Curtis -- From God's long summer: stories of faith and civil rights / Charles Marsh -- From songs of Zion: the African Methodist Episcopal Church in the United States and South Africa / James Campbell -- Part III. The Civil War and Reconstruction in history and memory / Kidada E. Williams -- "The Civil Rights Bill": extracts from a speech delivered in the House of Representatives / Robert Brown Elliot -- "Declaration of the immediate causes which induce and justify the secession of South Carolina from the federal union" -- From "The Constitution of the Confederate States" / with annotations by Stephanie McCurry -- "Corner stone speech" / Alexander H. Stephens -- "No more auction block for me" / Gustavus D. Pike -- From "A second Haitian revolution: John Brown, Toussaint Louverture, and the making of the American Civil War" / Matthew Clavin -- From Black over White: Negro political leadership in South Carolina during Reconstruction / Thomas C. Holt -- From to joy my freedom: southern Black womens' lives and labors after the Civil War / Tera W. Hunter -- From Confederate reckoning: power and politics in the Civil War south / Stephanie McCurry -- From terror in the heart of freedom: citizenship, sexual violence, and the meaning of race in the post-emancipation south / Hannah Rosen -- Part IV. Jim Crow, racial politics, and global White supremacy / Kidada E. Williams -- From Plessy v. Ferguson / Supreme Court of the United States (163 U.S. 537) -- From "Declaration of the rights of the Negro peoples of the world: the principles of the Universal Negro Improvement Association" / Marcus Garvey and the UNIA -- "Call to the march" / Asa Philip Randolph -- From "The souls of White folk" / W.E.B. Du Bois -- From a red record / Ida B. Wells-Barnett -- "If we must die" / Claude McKay -- "Strange fruit" / Abel Meeropol and Billie Holliday -- "Rhodesian flag, Confederate flag: roof and the legacies of racial hate" / Benjamin Foldy -- From southern horrors: women and the politics of rape and lynching / Crystal N. Feimster -- From "We are not what we seem': rethinking Black working-class opposition in the Jim Crow south" / Robin D.G. Kelley -- From "to speak when and where I can': African American women's political activism in South Carolina in the 1940s and 1950s" / Cherisse Jones-Branch -- From the possessive investment in whiteness: how White people profit from identity politics / George Lipsitz -- "Blackness beyond boundaries': navigating the political economies of global inequality" / Manning Marable -- Part V. Civil rights and Black power / Chad Williams -- "Testimony before the Credentials Committee, Democratic National Convention, Atlantic City, New Jersey" / Fannie Lou Hamer -- "We shall overcome" -- "Mississippi Goddam" / Nina Simone -- "The Black agenda--Gary declaration: Black politics at the crossroads" / National Black Political Convention -- "Is it time to reevaluate the church's role in the civil rights movement?" / Robin Blake -- "More than a seat on the bus" / Danielle McGuire -- From "Joanne is you and Joanne is me': a consideration of african american women and the 'free joan little' movement, 1974-75" / Genna Rae McNeil -- From "could history repeat itself? the prospects for a second reconstruction in post-World War II South Carolina" / Robert Korstad -- From up south: civil rights and Black power in Philadelphia / Matthew Countryman -- From we will shoot back: armed resistance in the Mississippi freedom movement / Akinyele Umoja -- Part VI. Contemporary perspectives on race and racial violence / Chad Williams -- "Remarks by the president in eulogy for the honorable Reverend Clementa Pinckney, College of Charleston, Charleston, South Carolina" / Barack Obama -- "The blacker the berry" / Kendrick Lamar -- From "Investigation of the Ferguson Police Department" / United States Department of Justice Civil Rights Division -- "Speech on Walter Scott shooting" / Clementa Pinckney -- "Black bodies, White terrorism: a global reimagining of forgiveness" / Esther Armah -- "Ella taught me: shattering the myth of the leaderless movement" / Barbara Ransby -- "On the pole for freedom: Bree Newsome's politics, theory, and theology of resistance" / Brittney Cooper -- From hate thy neighbor: move in violence and the persistence of racial segregation in housing / Jeannine Bell -- From Charleston in Black and White: race and power in the south after the civil rights movement / Steve Estes -- From not even past: Barack Obama and the burden of race / Thomas Sugrue -- From "African American women, mass incarceration, and the politics of protection" / Kali Nicole Gross

Machine generated contents note: pt. I The Boer War, 1899 -- 1902 -- ch. 1 Casus Belli -- ch. 2 Learning Curve -- Modder River -- Magersfontein -- Colenso -- ch. 3 Mounted Irregulars -- ch. 4 Balance Shifts -- Spion Kop -- Relief of Kimberley -- Paardeburg -- Monte Cristo -- Relief of Ladysmith -- Fall of Bloemfontein -- ch. 5 Baptism of Fire -- Action at Boshof -- ch. 6 Advance on Pretoria -- Relief of Mafeking -- Action at Lindley -- Fall of Johannesburg -- Fall of Pretoria -- Action at Heilbron -- Action at Rhenoster River -- ch. 7 Pursuit of Steyn and de Wet -- Brandwater Basin -- Action at Krugersdorp -- Action at Oliphants Nek -- Action at Vaalbank -- Action at Tygerfontein -- Action at Buffelshoek -- Action at Syferbult -- Second Action at Oliphants Nek -- ch. 8 Guerrilla Warfare -- ch. 9 Lichtenburg -- Defence of Lichtenburg -- ch. 10 Second Squadron -- Action at Zeerust -- South Africa 1900 -- 2 -- pt. II Haldane