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Throughout the developed world there is a general trend of society becoming increasingly distanced from science. Effective public communication of scientific topics is needed for various reasons, for example to overcome public mistrust, improve scientific literacy and enable citizens to play informed roles in democratic societies. This chapter will identify key motivations for science communication as well as outline a variety of mechanisms through which it can occur. Various case studies will be used to highlight international best practice and the chapter will end with the author's personal 'top tips' for ensuring success.

Digitalisation and the rise of social media, fragmentation and commercialisation of science communication interfaces, the increasing sensational value of scientific information, politicisation of science in public debates and science skepticism have fundamentally changed the way in which practitioners experience and engage with their work. How can - and should- science communication practitioners respond to these challenges? We have seen in our research that practitioners' worldview, values, perspectives on science and assumptions on audience influence the way in which practitioners undertake science communication activities. This means that it is important for practitioners to rethink and reflect on the perspective they take on science, their audience and consequently the activities they undertake to bridge the gap between science and society.These insights have motivated the RETHINK project to facilitate a reflective practice for science communicators.

Mathematical science communication has, as the field of science communication in general, gained momentum over the last decades. It aims at informing the public about contemporary research, enhancing the factual and methodological knowledge, fostering a greater interest and support for the science of mathematics, and enabling the citizens to apply it to their practical life, as well as decision-making on a bigger level. These objectives are met by the various formats and media in which mathematical science communication is brought to the public. The first three sections of the book consist of best-practice examples from the areas of informal math education, museums and exhibitions, and the arts, respectively. The fourth and final section discusses the structural aspects of mathematical science communication and lays down the basics for its theoretical framework.

En el presente artículo se exponen los resultados de una investigación guiada por el objetivo general de explicar el sistema de interacciones de actores sociales de la comunicación pública de ciencia y tecnología (CPCT), en un contexto en que toma forma la sociedad Red mediante los novedosos sistemas de comunicaciones fundados en las tecnologías de información y comunicación (TIC). El estudio se emprendió desde un marco teórico en el cual se señala la importancia de la comunicación pública como estrategia encaminada a generar la apropiación pública de la C y T, trascendiendo el periodismo y divulgación científica como herramientas de comunicación en solitario, dirigidos a mantener informado a un público especializado productor y conocedor de la información científico-tecnológica, para articularla a las políticas y toma de decisiones en el área en las cuales participen organismos internacionales, gobiernos, productores de ciencia y tecnología, asociaciones de periodistas, instituciones educativas y ciudadanos . El marco metodológico se constituyó mediante el tipo explicativo con diseño documental y bibliográfico para realizar la revisión y arqueo de los autores y documentos pertinentes a la investigación. La indagación concluye que el sistema de interacciones sociales mediado por comunicaciones globales de carácter personal, interpersonal y grupal, define las relaciones de intercambio comunicacional del actor social en torno a las políticas y la comunicación pública de C y T orientadas a su apropiación. ; This paper presents the results of a research aimed at explaining the system of interactions of social actors in Public Communication of Science and Technology (PCST), in the context of a social web defined by the novel systems of communication sustained on informational and communication technologies. The study's theoretical framework highlights the strategic importance of a Public Communication which focuses on promoting public appropriation of Science and Technology, going beyond the role of Journalism and Science Communication that informs a qualified public, to one that stablishes a bond with policies and decision making in the area, made with participation of international agencies, governments, producers of science and technology, journalists' associations, educational institutions, and citizens. The research relies on Explicative Methodology. A revision of pertinent bibliography leads to the conclusion that the system of social interactions mediated by personal, interpersonal and grupal global communications, define the relationships in the communicational exchange of the social actor with regard to public communication of science and technology and policies aimed at its appropriation.

