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The author offers a retrospective analysis of the stages and methods of solving the grain problem in the 20th century Siberia. The study focuses on the country's farming development. The grain problem in the region had its own features, yet was part of the national problem as well. Siberia was one of the leading granaries of the nation. The country leaders have continuo­usly tried to use the potential of the region to step up grain production.
It is established that in early 20th century, there was no grain problem in Siberia. In the Soviet period, it turned into a permanent one. The periods of its exacerbation were the early 1920s, the late 1920 and early 1930s, early 1950s, early 1960s, early 1980s, and early 1990s. The problem used to be solved through radical farming reforms, economic incentives for farmers, new far­ming innovations, and the shift to non-economic or market-based mechanism of grain turnover. Despite some measures driving manufacture, the grain problem in the region and the country as a whole was not solved in the 20th century.

This article reviews the growth of knowledge in the four fields of anthropology. It is not an intellectual history but, rather, focuses on what I consider to have been the important developments in substantive knowledge. [Keywords: U.S. anthropology, four fields, 20th century, substantive knowledge]

Ideas about memory as the source of human subjectivity developed throughout European liberal democracies in the first half of the 20th century, stimulated by war trauma and universal suffrage. Two archives of memory – psychoanalytic case histories and oral history – reveal the workings of generational memory in the formation of welfare states and social democracy. Generation is understood as people born into similar social environments, coming under similar influences at a particular historical time.

An encyclopedic guide to 20th-century communism around the worldThe first book of its kind to appear since the end of the Cold War, this indispensable reference provides encyclopedic coverage of communism and its impact throughout the world in the 20th century. With the opening of archives in former communist states, scholars have found new material that has expanded and sometimes altered the understanding of communism as an ideological and political force. A Dictionary of 20th-Century Communism brings this scholarship to students, teachers, and scholars in related fields. In more than 400 concise entries, the book explains what communism was, the forms it took, and the enormous role it played in world history from the Russian Revolution through the collapse of the Soviet Union and beyond.Examines the political, intellectual, and social influences of communism around the globeFeatures contributions from an international team of 160 scholarsIncludes more than 400 entries on major topics, such as:Figures: Lenin, Mao, Stalin, Ho Chi Minh, Pol Pot, Castro, GorbachevEvents: Cold War, Prague Spring, Cultural Revolution, Sandinista RevolutionIdeas and concepts: Marxism-Leninism, cult of personality, laborOrganizations and movements: KGB, Comintern, Gulag, Khmer RougeRelated topics: totalitarianism, nationalism, antifascism, anticommunism, McCarthyismGuides readers to further research through bibliographies, cross-references, and an index

This article analyzes the evolution of the concept of war in the 20th century from different views. The analysis explores the aspects that have characterized war and the different perceptions it has aroused in the last century, as the changes in these perceptions have, in turn, generated an alteration in the instrumental use of the war conflict. Ultimately, the study seeks to analyze the extent to which war is an instrument of change in societies to the beginning of the 21st century, especially in the fields of psychological perception, state forms, the structure of societies, and international relationships.

Among the foreign influences in the Balkans, the Italian one was probably the last to express itself, but certainly not the least important. From the early 19th century, the Italian national movement, and later the Italian kingdom, was first a source of inspiration, and then a potential ally; finally, it would become an economic and political rival for the Balkan nations. Yet, the history of the two shores of Adriatic evolved in similar if not identical stages. The Risorgimento ended in 1870 and most of the Balkan states won their independence in 1878. The liberal Italy was a member of the Triple Alliance, while the Balkan states opted in their turn for one alliance or the other among the Concert of European powers at the turn of the century. The World War I brought to an end the respective national unifications on both shores of Adriatic and set the stage for their conflict or – in some cases – their alliances, in view of their respective strategies during the interwar period. The brief and inconclusive Italian war in the Balkans (1940-1943) ended in utter defeat, and opened the way for a different type of relations between Italy led by Christian Democrats and communist (with the exception of Greece) Balkan states. Economy and culture were the basis of relations between Italy and the Balkans in the post World War II period. ; Special Editions 123. Institute for Balkan Studies of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts

This article reports the results of a 2004 survey of academics, specialising in British politics and/or modern British history, asking them to rate all the 20th-century British prime ministers in terms of their success in office and also asking them to assess the key characteristics of successful prime ministers. The top-ranked PMs were (in order) Attlee, Churchill, Lloyd George and Thatcher. In contrast to the many and regular surveys of American academics ranking US presidents, this is the first large-scale exercise of this type in British political science. Analysis of the findings in terms of the characteristics of the survey respondents helps shed light on the survey results.

At the beginning of the twentieth century, grain was one of the strategically most important commodities, and the Russian Empire was one of its largest producers. However, due to the low productivity of collectivized agriculture and demographic pressures, the Soviet Union's share in world grain exports declined, and, by the 1980s, the Soviet Union had become the world's largest importer of grain. This article assesses the causes and implications of Russia's dwindling food power under Soviet Rule.

'Complicated Entanglements: Rethinking Pluralism in the 21st Century' is an interdisciplinary conference that aims to examine the recent resurgence of discourse around multiculturalism in the cultural sphere. This conference brings together major scholars from Anthropology, Art History, Canadian Studies, English, French, Political Science and Sociology as well as artists, community activists, cultural policy makers, and an exciting group of emerging young curators. Our intention, through the conference, related exhibition, international co-publication and creation of a web-based community is to consolidate current work being done on pluralism in the arts, and to foster a collective and on-going forum for debate. While much has been written on multiculturalism in the social sciences, comparatively little has been done in the arts, where artists, writers, filmmakers and performers imagine and define who we are as a nation. Timed to coincide with the 20th anniversary of the Canadian Multiculturalism Act and recent discussions of race, religion and culture around events such as 9/11 and the Bouchard-Taylor commission, this conference could not be more relevant or more timely. ; Complicated Entanglements: Rethinking Pluralism in the 20th Century , conference, ICI Berlin, 4–6 April 2008