and the Territorial Force, 1900 -- 14 -- ch. 11 Khaki -- pt. III The Great War, 1914 -- 19 -- ch. 12 Mobilization -- ch. 13 Gallipoli -- Gallipoli -- Landing at Suvla Bay -- Action at Salt Lake -- Action at Ismail Ogu Tepe -- Battle at Scimitar Hill -- Egypt -- Gallipoli 1915 -- ch. 14 Macedonia -- Macedonia -- Action at Kosturino -- Action at Doiran -- Action at Gola Ridge -- Action in the Struma Valley -- Defence of the River Struma -- Action at Kopaci -- Macedonia 1916 -- 17 -- ch. 15 Palestine -- Redeployment -- Egypt 1915 -- 16 -- ch. 16 Palestine -- Gaza -- Third Battle of Gaza -- Charge at Ras Ghannam -- Beersheba -- Action at Bir Abu Khuff -- Action at Wadi Kohle -- Action at Khumeilfe -- Sheria -- ch. 17 Palestine -- Advance on Jerusalem -- Action at El Mughar/Junction Station -- Battle of Nabi Samweil -- Nabi Samweil -- Bietunye -- Biet ur el Foqa -- Biet ur el Tahata -- El Jib -- Action at Kh. Kebabe -- Action at Suffa -- Action at Mosque Sheik ab ed Din -- ch. 18 Palestine -- Reorganization and Repositioning -- The Defence of Jerusalem and Jaffa -- The Capture of Jericho -- Tel Saur -- Raid on Amman -- ch. 19 Palestine -- Second Raid into Trans Jordan -- Action at Umm esh Shert track -- Action at Es Salt -- Shunet Imrin -- Jis en Damiye Crossing -- Umm esh Shert Crossing -- Action at El Huweij -- Withdrawal from Es Salt -- The Damiye Track -- ch. 20 Palestine -- The Affair of Abu Tulul -- Abu Tulul -- Defence of the El Ghoraniye Bridgehead -- Action at Wadi er Rame -- ch. 21 Palestine -- Final Campaign -- Advance across Plain of Sharon -- Nazareth -- El'affule -- Beisan -- Jenin -- Megiddo -- Capture of Haifa -- Charge on the Guns at the Karmelheim -- Damascus -- Beirut -- Horns -- Aleppo -- Palestine 1917 -- 18 -- pt. IV Inter War Years, 1919 -- 39 -- ch. 22 A Peace Fit for Heroes -- pt. V The Second World War, 1939 -- 42 -- The Beginning -- ch. 23 Unhorsed -- Mobilization and Deployment -- Action at Jaffa (Tel Aviv) -- Haifa -- Cyprus -- Sidi Barrani -- Bardia -- Tobruk -- Benghazi -- ch. 24 Abyssinia, Tobruk, Benghazi and Crete -- Abyssinia -- Gondar -- Amba Giogis -- Action at Debarech -- Ras Ayalu -- Wolchefit -- Cyrenaica -- El Agheila -- Siege of Tobruk -- Defence of Benghazi -- El Adem -- El Gubi -- Crete -- Defence of Suda Bay -- Defence of Maleme -- Khelevis -- St John's Hill -- Withdrawal to Sphakia -- Aegean -- Turkey -- ch. 25 Armoured Training -- Palestine -- Karkur -- Egypt -- Cairo -- Sollum -- Gazala -- Tobruk -- El Alamein -- Matruh -- pt. VI The End of the Beginning, 1942 -- 43 -- ch. 26 Battle of Alam el Halfa -- Alam el Halfa -- ch. 27 Battle of El Alamein -- Western Desert -- El Alamein -- Action at Miteiriya Ridge -- Action at Kidney `Ridge' -- Action at Rahman Track -- Action at Tel el Aqqaqir Feature -- Action at Galal Station -- ch. 28 Advance on Tripoli -- Cyrenaica -- Action at El Agheila -- Advance on Tripoli -- Marble Arch -- Sirte -- Misurata -- Bu Ngem Road -- Action at Wadi Zem Zem -- Tripoli -- ch. 29 Battle of Tebaga Gap -- Mareth Line -- Wadi Zigzaou -Matmata Hills -- Djebel Tebaga -- Action at Roman Wall -- Tebaga Gap -- Action at Point 201 -- Action at Wadi Hernel -- Action at Point 209 -- Action at Wadi Mataba -- Action at Chebket en Nouiges -- ch. 30 `From a Scent to a View...' -- Action at Wadi Akarit -- Roumana Gap -- Enfidaville -- Action at Takrouna -- Tunis -- North Africa 1940 -- 43 -- ch. 31 Return Home -- pt. VII The Beginning of the End, 1944 -- ch. 32 D Day -- Normandy Landings -- Le Hamel -- La Riviere -- Meuvaines -- Asnelles sur Mer -- Arromanches -- Ryes -- Buhot -- Sommervieu -- ch. 33 Battle for Normandy -- Bayeux -- Villers Bocage -- Action at Point 103 -- St Pierre -- Cristot -- Le Pare de le Boislonde -- Odon -- Battle of Fontenay le Pesnel -- St Nicholas Farm -- Defence of Rauray -- Chouain -- Action at Hottot -- Caumont -- Action at Bricquessard -- Action at Cahagnes -- Action at Jurques -- Action at la Binge -- Action at Ondefontaine -- Mont Pincon -- Conde sur Noireau -- Action at Noireau Crossing -- Action at Berjou -- Chambois -- ch. 34 Pursuit into Belgium -- Seine 1944 -- Flesselles -- Action at Doullens -- Ghent -- Brussels -- Herschot -- ch. 35 Battle for Gheel -- Albert Canal -- Beringen -- Battle for Gheel -- ch. 36 MARKET GARDEN Salient -- Grave -- Nijmegen -- Dekkenswald -- Groesbeek -- Reichswald Forest -- First British in German Border Crossing -- Beek -- Wyler -- ch. 37 Battle of Geilenkirchen -- Duren -- Paulenburg -- Schinnen -- Crossing R. Wurm -- Breach of Seigfried Line -- Action at Prummen -- Fall of Geilenkirchen -- Action at Wurm -- Action at Beek -- Apweiler -- pt. VIII The End, 1944 -- 45 -- ch. 38 Operation BLACKCOCK -- Schinveld -- Schinnen -- Roer -- Action at Vintelen -- Action at Kievelburg -- Action at Honten -Action at Breberen -- Action at Laffelde -- Action at Selstan -- Action at Hiensburg -- ch. 39 Operations VERITABLE and LEEK -- Nijmegen -- Reichwald Forest -- Rhineland -- Battle for Cleve -- Battle for Goch -- River Niers -- Battle for Weeze -- Action at Hussenoff -- Actions at Issum -- ch. 40 Final Advance -- Rhine -- Rees -- Issleburg -- Dinxperloo -- River Ijssel -- Rurlo -- Lochem -- Enschede -- Henglo -- Cloppenburgh -- Bremen -- North West Europe 1944 -- 45.

