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Cyber information warfare (IW) is a double-edged sword. States use IW to shape the hearts and minds of foreign societies and policy makers. However, states are also prone to foreign influence through IW. This assumption applies mainly to liberal democratic societies. The question examined in this article is how Russia uses IW on other countries but protects itself from the same activities. The authors' main argument is that while Russia executes influence operations and IW in cyberspace, it strives for uncompromising control over its domestic cyberspace, thus restricting undesirable informational influence over its population.

"The question of how Islamic law regulates the notions of just recourse and just conduct in war has long been the topic of heated controversy, and is often subject to oversimplification in scholarship and journalism. This book traces the rationale for aggression within the Islamic tradition, and assesses the meaning and evolution of the contentious concept of jihad. The book reveals that there has never been a unified position on what Islamic warfare tangibly entails, due to the complexity of relevant sources and discordant historical dynamics that have shaped the contours of jihad. Onder Bakircioglu advocates a dynamic reading of Islamic law and military tradition; one which prioritises the demands of contemporary international relations and considers the meaning and application of jihad as contingent on the socio-political forces of each historical epoch. This book will be of great interest to scholars and students of international law, Islamic law, war and security studies, and the law of armed conflict"--

Poland presents an interesting case study for Russian information warfare, as Russia's strategies and methods carry deeper meanings given the long history of antagonism between the two countries. Polish strategies to counter Russian information warfare have been much more effective than those of other countries that have fallen victim to this war tactic. In Poland, the Law and Justice Party has been tightening control over the domestic political space and adding new physical structures - such as cybersecurity hardware, surveillance mechanisms, and new federal agencies - that have contributed to its efforts to combat Russian information warfare. At the same time, however, these methods have undermined the rule of law within Poland.

Information warfare is a key component of Russia's national security strategy and has impacted the United States, Europe, and - perhaps most notably - Ukraine. Ukraine has been on the front lines of Russia's information war for a decade, with Russia using both traditional mass media and social media to create divisions within the country and justify war. Ukrainian responses have involved limitations and bans on Russian mass media, attempts to expose Russian misinformation, and information campaigns of its own. These policy responses have forced Russian tools to adapt and have limited the audience of Russian information warfare.