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Abstract
This study focuses on a discourse practice that metaphorically associates ISIS with an early Islamic sect known as the Kharijites. This practice constructs a discourse that calls back the background knowledge and memory of historical narratives and experiences that create conceptual frames that communicate meanings of war and atrocities. These meanings were used by King Abdullah II of Jordan to justify Jordan's military participation against ISIS (circa 2014–2018). On the basis of the "blending theory" of conceptual metaphor, this study shows how the discourse practice of depicting ISIS as the Kharijites has undergone selective associations with the ideological aim of constructing persuasive and coercive discourses to justify military intervention against ISIS, primarily by foregrounding scripts of threat and victimization. That, in turn, leads to the instigation of illusive and incomplete associations.

"This book analyses the growth of sectarian-based terrorist violence in Pakistan, one of the Muslim majority states most affected by sectarian violence, ever since it was established in 1947. Sectarian violence among Muslims has emerged as a major global security problem in recent years. The author argues that the upsurge in sectarian violence in Pakistan, particularly since the late 1970s has had less to do with theological differences between the various sects of Islam, but are a consequence of the specific political, social, economic, demographic and cultural changes that have taken place in Pakistan since it was established as an independent state. A major theme of the book is the increasing violence, extent and expressions of sectarian conflict which have emerged as new forms of sectarian terrorism. The volume provides an in-depth empirical case study which addresses some major theoretical questions raised by Critical Terrorism Studies researchers in respect of the links between religion and sectarian terrorism in Pakistan and more widely. This book will be of much interest to students of critical terrorism studies, Asian politics, religious studies and International Relations in general"--

Long a taboo topic, as well as one that has alarmed outside powers, sectarian conflict in the Middle East is on the rise. The contributors to this book examine sectarian politics in the Persian Gulf, including the GCC states, Yemen, Iran and Iraq, and consider the origins and con- sequences of sectarianism broadly construed, as it affects ethnic, tribal and religious groups. They also present a theoretical and comparative framework for understanding sectarianism, as well as country-specific chapters based on recent research in the area. Key issues that are scrutinised include the nature of sectarianism, how identity moves from a passive to an active state, and the mechanisms that trigger conflict. The strategies of governments such as rentier economies and the 'invention' of partisan national histories that encourage or manage sectarian differences are also highlighted, as is the role of outside powers in fostering sectarian strife. The volume also seeks to clarify whether movements such as the Islamic revival or the Arab Spring obscure the continued salience of religious and ethnic cleavages.

"Interest in Shiʻism Islam has increased greatly in recent years, although Shiʻism in the Indian subcontinent has remained largely underexplored. Focusing on the influential Shiʻa minority of Lucknow and the United Provinces, a region that was largely under Shiʻa rule until 1856, this book traces the history of Indian Shiʻism through the colonial period toward Independence in 1947. Drawing on a range of new sources, including religious writing, polemical literature, and clerical biography, it assesses seminal developments including the growth of Shiʻa religious activism, madrasa education, missionary activity, ritual innovation, and the politicization of the Shiʻa community. As a consequence of these significant religious and social transformations, a Shiʻa sectarian identity developed that existed in separation from rather than in interaction with its Sunni counterparts. In this way the painful birth of modern sectarianism was initiated, the consequences of which are very much alive in South Asia today. The book makes a significant contribution to the global history of Shiʻism, and to understandings of inner-Islamic conflicts in the colonial and post-colonial worlds"--

While many Muslim sects are in agreement of the necessity of the Islamic Caliphate or Khilafah, modelled upon the ideal caliphate of the Prophet and the four rightly-guided caliphs, its necessity is sometimes completely denied. A very controversial view is that advanced by the Egyptian, Ali Abd. al-Raziq (1888-1966) in his treatise al-Islam wa Usul al-Hukm (Islam and the Principles of Government) published in 1925. This paper reviews the argument forwarded by Ali Abd. al-Raziq on the necessity of the Islamic Caliphate using a secondary data analysis and published materials written by scholars on this issue. It is found that the nature and some fundamental principles of the khilafah arose very early in Islam and has continued to provoke discussion into the modern world. Amongst Ali Abd. al-Raziq's views were the claim that caliphate has no basis, whether in the Qur'an, the traditions or the consensus (ijmac) and the assertion of separation between religion and political power. His view, which remarks violent controversy in the modern Muslim world, is discussed throughout this paper. DOI:10.5901/mjss.2015.v6n4s2p137

Despite the small number of its faithful, the Ahmadiyya faith stands out for the public presence and political support that it achieves in the West, this is due to some of its characteristics - such as the defense of religious freedom or the firm condemnation of terrorism - that make from this Islamic sect a dreamed Islam; This article investigates its origins and message, to know to what extent this Islam dreamed in reality is. ; A pesar del escaso número de sus fieles, la fe ahmadía destaca por la presencia pública y apoyo político que logra en Occidente, ello se debe a algunas de sus características -como la defensa de la libertad religiosa o la firme condena del terrorismo- que hacen de esta secta islámica un islam soñado;este artículo investiga sus orígenes y mensaje, para saber hasta qué punto este islam soñadoen realidad lo es.

This introduction to a special journal issue, "The Genealogy of Terrorism," notes that Islamist terrorism is not coming to a close, but rather is becoming a global phenomenon. Since the 11 Sept 2001 attacks in the US, its targets have included Bali, Bosnia, China, Indonesia, Denmark, Germany, Spain, England, Israel, Jordan, Algeria, Argentina, Egypt, Iraq, Turkey, & Tunisia. Thus, it is not simply against US policies & is even against modern Islamic sects. Based on discontent with modernity, it is bent on violence & whatever it can gain parasitically in the international system. While it seeks to fulfill a Salifist dream of returning to the 7th-century Caliphate, its lessons in violence have come from modern sources such as Nazi Germany, the Soviet Union, & the Red Army Faction. The contributions to this issue portray the genealogy of today's Islamist terrorism. Adapted from the source document.