The arch-cliched question about who Henry Kissinger should call to talk to Europe seemed to have found, at long last, the answer in 2009 when the EU Lisbon Treaty enshrined the post of the European Union's high representative for foreign and security policy. Fifteen years on, the more appropriate question would be "why bother to call at all?"Last week, EU leaders agreed that Estonian Prime Minister Kaja Kallas would succeed senior Spanish diplomat Josep Borrell as the bloc's foreign policy chief. The decision came, however, only as a consolation prize for quashing her ambitions to lead NATO.It's not difficult to see why it was considered safer to keep Kallas out of NATO: while there is a consensus in the EU that Russia is the bloc's main security threat, Kallas went much further than most leaders in her combative rhetoric. She said Russia's dismemberment into many smaller nation states would not be "a bad thing." She enthusiastically endorsed NAFO (so-called North Atlantic Fellas Association) that is infamous for organizing xenophobic online harassment campaigns against anyone — including former and possibly future high-ranking American defense officials — perceived as "soft on Russia."There is also more than a whiff of hypocrisy about Kallas: while she called for Russia's isolation, her husband continued profiting from his business ties with Russia well after the invasion of Ukraine in February 2022. This, alongside some political missteps, has made her an unpopular figure in her native Estonia and led to calls for her resignation, which she ignored.The fact that Berlin and other major capitals saw it less risky for someone like Kallas to be appointed as the "EU Head of Earnest Communiques," in the words of British analyst David Blagden, rather than an actual military alliance like NATO, preferring the seasoned Dutch Prime Minister Marc Rutte for the latter job instead, speaks volumes about the regard held for the position of the high representative.That is because despite its lofty title, the post has no real power. The high representative is not the foreign minister of the EU. He or she is a vice president of the European Commission, the bloc's executive arm, thus technically a subordinate to its president. The European External Action Service (EEAS), with its more than 5,000 officials both in Brussels and EU delegations abroad, is at his or her disposal, but all the budgetary levers are in the hands of the Commission. Thus, the high representative and his or her team are forced to spend an inordinate amount of time in turf battles with other branches of the Brussels machinery to get anything done.Most importantly, despite all the proclamations of a "geopolitical Europe," the EU has no competences over the member states' foreign and defense policies. It is the Council of the EU, i.e. the member states, who set the bloc's foreign policy, and every single one of them holds a veto power, thus capable, in principle, to block common policies.This is unlikely to change as national security is traditionally the most zealously guarded prerogative of a nation-state, and more so with the rise of sovereigntist political forces in Europe as attested by the results of the last elections to the European Parliament. In a way, the high representative's job is impossible.These structural limitations can be offset, to an extent, by the personality of the office holder. The most impactful EU top diplomat was Javier Solana who held the position from 1999 to 2009 — ironically before the Lisbon Treaty created the EEAS meant, in theory, to bolster the job. But Solana assumed the office after leading NATO which gave him extra clout, respect from the member states, and international visibility, all of which his successors lacked. Still, his successor, Federica Mogherini, can be credited with getting the Iran nuclear deal over the line, and Borrell with efforts to get that same deal revived after President Trump's withdrawal in 2018 and taking a principled stance on Gaza.Expectations are significantly lower with Kallas. Kristi Raik from the Tallinn-based International Centre for Defence and Security, while offering a sympathetic view of her candidacy, points to the challenge of being "a strong leader, while not being too radical for the taste of some member states, which could be counter-productive." Yet Kallas' consensus-building skills are yet to be tested.Kallas has yet to offer much evidence of her interest in or understanding of how much of the world works beyond her part of Europe. Yet she will have to deal with the crises in the Middle East, Africa, Latin America, manage relations with China and Asia-Pacific. As the high representative, she will chair the joint commission on the implementation of the nuclear agreement with Iran, which her predecessors Mogherini and Borrell were strongly committed to. Her views on the subject are entirely unknown, as they are on the Israel/Palestine question. As a Brussels-based analyst Shada Islam noted, "the EU's standing is already low over double standards in Gaza. Eager to know how Kallas intends to learn about a complex world beyond Europe."An advent of a new Trump administration in Washington could pose additional challenges as some of its prospective officials appear to be decidedly less interested in countering Russia than China. Navigating this relationship will require diplomatic skill more than moralistic exhortations about the need for a continued U.S. involvement in the European security.In the end, however, none of that may matter too much. A high representative perceived as weak, a loose cannon, or both, will simply ensure that the EU external partners will gravitate even more explicitly towards the member states and the Commission, with the high representative and the EEAS mostly reduced to issuing statements of concern.

