Suchergebnisse

The International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) is more than a collection of research stations and scientific initiatives. IITA consists of dedicated people who provide technical skills and original ideas to improve the lives of people in sub-Saharan Africa. IITA works in close partnership with a wide range of expert collaborators, including farmers, research and extension staff of national programs, governments, regional organizations, agri-business, private foundations, nongovernmental organizations, advanced research institutions, and a host of others both within and outside Africa. Our cooperative efforts result in the development of innovations which contribute to food security. Such novel technologies include development of integrated pest management options, ways for farmers to access crucial market information, increased nutritional value of food crops, ensuring the economic and environmental sustainability of varied cropping systems or the supply of key information to policy makers. IITA is optimistic that the agricultural sector can go beyond provision of food security to serve as an engine for economic development by creating wealth for farm families, villages, districts, countries, and regions in sub-Saharan Africa. Africa is a continent rich in natural and human resources. Furthermore, many IITA technologies have contributed to increasing the quantity and quality of agricultural produce across the continent. However, since 1990, while the food available per person has increased in Latin America (+30%) and Asia (+20%), Africa has experienced a 3% decline (InterAcademy Council, 2004). Notwithstanding such alarming statistics, IITA has observed the potential provided by entrepreneurs who are using agricultural commodities to drive a chain resulting in increased profits for men and women from the farm to the consumer. Now is a critical time for sub-Saharan Africa. The New Partnership for Africa's Development (NEPAD) has shown the commitment of Africa's leaders to "business unusual" across the continent. IITA is both honored and excited by the role that it has been asked to play in NEPAD's pan-African cassava initiative. IITA has also been invited to work with NEPAD on the African Union's Comprehensive African Agricultural Development Programme, as well as contribute to the important activities of other subregional trade and research organizations. IITA and its collaborators are committed to the UN's Millennium Development Goals, and the significant benefit to poor people which will result. The experience and capacity of IITA permit us to play a determinant role in Africa's ongoing emphasis on agriculture as a driver of economic development. The Research for Development Council is a leadership group (composed of elected scientists and Directors) which aims to ensure that IITA's strategic capability is harmonized to the challenges and opportunities on the horizon. IITA will play an active role to maximize the continent's remarkable agricultural potential in order to catalyze economic development. L'institut international d'agriculture tropicale, l'IITA est plus qu'un rassemblement de stations de recherches et d'initiatives scientifiques. L'IITA se compose de personnes dédiées qui fournissent les compétences techniques et les idées originales pour améliorer le niveau de vie des gens en Afrique sub-saharienne. L'IITA travaille en partenariat avec une grande gamme de collaborateurs experts y compris des cultivateurs, des chercheurs et le personnel de vulgarisation de programmes nationaux, des gouvernements, des agro-entrepreneures, des organisations nongouvernementales, des institutions à recherches avancées et bien d'autres en Afrique et ailleurs. Nos efforts de coopération se traduisent dans le développement des innovations qui contribuent à la sécurité alimentaire. De telles nouvelles technologies incluent le développement des options intégrées pour le contrôle des pestes, les moyens par lesquels les cultivateurs peuvent avoir les renseignements cruciaux à propos du marché, l'amélioration de valeur nutritive des cultures, la durabilité économique et de l'environnement de divers systèmes culturaux, ou la provision des informations clés aux décideurs de politiques. L'IITA est optimiste que le secteur agricole peut non seulement assurer la provision des aliments mais aussi servir comme moteur pour le développement économique à travers la création de richesses pour les familles de cultivateurs, les villages, les arrondissements, les pays et les régions en Afrique sub-saharienne. L'Afrique est un continent riche en ressources naturelles et humaines. De plus, beaucoup de technologies de l'IITA ont contribué à la croissance de la quantité et la qualité des produits agricoles à travers le continent. Pourtant, depuis 1990, alors que la nourriture disponible par personne a augmenté en Amérique latine (+30%) et en Asie (+20%), l'Afrique a connu un déclin de 3% (InterAcademy council, 2004). Malgré ces statistiques alarmantes, l'IITA a remarqué le potentiel de création par les entrepreneurs qui se servent de produits agricoles pour générer une filière qui résulte en profits croissants pour les hommes et les femmes, du producteur au consommateur. Nous traversons une période critique pour l'Afrique subsaharienne. Le Nouveau partenariat pour le développement de l'Afrique (NEPAD) a montré l'engagement des dirigeants africains à une 'affaire inhabituelle' à travers le continent. L'IITA est non seulement honoré mais aussi excité par le rôle qui lui a été demandé de jouer dans l'initiative pan-Africaine du manioc du NEPAD. L'IITA a été aussi invité pour travailler avec le NEPAD en ce qui concerne le Programme détaillé pour le développement de l'agriculture africaine de l'Union africaine, ainsi qu'à contribuer aux activités importantes d'autres organisations sous-régionales de commerce et de recherche. L'IITA et ses collaborateurs sont dévoués aux buts de développement des Nations-Unies pour le millenium, et les bénéfices importants qui en sortiront pour les gens pauvres. L'expérience et la capacité de l'IITA nous permettent de jouer un rôle déterminant dans l'accent que l'Afrique mets actuellement sur l'agriculture en tant que stimulant du développement économique. Le Conseil de la recherche pour le développement est un groupe de direction (composé de scientifiques et administrateurs) qui a comme objectif de s'assurer de la capacité stratégique de l'IITA à s'harmoniser avec les défis et les opportunités qui se pointent à l'horizon. L'IITA continuera de jouer un rôle actif pour maximiser le potentiel agricole remarquable du continent en vue de stimuler le développement économique.