The increasing dimension and scope that the Boko-Haram crises has assumed since its emergence in 2009 has necessitated a more critical look at the challenge facing the nation state – Nigeria and indeed the globe. The paper which adopts the desk research argues that even though Nigeria has been faced with series of security challenges before now, the activities of Boko-Haram pose a major and fundamental challenge to her existence and global security. The activities have led to the destruction of lives and properties, and even threatening the corporate existence of the country, and have made Northern Nigeria environment not only unconducive for investment from within and outside the country, but has also seriously disrupted social life. Against the backdrop of the monumental effects of the Boko-Haram activities, we have recommended among other measures the collaboration of the Nigerian government with the US and other European partners on tackling the menace of the sect; the creation of the Rapid Response Force (RRF) that is well trained, well equipped and highly mobile to deal with these kinds of situations where they may arise in the future and a strong and enhanced predictive intelligence gathering capacity by the nation security forces. DOI:10.5901/jesr.2014.v4n1p503

Since the twentieth century, intensifying global transformations have led to the spread of religious extremism and jihadist movements. In the United States, there was the Al-Qaeda terrorist attack on the World Trade Centre on September 11, 2001and similar attacks in Britain, Spain and other parts of Europe within the same period. Since 2011, sectarian clashes have lingered in northern Lebanon following the arrest of a Lebanese Islamist linked to the Syrian uprising. In Africa, the Boko Haram Islamic sect with known religious preferences and belief system has occasioned national security crisis in Nigeria. In Mali, the Tuareg fighters with support from Al-Qaeda have stoked a simmering rebellion in the country. All this has created global security challenges which threaten the security of nation-states and their citizens. This paper seeks to establish the nexus between globalization and the spread of religious extremism and how it poses a threat to global security.

This study examines the normative hypothesis explaining the nexus between terrorism and Abrahamic religious tradition, particularly the Boko Haram Islamic fundamentalist sect in North-Eastern Nigeria. It is methodologically structured in quantitative and qualitative methods, where data and information are retrieved from primary and secondary sources. These were presented in a tabular form and analyzed descriptively within the context of the subject matter under investigation. The findings reveal that, beyond the classical arguments usually provided by the Abrahamic religious tradition school, the real reason behind global terrorism is for some overzealous religious bigots to establish a caliphate that will enable them to influence the international system. Based on these findings, the study concluded that the war against global terrorism would be a mirage unless national governments and international organizations fully address these fundamental issues.

Worldwide terrorism-an introduction. Definitions and development -- Islamic fundamentalists -- Suicide terrorism -- Intellectuals with sympathetic views --Intellectuals and reformists against radical Islam -- Terror trail -- Reformists -- Saying no to terrorists -- Terrorism: causes, past and present. The causes of terrorism -- Yielding to violence and appeasement -- Oil and gas -- Multiculturalism and Muslim identity -- Secularism, capitalism, and globalization -- Illiteracy, poverty, and social roots -- Clash of religions, cultures, and societies -- Lost Muslim empires and imperialism -- Underworld, media, and the internet -- Lack of extradition treaties -- Injustice and lack of civil liberties -- The Afghanistan and Iraq wars -- State-sponsored terrorism moral decadence of the west -- Radical Islam's ideologies. Al-wala' wal-bara' -- Suicide bombing -- Operation Iraqi Freedom and Operation Enduring Freedom -- Radical ideologues -- Sharia -- Honor killing -- Dhimmis (Zimmis) -- Wahabbi -- Deobandi -- The Khilafat movement and the Moplah rebellion -- Al Qaeda and Osama bin Laden -- The Taliban -- Al Shabaab -- Al Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb -- Slavery -- Jihad, Hanbalists, and reformists -- United in hatred -- Terrorism in other religions: Buddhism, Christianity, Hinduism (aka Santa Dharma), Judaism -- Religion and politics -- Homegrown terrorists -- The terrorist's mind -- Radicalization and deradicalization -- Islamic radicalization in Asia, Europe, and Africa -- Central Asia: Afghanistan, Uzbekistan, Tajikstan -- South Asia: Bangladesh, India, Pakistan -- Southeast Asia: the Philippines, Thailand, Indonesia -- Radicalization in Africa -- Terrorism in Europe and crossroads of culture -- The western terrorist groups -- Weapons of mass destruction, technology, and cyberterrorism -- Nuclear and radiation terrorism -- Radiation terrorism -- Nuclear weapons proliferation -- Bioterrorism -- Chemical terrorism -- Technology and terrorism -- Surveillance, biometrics, and information technology -- Biometrics (measures of life) -- Cyberterrorism -- Computer and network security -- Mitigation strategies and structures. Counter-terrorism in America, Asia, and Europe: South Asia, the United States, analytical approaches, European approaches, modeling and simulation -- Counterinsurgency (COIN), Afghanistan, Iraq, COIN in India, analytic measures and social science -- Psychological mitigation and deterrence -- Epilogue -- Appendix 1: terrorist attacks and organizations -- Appendix 2: the UN resolutions on human rights and sovereignty -- Appendix 3: glossary -- Appendix 4: the Quranic verses and Islamic sects -- Appendix 5: abbreviations