This is my annual post listing books I read in the most recent year. It seems kind of remarkable now, but I have produced such a list since 2005. This is a link to the 2021 list if blog readers want to work backwards.Also, I posted short reviews of most of these books at Goodreads. Non-FictionBen Yagoda, Will Rogers: A BiographyChristopher Coyne and Abigail Hall, Manufacturing MilitarismChristopher Bader et al, Fear Itself: The Causes & Consequences of Fear in AmericaI read a couple of Grawemeyer-nominated books that were better than any of these, but didn't list them because it's a confidential review process. The Will Rogers bio really captured my attention. I learned of this book some years ago when going through the Rogers Museum in Claremore, Oklahoma. He was a remarkable entertainer and social critic. The other two books I read because they are related to my research and teaching interests. Coyne and Hall are basically libertarian economists, but I generally agree with their argument about US manufacturing of militarism. Incidentally, Abigail Hall teaches at Bellarmine University here in Louisville, though I do not think we have ever met. The Bader et al book was written by the group who produce the Chapman University Survey on American Fears. The book discusses and contextualizes the findings over a period of years.Ben Lindbergh and Travis Sawchik, The MVP Machine: How Baseball's New Nonconformists Are Using Data to Build Better PlayersArnold Hano, A Day in the BleachersLois Browne, Girls of Summer: In Their Own LeagueBill James and Rob Neyer, The Neyer/James Guide to PitchersThe MVP Machine is the best baseball book I've read in some years and I highly recommend it to anyone who wants to understand how baseball analytics have changed in the last decade or so. The "Moneyball" days of finding players with undervalued skills are mostly gone. Now, teams (and private coaches/clinics) are developing athletes into better pitchers and hitters using advanced data based on the physical properties of pitching motion and grips or batter swing characteristics. The Hano book is humorous at times, but felt quite dated. Browne's work focuses on an interesting story -- the All American Girls Professional Baseball League -- but I felt like it could have been both more informative about player performance and more entertaining. It's the kind of baseball book that focuses on game-by-game results and year-to-year transactions and standings rather than big picture analysis.The James/Neyer encyclopedic book might have rated higher if I'd read it 15 or more years ago. As it stands, the information about pitcher arsenals they painstakingly acquired is now readily available for current players on Fangraphs or other baseball websites. And the entries are much more complete. That does not undermine their accomplishment altogether, but it created frustration at the lack of depth in many pitcher entries. Literature and Genre FictionErich Maria Remarque, All Quiet on the Western FrontColson Whitehead, Harlem ShuffleJohn Updike, Bech: A BookCormac McCarthy, The CrossingEvelyn Waugh, Men At ArmsThese works count as literature and all are worth worth reading. Remarque's book is rightfully a classic and I thought it was the best work of fiction I read all year. Yes, I should have read it long ago and my education likely suffered for not having done so. On the other hand, I managed to read it before viewing the newest film version.I really liked Whitehead's recent venture into the crime genre and Updike's classic (?) semi-autobiographical (?) novel about an author. These works by McCarthy and Waugh were fine, but I've read better books by both men. Charles Cumming, Trinity SixEric Ambler, Judgment at DeltchevPhilip Kerr, A German RequiemJason Matthews, The Red SparrowDonald Westlake, The Sour Lemon Score (as Richard Stark)Donald Westlake, Deadly Edge (as Richard Stark)Lawrence Block, When the Sacred Ginmill ClosesJohn Le Carré, The Looking Glass WarSue Grafton, L is for LawlessRoss Macdonald, The Goodbye LookBrendan Boyd, Blue Ruin: A Novel of the 1919 World SeriesDonald Westlake, Somebody Owes Me MoneyJoel Goldman, Motion to KillEach of the works of genre fiction above this note was good and I'm glad I read it. You probably notice that this was a particularly good year for reading spy fiction and Donald Westlake crime works. Many, actually most, of the authors are familiar from past iterations of this summary report. You'll find books here from the Bernie Gunther, Matt Scudder, Kinsey Milhone, and Lew Archer detective series, which I'm generally reading in order. Disclosure: Joel Goldman was a Kansas debater in the 1970s and I've met him a number of times at reunions or other events. Gregory Benford, TimescapeJohn MacDonald, The Empty TrapAgatha Christie, And Then There Were NoneLawrence Block, Girl with the Deep Blue EyesPD James, Original SinHelen MacInnes, The Salzburg ConnectionStephen King, End of WatchIan Fleming, ThunderballGeorge V. Higgins, The Rat on FireCornell Woolrich, The Black CurtainMichael Crichton, Scratch One (as John Lange)Dan Brown, OriginGregory McDonald, Fletch ReflectedMany of these books were OK, but most were so-so and had some serious flaws. I'm not going to be detailing all of those here, but you can probably find out on my Goodreads account. 
