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A well-known problem in the health sciences is the distorted research agenda: the agenda features too little research that is tailored to the health problems of the poor, and it features too little research that supports the development of other solutions to health problems than medicines (e.g., change of lifestyle). This article analyzes these two sub-problems in more detail, and assesses several strategies to deal with them, resulting in some specific recommendations that indicate what governments should do to make the research agenda in the health sciences less distorted.

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AbstractFragrance is used in consumer products around the world. However, fragrance has been associated with adverse effects on indoor and outdoor air quality and human health. Questions arise, such as the following: Why does fragrance in products pose problems? What are sources of emissions and exposures? What are health and societal effects? What are possible solutions? This paper examines the issue of fragranced consumer products and its science and policy dimensions, with a focus on the implications for air quality and human health. Results include new findings and new questions for future research directions.

In diesem Beitrag wird über einen Workshop berichtet, der sich mit dem Charakter und den besonderen Herausforderungen qualitativer Forschung in gesundheitswissenschaftlichen Settings beschäftigte. Hintergrund für die Durchführung des Workshops war das wachsende Interesse an qualitativen Methoden in den Gesundheitswissenschaften bei zugleich ungenügendem pädagogischen Wissen und unzureichender institutioneller Unterstützung für qualitative Forschungsvorhaben. In unserer Perspektive sind mit der Lehre qualitativer Methoden in einer Umgebung, die quantitativ-basierte Wissensformen präferiert und in der unkonventionelle Forschungsansätze eher marginalisiert werden, einige besondere Herausforderungen verbunden. So sind aktuelle Veränderungen im Forschungskontext (Förderpolitik für angewandte Forschung) und im universitären Kontext (Tendenz zu schnellerer und kürzerer Ausbildung) nur schwer mit einigen zentralen Prämissen qualitativer Forschung vereinbar und können vereinheitlichende Konsequenzen für die studentische Ausbildung zur Folge haben. Hier kann die Lehre qualitativer Methoden über disziplinäre und professionelle Gräben hinweg und insbesondere für Studierende mit geringen oder fehlenden sozialwissenschaftlichen Kenntnissen einen kleinsten gemeinsamen Nenner eröffnen. Lehrende müssen hierbei jedoch mit störenden Effekten der kritischen Dimensionen von qualitativer Forschung auf Studierende und Universitätsangehörige umgehen, ebenso mit den strukturellen Zwängen und politischen Anforderungen, die aus der Betreuung von Qualifikationsarbeiten erwachsen. Doch trotz dieser Herausforderungen einer "Lehre gegen den Strich" lohnt es, qualitative Methoden in gesundheitswissenschaftlichen Kontexten zu lehren, und wir halten deshalb weitere Diskussionen für sinnvoll und potenziell auch eine Führungsrolle für aussichtsreich.

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Interdisciplinary collaboration is an effective and satisfying way to provide health care services and learning across professions. This study aimed to explore interdisciplinary collaboration experiences amongst social work and allied health sciences graduate students and examined factors that contributed to their interdisciplinary collaboration. An interdisciplinary survey was conducted in a Mid-Atlantic public university. Analysis was conducted using hierarchical regressions from 112 health sciences and social work students. Students with positive attitudes toward interdisciplinary health care teams and part-time students compared to full-time students presented higher flexibility of interdisciplinary collaboration. Students with positive experiences of interdisciplinary collaboration demonstrated higher levels of interdependence, compared to those with no and negative experiences of interdisciplinary collaboration. Students in medicine were less likely to show interdependence, compared to those in social work. Professional disciplines and educators should put efforts in offering opportunities for interdisciplinary collaboration practice and building curricula to promote positive attitudes toward interdisciplinary teamwork.

"Im Herbst 1992 wurde im WZB ein Expertenworkshop zum Thema 'Public Health und Pflege - zwei neue gesundheitswissenschaftliche Disziplinen' durchgeführt (vgl. Doris Schaeffer, Martin Moers, Rolf Rosenbrock (Hg.): Public Health und Pflege - zwei neue gesundheitswissenschaftliche Disziplinen, Berlin: Ed. Sigma 1994, 297 S., 2. Aufl. 2004). Zu diesem Zeitpunkt hatte die staatliche Förderung der Forschung und des Aufbaus von Studiengängen an deutschen Hochschulen gerade begonnen. Knapp 18 Jahre später untersuchen die Autoren - Protagonisten des damaligen Aufbruchs -, was aus den Hoffnungen, Befürchtungen und Prognosen geworden ist. Sie skizzieren die seither eingetretenen Entwicklungen im Hinblick auf Forschung, Ausbildung, Strukturentwicklung und Berufspraxis. Im Ergebnis konstatieren sie zum Teil bemerkenswerte Erfolge, aber auch Enttäuschungen und Entwicklungshemmnisse. So hat die Ansiedlung der Pflegewissenschaften überwiegend an Fachhochschulen den Akademisierungsprozess der Pflege behindert. Public Health stößt als Multidisziplin auf Akzeptanzprobleme im Wissenschaftssystem und konnte sich auch nicht hinreichend von der Medizin emanzipieren. Die Autoren sprechen sich für ein Bündnis von Pflegewissenschaft und Public Health unter einem gemeinsamen Dach als neue 'health sciences and health professions' aus." (Autorenreferat)

