Suchergebnisse

"In this paper, we estimate the effect of the tax preference for insurance on health spending based on the Medical Expenditure Panel Surveys from 1996-2005. We use the fact that Social Security taxes are only levied on earnings below a statutory threshold to identify the tax preference's impact. Because employer-sponsored health insurance premiums are excluded from Social Security payroll taxes, workers who earn just below the Social Security tax threshold receive a larger tax preference for health insurance than workers who earn just above it. We find a significant effect of the tax preference, consistent with previous research"--National Bureau of Economic Research web site

The combined effect of taxes and social spending in Romania helps to reduce inequality, although less so than in other European Union countries. However, the combination of direct and indirect taxes and transfers leads to an increase in poverty, as direct cash transfers to poor households are not large enough to compensate them for the burden of indirect taxes. This is especially important for rural households and families with children. Moreover, recent reductions in the rates for personal income and value-added taxes are expected to have led to an increase in inequality, as most of the tax relief accrued to the top of the income distribution. Although these changes likely helped to reduce poverty, they were an expensive way to achieve a small decline in the poverty rate. Higher and better targeted social assistance spending could have achieved better distributional results at a much lower fiscal cost. These results call for greater use of simulation tools that could inform policy makers and the public of the fiscal costs and redistributive impacts of proposed reforms.

In this article, we explore the influence of tax price information on citizen preferences for taxes and spending using mail surveys. We explore the effects on service support when varying levels of cost information. We also observe how the magnitude of service costs influences service support. While the presence of cost information corresponded with lower levels of respondent support for the most costly services, it was associated with higher levels of support for less expensive services. These effects were the same whether the tax price represented the respondent's actual household cost or the jurisdiction average household cost for each service.

Data drawn from research into the introduction of the community charge by the Scottish Office and the Convention of Scottish Local Authorities is used for a preliminary test of the research framework being developed for use over a number of years. (JMM)

AbstractUnder what circumstances will members of the public hold positive attitudes toward new or higher taxes? While some scholars have posited that the practice of "earmarking" – designating tax revenues for a particular purpose – can increase support for taxes, the existing literature has not identified the conditions under which earmarking will prove effective in this regard. Here, we draw upon previous research on consumer behavior to hypothesize that support for earmarked taxes will be stronger when such taxes satisfy the criterion of "source–use alignment" (i.e., when the connection between the revenue source and the use for which those revenues are earmarked accords with familiar consumer fairness norms). Evidence in support of this hypothesis comes from two experiments on a sample of US residents matched to Census data, in which subjects were randomly assigned to read descriptions of hypothetical earmarked taxes with varying levels of alignment. Individuals consistently expressed stronger support for earmarked taxes that achieved source–use alignment as compared to earmarked taxes that did not satisfy the source–use alignment criterion. Our theory and results not only help to explain why some earmarked taxes are more popular than others, but also suggest a means for increasing public support for taxes.

This paper analyses the relations between the banking system fluctuations, on one hand, and taxation and public spending, on the other one, using a VECM methodology. We find some evidence of prociclicality of fiscal policy using variables such as government spending, taxes, and primary surplus. Effects in the opposite direction are much smaller. Results are quite stable over time. - Credit cycles ; fiscal policy ; procyclicality

Tax reform debates in the United States have focused on the question of whether the existing corporate and individual income tax system should be replaced with some form of a national consumption tax. This book contains essays written by internationally recognized tax experts who describe the current state in economic thinking on the issue of whether fundamental tax reform is preferable to continued incremental reform of the existing income tax. The papers were originally commissioned by the James A. Baker III Institute for Public Policy at Rice University, Houston. The collection covers a range of tax policy issues related to consumption tax reforms, including their economic effects, distributional consequences, effects on administrative and compliance costs, transitional issues and the political aspects of fundamental tax reform, and international comparisons. The book will serve as a comprehensive guide to the ongoing tax reform debate to tax policy makers and the general electorate

This paper assesses the effects of Tax elasticity on Government Spending state wise from 2001-2010 for five major states in terms of population. OLS Regression model is used where the relationships are assumed to be linear. The variables used in the regression model are: Gt = the government spending at the state level, the dependent variable Yt = the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of the state Ct = the central assistance to the state , Et = the elasticity variable, The subscript 't' refers to the corresponding year of analysis and b0, b1, b2, b3, b4, b5 are regression coefficients. In most of the cases, elasticity bore a positive and significant relation to the level of government spending except in the case of Bihar, where the coefficient was negative and insignificant.

This paper assesses the effects of Tax elasticity on Government Spending state wise from 2001-2010 for five major states in terms of population. OLS Regression model is used where the relationships are assumed to be linear. The variables used in the regression model are: Gt = the government spending at the state level, the dependent variable Yt = the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of the state Ct = the central assistance to the state , Et = the elasticity variable, The subscript 't' refers to the corresponding year of analysis and b0, b1, b2, b3, b4, b5 are regression coefficients. In most of the cases, elasticity bore a positive and significantrelation to the level of government spending except in the case of Bihar, where the coefficient was negative and insignificant.

Based on working paper no. 1791, National Bureau of Economic Research. United States. Deductibility of state and local taxes from federal personal income tax liabilities; effect on the fiscal behavior of state and local governments.

Cover -- Introduction -- I. Multi-Sided Online Business Models and the European VAT System -- II. The Concept of EU VAT Consumption Suitable for Digitalization: Definitions, Literature Overview and Research Objective -- III. Overview -- Chapter 1: Theoretical Concepts of Consumption -- I. Economics -- 1. Macroeconomics: An Aggregated Notion of Consumption -- 2. Microeconomics: Satisfaction as Consumption -- II. Marketing: Consumers' Needs and Wants -- III. Taxation other than Value Added Taxation -- 1. Taxing Consumption and Direct Taxation -- 2. Excise Taxes: Selective Taxation of Consumption -- IV. Summary: Important Findings on Theoretical Concepts of Consumption -- Chapter 2: The Concept of EU VAT as a General Consumption Tax -- I. EU VAT as a General Consumption Tax -- 1. Consumption of Services: Benefits for Identifiable Individuals -- 2. Equal Treatment of Consumption of Goods -- II. Transactions: Proxies for Consumption -- 1. Business Transactions Instead of Actual Consumption -- a. Transactions as Proxies -- b. Transactions by Taxable Persons -- 2. Further ECJ Requirements for Transactions -- a. Direct Link Requirement -- b. Legal Relationship -- III. Additional Adjustments to the Concept of EU VAT as a General Consumption Tax -- 1. Illegal Transactions -- 2. Anticipated Consumption -- 3. Free Supplies of Goods and Services -- a. Free Supplies as Deemed Transactions -- b. A Broad Base of Taxable Free Transactions of Goods -- IV. Summary: The Concept of EU VAT as a General Consumption Tax -- Chapter 3: Digital Challenges to the Concept of EU VAT as a General Consumption Tax -- I. Digital Changes of Supply and Demand Structures and their Market Exchange -- 1. Increased Importance of Digital Services -- 2. Increased Digital Market Interaction of Private Consumers -- a. Transactions of the Sharing Economy.