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This book is the result of discussions that took place during the XXIII Forum of the Association of Young Legal Historians held in Naples in the spring of 2017. ; The collection of thirty-five essays presented here examines the links forged through the ages between the realm of law and the expressions of the humanistic culture. The essays are organized into sections of ten chapters based around ten different themes. Two main perspectives emerged: in some articles the topic relates to the conventional approach of 'law and/in humanities' (iconography, literature, architecture, cinema, music), other articles are about more traditional connections between fields of knowledge (in particular, philosophy, political experiences, didactics). The variety of authorial nationalities gives the collection a multicultural character and the historiographical interpretation is the element that unites the collection, with a breadth of the chronological period goes from antiquity to the contemporary age. This project is the result of discussions that took place during the XXIII Forum of the Association of Young Legal Historians held in Naples in the spring of 2017. ; New Perspectives on 'Law and Humanities' together with a 'Musical' Approach to the History of Legal Problems: Looking Through the Mirror of Opera / Valerio Massimo Minale (pp. 15-24). -- (History of) Law and Other Humanities: When, Why, How / Luigi Lacchè (pp. 25-43). -- A Legal Study of Medieval Cities from the 11th to 14th Century: The Example of Sigillography in France / Romain Broussais (pp. 47-68). -- Typographic Art and Roman Law: A Renaissance Image of the Lex XII tabularum / Fabiana Tuccillo (pp. 69-80). -- «Oh, the Law is Ruination, and Attorneys are Vexation .» Law and Lawyers in the Opera and Operetta / Krzysztof Bokwa (pp. 83-95). -- The Boyars, the Poet and the Composer. The Portrayal of the Boyar Duma in Puškin's and Mussorgsky's Boris Godunov / Nina Kršljanin, Filip Milinković (pp. 97-122). -- The Dreyfus Affair in Music. L'Hymne à la Justice of Albéric Magnard / Mario Riberi (pp. 123-137). -- Scientia iuris and architectura. A Focus on Buildings for Shows / Paola Pasquino (pp. 141-156). -- Optimus princeps and the Triumphal Arch in Benevento / Alessio Guasco (pp. 157-166). -- Law, Justice and Architecture in Modern Venice: The Rectors' Palaces and the Government of the Mainland / Claudia Passarella (pp. 167-179). -- Milan's Courthouse: A View of the Roman Legal Culture across Fascist Ideology / Virginia Maria De Capitani (pp. 181-192). -- Cicero's Thinking on the Essence of Legal Reasoning / Valentina Cvetković- Dordević (pp. 195-204). -- Interpreting the Antiheretical Edict of Wieluń. Between Literal Meaning and Philosophical Approach / Paweł Dziwiński (pp. 205-220). -- Law and Humanities in Giambattista Vico's Thought. A First Understanding / Alessia Farano (pp. 221-234). -- The National Codification of Civil Law in Poland at the Beginning of the 19th Century. Sources and Inspirations / Piotr Pomianowski (pp. 235- 245). -- The Frogs by Aristophanes: When Comedy Meets Legal History / Athanasios Delios (pp. 249-263). -- Medicus between Perception and Reality as Portrayed in Some Non-legal Sources / Nikol Žiha (pp. 265-285). -- Military Law, Justice and Discipline in the Early Modern Owlglass Literature from Central Europe / Przemysław Gawron, Jan Jerzy Sowa (pp. 287-298). -- Pamphlet Literature Reflecting Parliamentary Opposition at the Time of the French Fronde: The Example of the Mazarinades (1648- 1649) / Juan Manuel Hernández Vélez (pp. 299-313). -- The Methods for the Legitimation of the Succession of James II in Aphra Behn's Poem for Coronation / Balázs Rigó (pp. 315-327). -- Balzac and the Criticisms of the French Civil Code in the First Half of the 19th Century / Elisabeth Bruyère (pp. 329-336). -- The Medieval Legal Practice of Exculpatory Oath and Trial by Fire in the Legend of Queen Isolde / Alicja Bańczyk (pp. 339-347). -- Between Law and Literature. Violations of the Legal Rule in the Decameron / Daniela Buccomino (pp. 349-376). -- Institutions and Criminal Procedure of the Magdeburg Law in Poland according to Judas'Sack by Sebastian Fabian Klonowic / Lukasz Golaszewski (pp. 377- 390). -- A Letter from Detention: The Edition of Letters of Livonian Humanistic Lawyer David Hilchen as an Interdisciplinary Challenge / Hesi Siimets-Gross (391-405). -- The Case of Eszter Solymosi from Tiszaeszlár: The Notorious Blood Libel Trial through the Eyes of Gyula Krúdy / Imre Képessy (pp. 407-418). -- Reading a Travel Journal. The Melancholia of Gina Lombroso in Latin America / Francesco Rotondo (pp. 419-430). -- History of Rome, History of Roman Law and Cinema / Carlo De Cristofaro (pp. 433-442). -- You Can Only Write Once – Rights to Autorship, Inspiration and Transformation in the Chosen Judgements of U.S. Courts Involving the Copyrights on the James Bond Character / Wojciech Bańczyk (pp. 443-453). -- Advertising and the Rule of Law. Law in Representations of Insurance in Late 19th Century Netherlands / Christina Reimann (pp. 457-470). -- Newspapers and the Making of Popular Legal Culture. The Example of the Death Penalty in France (20th century) / Nicolas Picard (pp. 471-482). -- Secularism versus Religion-based Legal Pluralism: The Diverse Views on These Concepts in Modern Muslim Discourse and Culture between 19th and 21st Century / Rafal Kaczmarczyk (pp. 483-493). -- Legal Organization of Medieval Serbian Mining Communities / Andreja Katančević (pp. 497-512). -- The Structure of the Government and the Press / Gábor Bathó (pp. 513-525). -- The Influence of Political Factors on the Adjudicating on Petty Offences in the People's Republic of Poland / Marcin Lysko (pp. 527-535). -- History and Legal History in Latin America. Reflections on a Necessary Dialogue with Special Attention to Cuban Experience / Fabricio Mulet Martínez (pp. 539-549). -- Teaching a Historical Context in a First-Year 'Introduction to Private Law' Course. The Effects of Teaching Approaches and a Learning Environment on Students' Learning / Emanuel G. D. van Dongen, Irma Meijerman (pp. 551-569).