En el presente artículo se exponen los resultados de una investigación guiada por el objetivo general de explicar el sistema de interacciones de actores sociales de la comunicación pública de ciencia y tecnología (CPCT), en un contexto en que toma forma la sociedad Red mediante los novedosos sistemas de comunicaciones fundados en las tecnologías de información y comunicación (TIC). El estudio se emprendió desde un marco teórico en el cual se señala la importancia de la comunicación pública como estrategia encaminada a generar la apropiación pública de la C y T, trascendiendo el periodismo y divulgación científica como herramientas de comunicación en solitario, dirigidos a mantener informado a un público especializado productor y conocedor de la información científico-tecnológica, para articularla a las políticas y toma de decisiones en el área en las cuales participen organismos internacionales, gobiernos, productores de ciencia y tecnología, asociaciones de periodistas, instituciones educativas y ciudadanos . El marco metodológico se constituyó mediante el tipo explicativo con diseño documental y bibliográfico para realizar la revisión y arqueo de los autores y documentos pertinentes a la investigación. La indagación concluye que el sistema de interacciones sociales mediado por comunicaciones globales de carácter personal, interpersonal y grupal, define las relaciones de intercambio comunicacional del actor social en torno a las políticas y la comunicación pública de C y T orientadas a su apropiación. ; This paper presents the results of a research aimed at explaining the system of interactions of social actors in Public Communication of Science and Technology (PCST), in the context of a social web defined by the novel systems of communication sustained on informational and communication technologies. The study's theoretical framework highlights the strategic importance of a Public Communication which focuses on promoting public appropriation of Science and Technology, going beyond the role of Journalism and Science Communication that informs a qualified public, to one that stablishes a bond with policies and decision making in the area, made with participation of international agencies, governments, producers of science and technology, journalists' associations, educational institutions, and citizens. The research relies on Explicative Methodology. A revision of pertinent bibliography leads to the conclusion that the system of social interactions mediated by personal, interpersonal and grupal global communications, define the relationships in the communicational exchange of the social actor with regard to public communication of science and technology and policies aimed at its appropriation.

This handbook takes a multi-disciplinary approach to offer a current state-of-art survey of intercultural communication (IC) studies. The chapters aim for conceptual comprehension, theoretical clarity and empirical understanding with good practical implications. Attention is mostly on face to face communication and networked communication facilitated by digital technologies, much less on technically reproduced mass communication. Contributions cover both cross cultural communication (implicit or explicit comparative works on communication practices across cultures) and intercultural communication (works on communication involving parties of diverse cultural backgrounds). Topics include generally histories of IC research, theoretical perspectives, non-western theories, and cultural communication; specifically communication styles, emotions, interpersonal relationships, ethnocentrism, stereotypes, cultural learning, cross cultural adaptation, and cross border messages;and particular context of conflicts, social change, aging, business, health, and new media. Although the book is prepared for graduate students and academicians, intercultural communication practitioners will also find something useful here.

The idea for this text stemmed from the fruitful experience gathered during the training course of 9 Nigerian university students organized in Naples from 3 to 18 September 2008 by the team of Fondazione IDIS-Città della Scienza under the project Science Centre Owerri. The training course turned out to be not only an educational opportunity to acquire knowledge and skills for these students, but also a real and practical tool that later led to the realization of the first Science Festival of Owerri in Nigeria in May 2009. This in turn sparked the idea of creating a highly practical handbook for those who want to face the challenge of developing new projects for the dissemination and socialization of science in developing countries. In these countries, the role of scientific education and training in schools is not sufficient to arouse scientific curiosity among young people and make the population aware of the importance of scientific knowledge in everyday life. Moreover science and technology are indispensable tools for people's empowerment and should be supported with actions that encourage curiosity about science and the intelligent use of technology to bridge the divide with developed countries. It is therefore necessary to set up activities that are carefully targeted to promote and communicate science. The text has been designed as a practical guide to be used in a variety of contexts: scientific events or more structured science festivals, training, the creation of scientific cultural associations, and the development of new science centres. Besides being an excellent tool for training and supporting the design and planning phases, the manual can also be used as a reference work for institutions and local cultural services which have to select projects of this type.

Countless communication media have been developed throughout the history, ranging from handwriting to movable types press, from telegraph to telephone and radio, from photo to cinema and TV... This volume focuses on the latest (r)evolution, analyzing in detail digital communication technologies and especially the internet. Most recent developments are approached from a theoretical point of view, as well as within different communication contexts.

