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International audience ; Recently it was discovered that over the Middle East during summer ozone mixing ratios can reach a pronounced maximum in the middle troposphere. Here we extend the analysis to the surface and show that especially in the Persian Gulf region conditions are highly favorable for ozone air pollution. We apply the EMAC atmospheric chemistry-climate model to investigate long-distance transport and the regional formation of ozone. Further, we make use of available in situ and satellite measurements and compare these with model output. The results indicate that the region is a hot spot of photochemical smog where European Union air quality standards are violated throughout the year. Long-distance transports of air pollution from Europe and the Middle East, natural emissions and stratospheric ozone conspire to bring about relatively high background ozone mixing ratios. This provides a hotbed to strong and growing indigenous air pollution in the dry local climate, and these conditions are likely to get worse in the future.

International audience ; Recently it was discovered that over the Middle East during summer ozone mixing ratios can reach a pronounced maximum in the middle troposphere. Here we extend the analysis to the surface and show that especially in the Persian Gulf region conditions are highly favorable for ozone air pollution. We apply the EMAC atmospheric chemistry-climate model to investigate long-distance transport and the regional formation of ozone. Further, we make use of available in situ and satellite measurements and compare these with model output. The results indicate that the region is a hot spot of photochemical smog where European Union air quality standards are violated throughout the year. Long-distance transports of air pollution from Europe and the Middle East, natural emissions and stratospheric ozone conspire to bring about relatively high background ozone mixing ratios. This provides a hotbed to strong and growing indigenous air pollution in the dry local climate, and these conditions are likely to get worse in the future.

Recently it was discovered that over the Middle East during summer ozone mixing ratios can reach a pronounced maximum in the middle troposphere. Here we extend the analysis to the surface and show that especially in the Persian Gulf region conditions are highly favorable for ozone air pollution. We apply the EMAC atmospheric chemistry-climate model to investigate long-distance transport and the regional formation of ozone. Further, we make use of available in situ and satellite measurements and compare these with model output. The results indicate that the region is a hot spot of photochemical smog where European Union air quality standards are violated throughout the year. Long-distance transports of air pollution from Europe and the Middle East, natural emissions and stratospheric ozone conspire to bring about relatively high background ozone mixing ratios. This provides a hotbed to strong and growing indigenous air pollution in the dry local climate, and these conditions are likely to get worse in the future.

Dieser Artikel beschreibt die Entwicklung des Islamischen Finanzwesens in der Golfregion und sucht zu erklären, wie es dieser Region gelang, ihre führende Rolle in dieser Industrie zu steigern. Er nutzt hierzu die einschlägige Sekundärliteratur und die Statistiken des Islamic Financial Services Board (IFSB). Der Artikel behandelt sowohl die Staaten des Golf-Kooperationsrats als auch Iran. Diese Länder verfügen weltweit über die Mehrheit der islamischen Finanzanlagen. Die Golfregion spielt eine zentrale Rolle im Islamischen Finanzwesen und dieses verbindet die Golfregion mit anderen Weltregionen. Diese beherrschende Rolle der Golfregion beruht auf den Präferenzen ihrer Bevölkerung für shari'a-konforme Produkte, ihre Finanzkraft, die politische Unterstützung der Regierungen und die Internationalisierungsbestrebungen ihrer islamischen Finanzinstitute. Der Artikel beleuchtet auch die Unterschiede innerhalb der Region. ; The article aims at describing the development of Islamic finance in the Gulf region and to explain how the region was able to increase its leading role in this industry. It uses and interprets relevant secondary literature and the statistics of the Islamic Financial Services Board (IFSB). This article includes both the countries of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) and Iran. These countries own the majority of the Islamic financial assets world-wide. The Gulf region plays a central role in Islamic finance and Islamic finance connects the Gulf region with other world regions. This dominating role of the Gulf region is caused by the preference of its population for shari'a-compliant products, its financial strength, the political support of the governments and the internationalization efforts of its Islamic financial institutes. The article will also throw light on the differences within the region. ; Bu makale, Körfez bölgesinde İslami finansın gelişimini anlatmak ve bölgenin bu endüstrideki öncü rolünü nasıl geliştirdiğini açıklamayı amaçlamaktadır. Makalede ilgili ikincil literatür ve İslami Finansal Hizmetler Kurulu'nun (Islamic Financial Services Board, IFSB) istatistikleri kullanılmış ve yorumlanmıştır. Bu makale hem Körfez İşbirliği Konseyi (Gulf Cooperation Council, GCC)) ülkelerini hem de İran'ı içermektedir. Bu ülkeler, dünya genelindeki İslami finansal varlıklarının önemli bir bölümüne sahiptir. Körfez bölgesi, İslami finans alanında merkezi bir rol oynamakta ve İslami finans, Körfez bölgesini diğer dünya bölgelerine bağlamaktadır. Körfez bölgesinin bu baskın rolü, nüfusunun şer'i hükümlere uygun ürünleri tercih etmesinden, mali gücünden, hükümetlerin politik desteğinden ve İslami finans kurumlarının uluslararasılaşma çabalarından kaynaklanmaktadır. Makale, bölge içi farklılıklara da ışık tutacaktır.

