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A study of the impact of change on environmental sci's, which distinguishes 3 main groups of theories: (a) theories of soc change developed in sociol; (b) theories of growth elaborated in econ's, & (c) models of Ur growth, developed in regional sci's, planning sci's, econ geography, etc. 2 major clusters of problems can be distinguished in the study of soc change: (1) factors & mechanisms of change, & (2) the nature of soc change. 2 basic & partly competing groups of theories in sociol try to explain soc change: the 1st tries to define the dominant factors of change, & the 2nd group analyzes the reciprocal relations of the various subsystems & elements of society. The general theory of soc change which has partly replaced evolutionist schemes deals mainly with 3 spheres of problems: determining the changing units; measuring changes; & discovering the direction of change. The latter 2 are underlined. The selective survey of models simulating the types & direction of soc change demonstrates that we are living in an era of parallel & partial theories of change which do not compete but complement each other in adequately modelling the changes in various parts of society. Methodological difficulties in working out complex analytical models of change have so far proved insurmountable & consequently sociol has to limit itself to partial theories. The best known among them are models of industr'ization & modernization, Ur'ization, demographic transition, & morphologic continuum. Econ growth models & the planning sci's are related. Then models of Ur growth are described: group (1) consists of models directly concerned with the growth of cities, group (2) consists of so-called explicative models, which try to explain the mechanisms of the distribution of dwellings & activities so as to yield an econ or soc continuum, group (3) is known as descriptive models, which try to describe some aspects of Ur growth by mathematical models, group (4) is stochastic models, which simulate decisions about transportation, housing, & location of amenities. It is stressed that more questions should be asked about the direction of change & the attempt made to distinguish necessary & functional changes from willful change. Perhaps the most valuable result of the study of theories of change is the growing understanding that elements of society change at a diff pace. In the planning sci's we therefore need a better knowledge of cities' capacities to absorb change. Intentional incompleteness of objects or Ur elements seems most promising. Experience has also shown that low-density Ur areas are more capable of change than high-density agrea. E. Weiman.

Investigates the question of how feminists can transform the gendered features of society to facilitate less discrimination. Analysis of the feminist perspective identifies two problematic presuppositions of their struggle with discrimination. A review of the problems of gender contextualizes an ontology based on a structured social reality of social positions, internal relations, systems & collectivities, & social process. Gender is theorized by the components of distinction between individuals with sexual characteristics, & mechanisms of differentiation. The possibility for emancipatory practice is constrained by a focus on one version of the good society. The feminist neglect of ontology in favor of epistemology needs to co-development both theoretical arenas to advance substantial analysis. References. J. Harwell

Chapter 1. Building up the concept of responsible entrepreneurship within the digital silk road / Renata Thiebaut -- Chapter 2. Business as usual but with a sustainable development footprint on FDIs as entrepreneurship for social changes in Brazil / Andreia Costa Vieira -- Chapter 3. The ecosystem of women's health social enterprises based in the United States / Marquita Kilgore-Nolan -- Chapter 4. Dynamic entrepreneurial or subsistence self-employed? Self-employment among urban and rural Nigerian workers / Ikechukwu D. Nwaka and Kalu E. Uma -- Chapter 5. Innovation, institutions, and social change in peer-to-peer lending: evidence from China / Daniel Cosgrove and Imran Chowdhury -- Chapter 6. Paths to the Development of Social Entrepreneurship in Russia and Central Asian Countries: Standardization vs. Deregulation / Elena G. Popkova and Bruno 5. Sergi -- Chapter 7. Global regulation of carbon capture and storage (CCS) as a climate change mitigation strategy: prospects, process and problems / Qerim Qerimi -- Chapter 8. Exploring the effects of discretion, discrimination, and oversight on the inclusiveness of small business contracting / Iman Hemmatian, Amol M. Joshi, Todd M. Inouye and Jeffrey A. Robinson -- Chapter 9. Place and its role in venture capital funding / Luke Heine.