The objective of this work is to analyze and evaluate the need to create a training in science communication at the University of Panama. From this perspective, we focused on analyzing the positions and opinions of the different estates involved in the process of communication of science, inside and outside the institution. For this, documentation and results from existing studies were analyzed, interviews were conducted and three surveys were applied to different actors of the professional and academic gear of social communication and science and data were compared. Our results indicate a great demand for a specialization in social communication of science from both professionals who do science and social communicators and a great interest in promoting this area by both academic and government institutions. These results justify the need to create a training in social communication of science at the University of Panama in order to form communicators who will acquire the skills and master the tools of plural communication of science to achieve a better dissemination of the scientific knowledge produced in Panama and in the world for Panamanian citizens. ; El objetivo de este trabajo ha sido analizar y evaluar la necesidad de crear una formación en comunicación de las ciencias en la Universidad de Panamá. Desde esta perspectiva, nos centramos en analizar las posiciones y opiniones de los distintos estamentos involucrados en el proceso de comunicación de las ciencias, dentro y fuera de la institución. Para ello se analizó documentación y resultados de estudios existentes, se realizaron dos entrevistas y se aplicaron tres encuestas a distintos actores del engranaje profesional y académico de la comunicación social y las ciencias y se compararon sus datos. Los resultados obtenidos indican una gran demanda de especialización en comunicación social de las ciencias proveniente tanto de los profesionales que hacen ciencia como de los comunicadores sociales y un gran interés por promover este tema por parte de las instituciones académicas y gubernamentales. Este trabajo justifica la necesidad de crear una formación en comunicación social de las ciencias en la Universidad de Panamá, que forme comunicadores que adquieran capacidades para conocer y dominar las herramientas de la comunicación plural de las ciencias para una mejor difusión de los conocimientos científicos que se producen en Panamá y en el mundo para la ciudadanía panameña.

The objective of this work is to analyze and evaluate the need to create a training in science communication at the University of Panama. From this perspective, we focused on analyzing the positions and opinions of the different estates involved in the process of communication of science, inside and outside the institution. For this, documentation and results from existing studies were analyzed, interviews were conducted and three surveys were applied to different actors of the professional and academic gear of social communication and science and data were compared. Our results indicate a great demand for a specialization in social communication of science from both professionals who do science and social communicators and a great interest in promoting this area by both academic and government institutions. These results justify the need to create a training in social communication of science at the University of Panama in order to form communicators who will acquire the skills and master the tools of plural communication of science to achieve a better dissemination of the scientific knowledge produced in Panama and in the world for Panamanian citizens. ; El objetivo de este trabajo ha sido analizar y evaluar la necesidad de crear una formación en comunicación de las ciencias en la Universidad de Panamá. Desde esta perspectiva, nos centramos en analizar las posiciones y opiniones de los distintos estamentos involucrados en el proceso de comunicación de las ciencias, dentro y fuera de la institución. Para ello se analizó documentación y resultados de estudios existentes, se realizaron dos entrevistas y se aplicaron tres encuestas a distintos actores del engranaje profesional y académico de la comunicación social y las ciencias y se compararon sus datos. Los resultados obtenidos indican una gran demanda de especialización en comunicación social de las ciencias proveniente tanto de los profesionales que hacen ciencia como de los comunicadores sociales y un gran interés por promover este tema por parte de las instituciones académicas y gubernamentales. Este trabajo justifica la necesidad de crear una formación en comunicación social de las ciencias en la Universidad de Panamá, que forme comunicadores que adquieran capacidades para conocer y dominar las herramientas de la comunicación plural de las ciencias para una mejor difusión de los conocimientos científicos que se producen en Panamá y en el mundo para la ciudadanía panameña.

Restricting access to knowledge and science is not beneficial for society. So why are scientific results still locked up behind paywalls? Even though the answer to this question is enlightening, the story is quickly told. Much more important is the knowledge on how to change this.Politics, research funders, libraries and scientists have to join forces and to push forward to flip scholarly communication from closed to open access. What has happened so far? What are the current developments? What can each of these parties contribute to the transformation of scholarly communication? Open access guidelines, repositories and the hashtag #ICanHazPDF are just a few examples of approaches that jointly undermine the paywalls. One that has been recognized even beyond the scientific community is Project DEAL which aims to achieve open access for scientific publications from German scientists with major academic publishers.Things are currently progressing very fast and a lot can happen in the weeks between now and the congress. The talk will start with a brief introduction to the most common way of scholarly communication, where science is still mainly locked up behind paywalls. In line with the most recent developments, the talk will then focus on different approaches to open up science and their political and practical consequences. Whatever happens, the transformation of scholarly communication is well underway and it will affect not only the scientific community but society as a whole. So let's join forces!