[Abstract] Under the title "The publicity of collective bargaining agreement#, we deal with the issue of the mechanisms of diffusion of the content of the collective bargaining agreement, as a concretion and accomplishment of the general Law principle of the publicity of norms. It starts with an introduction, entitled "Approach, from a constitutional and comparative Law points of view#, where we study the infrastructure on which both great parts («Spanish Law» and «Comparative Law») of this work is divided. The first of these infrastructures is referred to the constitutional foundations of the publicity of norms according to Spanish domestic Law, where several articles of the current Spanish Constitution of 1978, with specific references to the word «publicity», or containing some words related to it (for example, «public» o «to publish»), or referred to the instruments («files», «Bulletins», «computer-operated») allowing to make it effective, are studied. The second infrastructure deals, basically, with the specification about what we understand for significant Comparative Law. For us, it is the one focussing on Spanish neighbour countries (for example Portugal and France), the Law of other «great of Europe» countries (that is, Germany, the United Kingdom, and Italy), the Law of the European Union («ad extra», but also «ad intra») and, as a counterpoint of the latter, also the Law of the United States of America. As it has just said, the first part of the work studies «The publicity of the collective bargaining agreement established by Spanish Law». The complex matter studied in it —to be used as a basis, in its turn, to deal with the problems of the issue in Comparative Law— has been grouped in five chapters. The first, titled «The publicity of the Spanish collective bargaining agreements up to the enactment of the Workers' Statute», performs the function of a historical part (apparently, unavoidable in any Doctoral disertation) of our work, including the chronological arch between 1902 and 1980. The second one, on the basis of the enactment of the Workers' Statute, deals with «The official traditional publicity of the statutory collective bargaining agreement», which is ruled in section 90, paragraph 3, of the own Workers' Statute (a rule focussed on the publication of the collective bargaining agreements, according to its geographic scope, in the several Official Bulletins we have in Spain). The third chapter, entitled «The computer-operated register publicity of the statutory collective bargaining agreement», focus on the file managed by the National Advisory Commission for Collective Bargaining Agreements, very promoted on its functions and competences, after the 2012 Spanish reforms of the labor legislation. After having closed the issue of the «official» Spanish collective bargaining agreements, the fourth chapter deals directly with the problems of the publicity of the Spanish collective bargaining agreements negotiated in the fringe of the Act (in spite of it, they are not illegal collective bargaining agreements), under the generic label «The internal to the enterprise publicity, the official traditional publicity, and the computer-operated register publicity of the extrastatutory collective bargaining agreements». This first part of my work, monographically devoted to Spanish Law, is closed with a fifth chapter, apparently very theoretical but, simultaneously, of great practical interest —because it tests the correct theory dealt with in the four previous chapters—, about «The extra-statutary collective bargaining agreements without publicity», either because they are oral collective bargaining agreements, or because the lack of publicity in them derives from their tacit nature. The second part, on the basis of having a solid infrastructure about the issue, deals with «The publicity of collective bargaining agreement in Community and Comparative, European and USA, Law», as previously specified —as it was said— in the introduction of the work. It consists of three chapters, relating respectively to the following. The first one, about «The traditional mechanisms of publicity of collective bargaining agreement in Community and Comparative, European and USA, Law», in which we have characterized —always from the point of view of the publicity of collective bargaining agreement— some legal orders «with detailed regulatory models» (in our opinion, the Portuguese, French and German models), some legal orders «with simplified regulatory models» (in our opinion, the Italian, USA and British ones) and, because of its peculiarities —preventing to classify it in some of the two above mentioned models—, «the European Union legal order». The second one deals with the models we consider more close to the Spanish one, from the point of view of the application of the new computer-operated technologies to the diffusion of the content of collective bargaining agreements, marking here the difference between models with computer-operated publicity of an integral character —that is, because they offer in full version collective bargaining agreement at issue—. On the one side, there are some collective bargaining agreements «based on the publication of collective bargaining agreement in official journals» (as the French or the Portuguese ones). On the other side, «not based on the publication of collective bargaining agreement in official journals» (as the Italian or the USA ones). This second part of the work is closed with a third chapter, about «Other comparative models of computer-operated register publicity of collective bargaining agreement», focussed on the analysis of the German confidentialist model, the British secretist model, and finally, the European Union —publicist «ad extra» and occultist «ad intra»— model.!