This international directory of translator and interpreter training facilities in higher education includes details on 243 courses around the world. Listing full addresses, names of teachers, languages taught, methods of teaching, degree, tuition fees, year it was founded, and other activities.The Directory provides pertinent information for students seeking the appropriate training and for translation and interpreting schools to compare themselves with others and to network with related schools.This is the first list showing the vast number of professional and academic training facilities in

Intro -- Foreword -- Preface -- Contents -- List of Figures -- List of Tables -- Chapter 1: Major Trends in International Migration Over the Last 25 Years -- Introduction: Migration Flows and Population Growth -- Origins and Destinations of Major Migratory Flows -- Migration Trends and the COVID-19 Virus -- Major Migration Corridors -- References -- Part I: Emigration of Highly Qualified Labor from Developing Countries -- Chapter 2: International Migration Trends of Highly Skilled Workers -- Introduction: The Generalization of Emigration of Highly Qualified Personnel -- Recent Trends in HQ Emigration -- Changing Trends in Recent Years -- Main Countries of Origin -- The "Emigration Rate" of HQ: A Relevant Indicator for Measuring the "Brain Drain" -- References -- Chapter 3: Emigration of Highly Qualified Personnel from the PVD, or the "Brain Drain". Good or Bad for Development? -- Introduction. The Origins of a Long Controversy -- The Classic Argument -- Brain Drain, Brain Gain or Brain Waste. Impacts of HQ Emigration on Development -- "Brain Drain" and Development. Summary of Negative Arguments -- "Brain Drain" and Development. Summary of the Positive Arguments -- Should Welfare Losses Be Compensated for by Taxation of HQ Migrants? -- Reimbursing Expenses -- Internationalizing Taxation -- Equity Between HQ -- Sharing the Benefits of Host Countries -- The Classical Static Theory of the Effects of HQ Emigration -- Private and Social Returns and Emigration -- The Income Differential and HQ Emigration -- The "New Economy" of Brain Drain -- HQ Emigration - The Engine of Human Capital Growth? -- The Incentive Effect Argument -- Selection Bias -- The Nature of Higher Education -- The Underemployment of HQ -- The Contributions of the "Diaspora" and Networks -- Networks of Researchers and Scientists -- Returns -- Positive Scientific Spin-Offs.

International air transport is a microsystem which includes most of the variables of the international macrosystem. As Young W. Kihl has put it, for example, a functional international organization such as the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) operates within the milieu of the larger system, reflects the constraints of that system, and can, therefore, be examined in the context of world politics. The transport system combines political, economic, military, and important technical factors with the often contradictory objectives of international, transnational, national, and subnational actors. It is small wonder that comprehensive studies of the subject are difficult to find. None of these books is all-inclusive, but, of those which are original contributions, the range of disciplines represented in them is formidable: Included are the opinions of a political scientist (Kihl), two professors of law (Thomas Buergenthal and K. G. J. Pillai), one economist (Mahlon R. Straszheim), and a professor of international business (Robert L. Thornton). The latter two are the most policy oriented overall. Pillai concentrates on the International Air Transport Association (IATA), an association of the carriers themselves, and Buergenthal and Kihl focus on ICAO, an association of states and a specialized agency of the United Nations.