"Environmental public health is an interdisciplinary approach to the study of the direct impact of exposure to environmental hazards on the public's health and wellbeing. Assessing and addressing the risks of chemical hazards requires a sound knowledge of toxicology, environmental epidemiology, environmental science, health risk assessment, and public health principles. Essentials of Environmental Public Health Science provides practical guidance on the technical aspects of environmental and public health investigations. Written by leaders in the field, the authors provide expert advice on a range of topics from key concepts and frameworks for investigation to contaminated land and waste management."--

BACKGROUND: In recent years there have been calls to strengthen health sciences research capacity in African countries. This capacity can contribute to improvements in health, social welfare and poverty reduction through domestic application of research findings; it is increasingly seen as critical to pandemic preparedness and response. Developing research infrastructure and performance may reduce national economies' reliance on primary commodity and agricultural production, as countries strive to develop knowledge-based economies to help drive macroeconomic growth. Yet efforts to date to understand health sciences research capacity are limited to output metrics of journal citations and publications, failing to reflect the complexity of the health sciences research landscape in many settings. METHODS: We map and assess current capacity for health sciences research across all 54 countries of Africa by collecting a range of available data. This included structural indicators (research institutions and research funding), process indicators (clinical trial infrastructures, intellectual property rights and regulatory capacities) and output indicators (publications and citations). RESULTS: While there are some countries which perform well across the range of indicators used, for most countries the results are varied—suggesting high relative performance in some indicators, but lower in others. Missing data for key measures of capacity or performance is also a key concern. Taken as a whole, existing data suggest a nuanced view of the current health sciences research landscape on the African continent. CONCLUSION: Mapping existing data may enable governments and international organizations to identify where gaps in health sciences research capacity lie, particularly in comparison to other countries in the region. It also highlights gaps where more data are needed. These data can help to inform investment priorities and future system needs. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material ...

Background: In recent years there have been calls to strengthen health sciences research capacity in African countries. This capacity can contribute to improvements in health, social welfare and poverty reduction through domestic application of research findings; it is increasingly seen as critical to pandemic preparedness and response. Developing research infrastructure and performance may reduce national economies' reliance on primary commodity and agricultural production, as countries strive to develop knowledge-based economies to help drive macroeconomic growth. Yet efforts to date to understand health sciences research capacity are limited to output metrics of journal citations and publications, failing to reflect the complexity of the health sciences research landscape in many settings. Methods: We map and assess current capacity for health sciences research across all 54 countries of Africa by collecting a range of available data. This included structural indicators (research institutions and research funding), process indicators (clinical trial infrastructures, intellectual property rights and regulatory capacities) and output indicators (publications and citations). Results: While there are some countries which perform well across the range of indicators used, for most countries the results are varied—suggesting high relative performance in some indicators, but lower in others. Missing data for key measures of capacity or performance is also a key concern. Taken as a whole, existing data suggest a nuanced view of the current health sciences research landscape on the African continent. Conclusion: Mapping existing data may enable governments and international organizations to identify where gaps in health sciences research capacity lie, particularly in comparison to other countries in the region. It also highlights gaps where more data are needed. These data can help to inform investment priorities and future system needs.

The increased use of ethnography in health science research warrants an in-depth examination of the experiential account of ethnographic data collection. Using Oberg's classic definition of "culture shock" as a framework, I share my experience as a novice researcher conducting fieldwork as part of an institutional ethnography on workplace mental health. I draw attention to the typically unspoken aspects of ethnography throughout this account by providing insights on role contradictions, in addition to ethical, emotional, and practical issues that are not readily addressed in traditional methodological descriptions of ethnography. I conclude with a variety of strategies for the novice health science researcher to effectively negotiate some of the typical dilemmas experienced in this type of research. (author's abstract)