Background Medulloblastoma is associated with rare hereditary cancer predisposition syndromes; however, consensus medulloblastoma predisposition genes have not been defined and screening guidelines for genetic counselling and testing for paediatric patients are not available. We aimed to assess and define these genes to provide evidence for future screening guidelines. Methods In this international, multicentre study, we analysed patients with medulloblastoma from retrospective cohorts (International Cancer Genome Consortium [ICGC] PedBrain, Medulloblastoma Advanced Genomics International Consortium [MAGIC], and the CEFALO series) and from prospective cohorts from four clinical studies (SJMB03, SJMB12, SJYC07, and I-HIT-MED). Whole-genome sequences and exome sequences from blood and tumour samples were analysed for rare damaging germline mutations in cancer predisposition genes. DNA methylation profiling was done to determine consensus molecular subgroups: WNT (MBWNT), SHH (MBSHH), group 3 (MBGroup3), and group 4 (MBGroup4). Medulloblastoma predisposition genes were predicted on the basis of rare variant burden tests against controls without a cancer diagnosis from the Exome Aggregation Consortium (ExAC). Previously defined somatic mutational signatures were used to further classify medulloblastoma genomes into two groups, a clock-like group (signatures 1 and 5) and a homologous recombination repair deficiency-like group (signatures 3 and 8), and chromothripsis was investigated using previously established criteria. Progression-free survival and overall survival were modelled for patients with a genetic predisposition to medulloblastoma. Findings We included a total of 1022 patients with medulloblastoma from the retrospective cohorts (n=673) and the four prospective studies (n=349), from whom blood samples (n=1022) and tumour samples (n=800) were analysed for germline mutations in 110 cancer predisposition genes. In our rare variant burden analysis, we compared these against 53 105 sequenced controls from ExAC and identified APC, BRCA2, PALB2, PTCH1, SUFU, and TP53 as consensus medulloblastoma predisposition genes according to our rare variant burden analysis and estimated that germline mutations accounted for 6% of medulloblastoma diagnoses in the retrospective cohort. The prevalence of genetic predispositions differed between molecular subgroups in the retrospective cohort and was highest for patients in the MBSHH subgroup (20% in the retrospective cohort). These estimates were replicated in the prospective clinical cohort (germline mutations accounted for 5% of medulloblastoma diagnoses, with the highest prevalence [14%] in the MBSHH subgroup). Patients with germline APC mutations developed MBWNT and accounted for most (five [71%] of seven) cases of MBWNT that had no somatic CTNNB1 exon 3 mutations. Patients with germline mutations in SUFU and PTCH1 mostly developed infant MBSHH. Germline TP53 mutations presented only in childhood patients in the MBSHH subgroup and explained more than half (eight [57%] of 14) of all chromothripsis events in this subgroup. Germline mutations in PALB2 and BRCA2 were observed across the MBSHH, MBGroup3, and MBGroup4 molecular subgroups and were associated with mutational signatures typical of homologous recombination repair deficiency. In patients with a genetic predisposition to medulloblastoma, 5-year progression-free survival was 52% (95% CI 40–69) and 5-year overall survival was 65% (95% CI 52–81); these survival estimates differed significantly across patients with germline mutations in different medulloblastoma predisposition genes. Interpretation Genetic counselling and testing should be used as a standard-of-care procedure in patients with MBWNT and MBSHH because these patients have the highest prevalence of damaging germline mutations in known cancer predisposition genes. We propose criteria for routine genetic screening for patients with medulloblastoma based on clinical and molecular tumour characteristics. Funding German Cancer Aid; German Federal Ministry of Education and Research; German Childhood Cancer Foundation (Deutsche Kinderkrebsstiftung); European Research Council; National Institutes of Health; Canadian Institutes for Health Research; German Cancer Research Center; St Jude Comprehensive Cancer Center; American Lebanese Syrian Associated Charities; Swiss National Science Foundation; European Molecular Biology Organization; Cancer Research UK; Hertie Foundation; Alexander and Margaret Stewart Trust; V Foundation for Cancer Research; Sontag Foundation; Musicians Against Childhood Cancer; BC Cancer Foundation; Swedish Council for Health, Working Life and Welfare; Swedish Research Council; Swedish Cancer Society; the Swedish Radiation Protection Authority; Danish Strategic Research Council; Swiss Federal Office of Public Health; Swiss Research Foundation on Mobile Communication; Masaryk University; Ministry of Health of the Czech Republic; Research Council of Norway; Genome Canada; Genome BC; Terry Fox Research Institute; Ontario Institute for Cancer Research; Pediatric Oncology Group of Ontario; The Family of Kathleen Lorette and the Clark H Smith Brain Tumour Centre; Montreal Children's Hospital Foundation; The Hospital for Sick Children: Sonia and Arthur Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, Chief of Research Fund, Cancer Genetics Program, Garron Family Cancer Centre, MDT's Garron Family Endowment; BC Childhood Cancer Parents Association; Cure Search Foundation; Pediatric Brain Tumor Foundation; Brainchild; and the Government of Ontario.