Abstract
This paper offers a theory of incremental theoretical evolution connecting the practice of international politics with disciplinary IR. It theorizes how international political actors engaged in strategic local decision-making exert productive power over dominant scientific ontologies of the international system. We refer to the narratives emerging from these processes as strategic ontologies, defined as gradual reformulations of the subjects, objects, and relational logics of the international system according to positionally determined priorities. As strategic ontologies gain acceptance, their innovations endure beyond the context of their utterance, leading to meso-level theoretical evolution. We substantiate this account with comparative case studies of contested strategic ontologies that have yet to become dominant in either the international arena or IR theory. Without strategic ontology as an analytical lens, scholarship might miss embryonic theoretical innovations in the process of gaining traction. First, we examine how Israel and West Germany engaged in strategic ontological contestation when negotiating a reparations agreement following the Holocaust. Second, we analyze how states have used vulnerability in climate negotiations in 2020–2021 to recast global policy priorities. Recognition of strategic ontologies across contexts illuminates theoretical innovations in real-time and opens a path for dynamic new bridges between the academy and policymaking.

Abstract
Adopted in October 2020, the Artemis Accords are a set of 13 provisions establishing a principled framework for the sustainable human exploration of the Moon and the other celestial bodies, including the exploitation of their natural resources. This article examines the extent to which the Artemis Accords comply with international law and international standards. It argues that, while rooted on the provisions of the Outer Space Treaty, the Artemis Accords introduce a significant innovation in international space law by replacing the anticipatory approach to the regulation of outer space activities with the staged principle of adaptive governance.

"Im Rahmens eines futuristischen Ausblicks wird versucht zu zeigen, wie Politik und Gesetzgebung auf neue Kommunikationstechnologien, insbesondere DSÜ, reagieren können. Die alten Fronten in der zwischenstaatlichen Diskussion über trans- und internationale Übertragungen werden voraussichtlich fallen. Als Folge der internationalen Reichweite von Programmen kommerzieller Sender werden die bislang existierenden Auslandsdienste ihre Sonderstellung einbüßen. International ausgestrahlte Programme, die sich mittels Werbung finanzieren, werden die Empfängerstaaten vor völlig neuartige Probleme stellen. Für diese, speziell für Entwicklungsländer, wird es ratsam sein, ihre Bevölkerung so bald wie möglich auf die Konfrontation mit diesen Programmen vorzubereiten sowie die Existenz unabhängiger Rundfunksysteme sicherzustellen." (Autorenreferat)

Die Arbeit untersucht das mit der Verbreitung strafrechtlicher Sanktionen für Kartellrechtsverstöße verbundene Konfliktpotenzial auf internationaler Ebene und beleuchtet dabei insbesondere die Gefahren, die sich aus dem parallelen Eingreifen mehrerer nationaler Kartellstrafregime auf einen internationalen Kartellverstoß ergeben. Dabei werden vorgelagert die auf strafrechtlicher und auf kartellrechtlicher Seite bestehenden internationalen Kooperations- und Koordinierungsmechanismen auf ihre Verfügbarkeit bei der Durchsetzung nationaler Kartellstraftatbestände hin untersucht.In diesem Zusammenhang wird unter anderem ein umfassendes Lösungsmodell dazu entwickelt, inwieweit die Staatsanwaltschaften der EU-Mitgliedsstaaten den Instrumenten der europäischen Kartellverfahrensverordnung (Verordnung 1/2003) unterliegen und wann ein nationaler Straftatbestand als "einzelstaatliches Wettbewerbsrecht" im Sinne dieser Verordnung anzusehen ist

International relations is one of the areas of social science which most clearly brings home the tensions involved in the dual relation of inquirer to object of inquiry, as both scientific observer and moral judge, particularly in times of war. As social scientists, we are required to understand and explain our object, as moral beings, we are required to judge or evaluate it. Received wisdom in international relations premises the possibility of the former on its rigid separation from the latter, so that the understanding of, for example, war, is necessarily distinct from the question of the justice or injustice of war. The former is the task of the science of international relations, the latter task is within the province of the moral philosopher or the normative theorist. I will be arguing in this article that this separation of the realms of morality and politics, on which so much social science and moral philosophy is founded, can be traced back to Kant's critical philosophy, and that this separation has problematic consequences for the possibility of both explanation and evaluation in the international sphere. My argument falls into three parts. In the first part, I will put forward a condensed reading of the Kantian critical position and the problems that it poses. In the second and third parts, I will demonstrate how the discussion of international relations both in moral philosophy, and in political theory, is constructed by the Kantian morality/politics dichotomy, and how this limits and distorts both our moralizing and our theorizing. One contention in the third section of the paper will be that even the recent challenges to traditional international political theory, posed by critical theory and post-structuralism, are in danger of slipping back into a reliance on the morality/politics division, in spite of efforts to overcome it.