Suchergebnisse

Development is a definite step undertaken by a country in achieving a good standard of living. Economic development and social development become a reflection of the success of the sovereign state so that it becomes a high bargaining value in international relations. Development in Brazil and Indonesia are both affected by the crisis that occurred in the world, thus presenting foreign entrapments and interventions that will affect every policy taken. To rise from the economic downturn, the state must be present in determining the right development model to overcome the problems that occur as a result of failure. The method used in this paper is the method of library research with a comparative analysis approach. Study material is taken from books and journals that are relevant to the theme of the writing. The results of this paper describe an alternative model of democratic participatory development into an effort to increase development, both in the social and economic fields. Community participation in development in Porto Alegre Brazil shows a significant change towards improving welfare, while at the same time being a lesson for Indonesia in making development policies optimally.

Independent groups of 7-year-old subjects listened to humor on headphones, either with a nonlistening companion (audience) or with a companion who also listened (coactor), and at one of two interpersonal distances. In coaction sessions, children sitting closer engaged in more eye contact,
laughter and smiling. The direct relationship between them and other intimacy signals is unequivocal evidence against Argyle and Dean's (1965) equilibrium model of social intimacy. It is argued that this model is based upon an invalid assumption, namely, that levels of intimacy remain
static during interactions. Humorous laughter is identified as a means of reducing social arousal. Audience and coaction differences in laughter and smiling and correlational data mirror previous results. Girls tended to engage in more eye contact than did boys.

Frontmatter -- Contents -- Tables -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction: Shuttered -- 1. The History of Senior Centers: The Rise of the Center Movement and How Centers Form Spatial Identity -- 2. The Case of the Center before Shuttering: The Daily Life of the Center -- 3. Reconstructing Shuttering in a Larger Social Context: Political and Media Accounts -- 4. The Case of the Center as It Is Shuttered: Larger Changes Hit the Center -- 5. The Organizational Embeddedness of Capital: Being Saved and Being Sunk -- 6. Poor Centers: The Politics of Age and Class in the Neighborhood Context -- 7. Reconceptualizing Centers: The Baby Boomers and Their Perceived Needs -- 8. Beyond Rebranding: Building a Sustainable Core -- Appendix A: Self-Reflection: My Experience in the Field -- Appendix B: Methods -- Notes -- References -- Index -- About the Author

Climate change poses a huge threat. Social networking sites (SNSs) have become sources of human–environment interactions and shaped the societal perception of climate change and its effect on society. This study, based on the extended parallel process model, aims to examine the effect of exposure to climate change-related information on SNSs on the pro-environmental behaviors of individuals. The study examines the mediation effect of fear of victimization from climate change between the exposure to climate change-related information on SNSs and pro-environmental behaviors, including the moderation effect of attention deficit and decision-making self-efficacy with the help of appropriate instruments. A total sample of 406 reliable questionnaires were collected from students using SNSs in China, and data were analyzed through SPSS and AMOS. Results indicate that the exposure to climate change-related information on SNSs has a direct positive effect on users' pro-environmental behaviors (β = 0.299, p < 0.01). Fear of victimization from climate change also mediates the relationship between exposure to climate change-related information on SNSs and pro-environmental behaviors (β = 0.149, SE = 0.029, p < 0.01). In addition, attention deficit moderates the relationship of exposure to climate change-related information on SNSs with fear of victimization from climate change (β = −0.090, p ≤ 0.01) and pro-environmental behaviors (β = −0.090, p ≤ 0.05). Similarly, the relationship between fear of victimization from climate change and pro-environmental behaviors is moderated by decision-making self-efficacy (β = 0.267, p ≤ 0.01). The findings offer implications for media organizations and government policy makers, who should post or spread environmental information through the most trustworthy media, with trustworthy sources, in an effective manner, and without exaggerated adverse impacts.

AbstractChina is experiencing rapid population ageing and already has 44 million older people with disabilities aged over 59 years. Yet social support of these older people with disabilities is undeveloped and not well researched. This article contributes by using a disability rights framework (right to life and protection, economic security and social support) to analyze local cases in rural China. It finds that, although the family is still the main provider of economic and care support to rural older people with disabilities, the absence of a state role in welfare provision has negative impacts on the well‐being of older and younger generations in rural families.

AbstractSince its first proposition in 1984, the Kano model has been used extensively in a variety of contexts within industries and academic research demonstrating its wide applicability. The Kano model allows for describing the relationship between an objective aspect and a subjective aspect. Yet is this relevant for environmental quality as well? In this study, we explore the cases where the Kano model is used for assessing environmental quality and its perception by consumers and identify the potential influencing factors for its application with this respect. We find that the Kano model can serve as an effective tool for converging towards environmental quality and sustainability by indicating the direction from a social and behavioral choice perspective. We propose an integration of the Kano model with Bandura's triangle (a concept of the social cognitive theory) to create an instrument for driving change of customer attitude and behavior via changing the perception of environmental quality.