"The Persian Gulf 2016-17 is fifth in the series published by MEI@ND and first in collaboration with the IDSA. It examines India's bilateral relations with the region and focusses on developments during 2015 and 2016. It gives a comprehensive account of the strategic, political, economic and cultural aspects of bilateral developments and also provides in-depth analysis of internal dynamics of the Persian Gulf countries." (Publisher's description)

"The bitter confrontation between Saudi Arabia and Iran is not only stoking conflicts in Syria, Iraq and Yemen, but now threatens the stability, security and well-being of the whole Gulf region. All the major global powers have significant interests in this area, and the pursuit of these interests adds further layers of division and conflict. This book goes to the heart of this issue, examining the critical modalities whereby the "Gulf Cold War" can be brought to an end. What is needed, the contributors argue, is the creation of a security community among the states of the Gulf. The processes through which this could be achieved are carefully examined. All those interested in the future and well-being of the Gulf region should give consideration to the perspectives advanced." (Publisher's description)

International audience Ongoing global change and its direct environmental impacts, in addition to securing economic transition to the post-oil era, could trigger complex socioeconomic and political crises in oil-dependent economies of the Persian Gulf Region (PGR). To evaluate the role of climate change and related policies in degrading the environment and its socioeconomic impacts in the PGR, we have used a variety of available global datasets and published data. The results show that the countries of the PGR pursue some types of socioeconomic reforms to alleviate the impacts of climate change. However, it seems that these attempts are not compatible with the environment's capacity. The main problem stems from the fact that political differences between the PGR nations prevent them from managing the Persian Gulf environment as an integrated natural system and consequently they have to limit their efforts within their borders, regardless of what happens in other parts of the system. The shift to alternative revenue sources by the countries needs socioeconomic preparedness while there are environmental obstacles, political tensions and geopolitical rivalries. Unless there is a cooperative approach to mitigate the effects of climate change, accompanied by a reorientation of PGR economies, the situation is likely to worsen rather than improve. To address the challenges of climate change, integrated regional collaborations are needed. Collective action, such as more investment in regional research and development and education, is required if the PGR is to successfully transition from a commodity-based to a knowledge-based economy.

Este informe de investigación recoge los resultados de una exploración sobre la naturaleza de las afectaciones de un grupo armado, lo paramilitares, en una región colombiana; este ejercicio ha sido la antesala para planteamiento de una investigación que, recientemente aprobada, se propone ofrecer pautas para dar cuenta de aquellos impactos de la guerra que puedan ser definidos como "daño colectivo". En este orden de ideas, este artículo se propone exponer de la los resultados de esta aproximación preliminar que, a la manera de un estudio de caso, permiten establecer los alcances y limites analíticos de las aproximaciones de este carácter para dar cuenta de la dimensión de los daños colectivos a partir de la inspección de los tipos y naturaleza de las acciones paramilitares en el Chocó y Urabá antioqueños, durante el periodo 1998-2006.

This study examines the perceptions of students and employers in two Arabian Gulf countries of the Higher National Diploma (HND) and British higher education in general. The need for a higher education qualifications framework and an effective system for assessing the quality and standards of British universities and their programmes offered overseas are considered in the context of the United Kingdom achieving its government's market share targets for international fee-paying higher education. The study discovers that student satisfaction with the HND was high among the student sample in the two Gulf countries, and that British higher education is generally well respected among both students and employers worldwide. It is argued that with increasing competition in the international higher education market, the United Kingdom government and United Kingdom universities must take greater care to consider overseas markets when making HE policy decisions if the export of British higher education is to be successfully increased.

The article seeks to analyze the policy of USA as a self-proclaimed leader of a coalition representing the interest of the North as also its allies and supporters in the South, specially in the context of increasing sense of energy insecurity. This insecurity is caused by a combination of factors like the declining reserves in the North, continued reliance upon oil and gas for commercial energy, and the feeling that not only 'rogue' regimes but also non-state actors pose a threat to free flow of energy at affordable price. That sense of increasing insecurity has prompted the US-led coalition to seek to militarily dominate a substantial part of the oil and gas reserves of the Gulf region, especially after 2003. Of late, steps have also been contemplated to force these states to open their oil and gas sector to oil majors of the North. These policies are likely to be resented, especially at the popular level, in this sensitive region. It remains to be seen whether the policy of dominating the Gulf and its energy resources by stationing large military force will succeed or further add to the sense of insecurity.