BACKGROUND: Medulloblastoma is associated with rare hereditary cancer predisposition syndromes; however, consensus medulloblastoma predisposition genes have not been defined and screening guidelines for genetic counselling and testing for paediatric patients are not available. We aimed to assess and define these genes to provide evidence for future screening guidelines. METHODS: In this international, multicentre study, we analysed patients with medulloblastoma from retrospective cohorts (International Cancer Genome Consortium [ICGC] PedBrain, Medulloblastoma Advanced Genomics International Consortium [MAGIC], and the CEFALO series) and from prospective cohorts from four clinical studies (SJMB03, SJMB12, SJYC07, and I-HIT-MED). Whole-genome sequences and exome sequences from blood and tumour samples were analysed for rare damaging germline mutations in cancer predisposition genes. DNA methylation profiling was done to determine consensus molecular subgroups: WNT (MBWNT), SHH (MBSHH), group 3 (MBGroup3), and group 4 (MBGroup4). Medulloblastoma predisposition genes were predicted on the basis of rare variant burden tests against controls without a cancer diagnosis from the Exome Aggregation Consortium (ExAC). Previously defined somatic mutational signatures were used to further classify medulloblastoma genomes into two groups, a clock-like group (signatures 1 and 5) and a homologous recombination repair deficiency-like group (signatures 3 and 8), and chromothripsis was investigated using previously established criteria. Progression-free survival and overall survival were modelled for patients with a genetic predisposition to medulloblastoma. FINDINGS: We included a total of 1022 patients with medulloblastoma from the retrospective cohorts (n=673) and the four prospective studies (n=349), from whom blood samples (n=1022) and tumour samples (n=800) were analysed for germline mutations in 110 cancer predisposition genes. In our rare variant burden analysis, we compared these against 53 105 sequenced controls from ExAC and identified APC, BRCA2, PALB2, PTCH1, SUFU, and TP53 as consensus medulloblastoma predisposition genes according to our rare variant burden analysis and estimated that germline mutations accounted for 6% of medulloblastoma diagnoses in the retrospective cohort. The prevalence of genetic predispositions differed between molecular subgroups in the retrospective cohort and was highest for patients in the MBSHH subgroup (20% in the retrospective cohort). These estimates were replicated in the prospective clinical cohort (germline mutations accounted for 5% of medulloblastoma diagnoses, with the highest prevalence [14%] in the MBSHH subgroup). Patients with germline APC mutations developed MBWNT and accounted for most (five [71%] of seven) cases of MBWNT that had no somatic CTNNB1 exon 3 mutations. Patients with germline mutations in SUFU and PTCH1 mostly developed infant MBSHH. Germline TP53 mutations presented only in childhood patients in the MBSHH subgroup and explained more than half (eight [57%] of 14) of all chromothripsis events in this subgroup. Germline mutations in PALB2 and BRCA2 were observed across the MBSHH, MBGroup3, and MBGroup4 molecular subgroups and were associated with mutational signatures typical of homologous recombination repair deficiency. In patients with a genetic predisposition to medulloblastoma, 5-year progression-free survival was 52% (95% CI 40-69) and 5-year overall survival was 65% (95% CI 52-81); these survival estimates differed significantly across patients with germline mutations in different medulloblastoma predisposition genes. INTERPRETATION: Genetic counselling and testing should be used as a standard-of-care procedure in patients with MBWNT and MBSHH because these patients have the highest prevalence of damaging germline mutations in known cancer predisposition genes. We propose criteria for routine genetic screening for patients with medulloblastoma based on clinical and molecular tumour characteristics. FUNDING: German Cancer Aid; German Federal Ministry of Education and Research; German Childhood Cancer Foundation (Deutsche Kinderkrebsstiftung); European Research Council; National Institutes of Health; Canadian Institutes for Health Research; German Cancer Research Center; St Jude Comprehensive Cancer Center; American Lebanese Syrian Associated Charities; Swiss National Science Foundation; European Molecular Biology Organization; Cancer Research UK; Hertie Foundation; Alexander and Margaret Stewart Trust; V Foundation for Cancer Research; Sontag Foundation; Musicians Against Childhood Cancer; BC Cancer Foundation; Swedish Council for Health, Working Life and Welfare; Swedish Research Council; Swedish Cancer Society; the Swedish Radiation Protection Authority; Danish Strategic Research Council; Swiss Federal Office of Public Health; Swiss Research Foundation on Mobile Communication; Masaryk University; Ministry of Health of the Czech Republic; Research Council of Norway; Genome Canada; Genome BC; Terry Fox Research Institute; Ontario Institute for Cancer Research; Pediatric Oncology Group of Ontario; The Family of Kathleen Lorette and the Clark H Smith Brain Tumour Centre; Montreal Children's Hospital Foundation; The Hospital for Sick Children: Sonia and Arthur Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, Chief of Research Fund, Cancer Genetics Program, Garron Family Cancer Centre, MDT's Garron Family Endowment; BC Childhood Cancer Parents Association; Cure Search Foundation; Pediatric Brain Tumor Foundation; Brainchild; and the Government of Ontario.