We investigate the effect of Islamist terrorist activity on women's economic, political and legal position in society, using data for 168 countries between 1970 and 2016. We provide robust evidence that increased activity by Islamist terrorist groups is associated with lower levels of women's empowerment and rights. Various instrumental-variable approaches yield the same conclusion, suggesting that the adverse effect of Islamist terrorism on women' rights is causal. Further emphasizing the role of violent Islamist fundamentalism, we find no evidence that Islam per se (as indicated by a country's Muslim population share) affects the position of women in society. Finally, we show that left-wing and nationalist-separatist terrorism do not affect women's rights, which reinforces the notion that Islamist terrorism is singularly interested and effective in achieving weaker women's rights. We argue that our findings are consistent with predictions of a strategic model of terrorism, where (1) Islamist terrorists use violence to curb women's rights because they consider modern notions of gender equality to be corruptive and (2) governments make concessions that constrain the role of women in society because the costs of compliance are lower than the political and economic harm that would result from further Islamist terrorist attacks.

PurposeFor a long time, managing the relationship between business and society has been one of the main topics of academic and business literature. Porter and Kramer have proposed a new interpretation of this relationship based on the mutual dependence that exists between corporations and society. Trying to put into practice the shared value principle, for‐profit companies engaging in strategic CSR have chosen to implement new hybrid business models. These models include the social business model and the inclusive business model. The purpose of the paper is to understand which characteristics distinguish social and inclusive business models and what kind of benefits and risks (for companies and for communities) are connected to each model.Design/methodology/approachIn order to identify the features of the inclusive business and social business models and the benefits and risks associated with these models, ten case studies were analyzed. Analysis of the business models was based on a theoretical framework developed through the analysis of the literature.FindingsThe findings of the research suggest two main conclusions. First, social and inclusive business models are similar in partner networks, use of knowledge and value chain, in the development of innovative distribution models (except for the cases in which the market considered is not in an emerging country) and in terms of social benefit. Second, the social and inclusive business models are different in terms of value proposition, governance systems, profits management model, social risks and economic profit equation.Research limitations/implicationsThe first limitation is that the case study analysis is based on documentary materials; for further investigation it might be useful to develop in‐depth interviews with key figures involved in the implementation of business models. Even though this descriptive study has allowed a first important step in taking a comparative analysis between the two business models, further research should strive to extend the analysis to all the hybrid business models that are being developed with the aim of creating shared value.Practical implicationsThe final propositions allow entrepreneurs and managers to better understand the characteristics of business models. Moreover, the theoretical framework is a conceptual instrument that is useful in analyzing and evaluating alternative ways to develop new business models – based on the "creating shared value" principle – in developing markets.Originality/valueThe paper focuses on comparing the characteristics of the social versus inclusive business models. Studies that compare business models in the social venturing space are limited. Moreover, the study addresses the similarity and differences between the two business models rather than focusing on the two models separately as the previous researches have done.

The paper analyses the changing role of municipalities in income support policy in Italy as an effect of both the policymaking at national level and the growing relevance of local third sector organizations. By recourse to the empirical observation of the case of the city of Turin, the research focuses primarily on the impact of the introduction of a national income protection scheme, the so-called New Social Card (NSC), planned at national level by the government but implemented at local level by municipalities together with non-profit organizations. Due to its genuinely "multilevel" nature, this policy offers precious insights to both vertical (national-local) and horizontal (public-third sector) relations. The analysis highlights the tensions between formal entitlements and the actual "room for manoeuvre" that local government enjoys. It will be argued that, despite the ongoing decentralization process, the structure of multilevel governance deeply narrows the freedom and the agency of the Municipal Authority. Two critical aspects of the Italian model of multilevel governance of income support will then be underlined, namely the lack of attention for existing local policies in the political and public discourse, and contradiction between explicit and implicit forms of decentralization

The democratisation movement which has been transforming the Central and Eastern European countries had important repercussions on the role and status of the social sciences in these societies. Describes the changes in this respect. (Abstract amended)

This paper explores the different model combinations of enterprise innovation in China based on the roles of social capital and dynamic capabilities. We implement Qualitative Comparative Analysis to understand the non-linear asymmetric relationships better. We use the data of 44 Listed Companies in China's high-end equipment manufacturing industry and find that three innovation models (the market-oriented independent innovation, government-supported technological innovation and industry-supported learning innovation models) are valid. Social capital, dynamic capabilities, and intra-industry networks are the main determinants of these innovation models. We also discuss the implications of these innovation dynamics on Chinese enterprises as a way to sustain the economy's high-quality development, including during the era of the COVID-19 pandemic crisis.