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Introduction -- Major Policy Reforms in Drinking Water Sector in India -- Profile of the Study Region, Cities as well as the Respondents -- Water Availability and Water Service Delivery in Urban India -- Water Scarcity and Unequal Access to Water -- Institutional Dimensions of Drinking Water Governance in Urban India -- Conclusion.

Development and management of an improved water supply system is a great challenge faced by most developing nations. With rapid population growth and urbanization most, states in Nigeria find it difficult to deliver potable water to a substantial number of people who are in dire need for this resource, especially in the Urban areas. In this study, we attempt to relate public water supply to population density in Kebbi State. An inventory of water supply facilities was taken in 21 Local Government Areas (LGAs) in Kebbi State. Census data was collected from the National Population Commission (NPC), Birnin-kebbi. Results showed that, population density correlates very strongly and positively with handpumps (r=0.95), urban schemes (r=0.88), semi-urban schemes (r=0.69) and village scheme (r=0.74). There was a very weak but positive correlation between population density and boreholes (r=<0.001); population density and tabs (r=<0.001). PCA results showed, that the 21 LGAs cluster nicely across a spectrum of public water supply infrastructure. The ratio of persons to water sources is thus: Borehole 1:12794.1; Handpumps 1:7640.2; Taps 1:2821.8; Urban scheme 1:233799.6; Semi-urban scheme 1:63739.7; and Village scheme 1:67245.9. Suggesting that, the existing public water supply facilities are inadequate. More water supply infrastructure is needed to provide people with improved water supply. However, there are no statistics on private boreholes and people depending on them in Kebbi State. An inventory of private water supply sources in Kebbi State is recommended. This will guide policy regarding improved water supply in Kebbi State.

This book is based on a public-health approach to the provision of water and sanitation in emergencies: an approach that is information-based and people-based. It emphasizes the need for a coordinated and phased response, which adapts to meet constantly changing needs.

This entry has been realised in the framework of the H2020-MSCA-RISE-2018 project "LoGov - Local Government and the Changing Urban-Rural Interplay". LoGov aims to provide solutions for local governments that address the fundamental challenges resulting from urbanisation. To address this complex issue, 18 partners from 17 countries and six continents share their expertise and knowledge in the realms of public law, political science, and public administration. LoGov identifies, evaluates, compares, and shares innovative practices that cope with the impact of changing urban-rural relations in five major local government areas: (1) local responsibilities and public services, (2) local financial arrangements, (3) structure of local government, (4) intergovernmental relations of local governments, and (5) people's participation in local decision-making. The present entry addresses the structure of local government in Germany. The entry forms part of the LoGov Report on Germany. To access the full version of the report on Germany, other practices regarding the structure of local government and to receive more information about the project, please visit: https://www.logov-rise.eu/. This project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement No 823961.

Cover -- Foreword -- Acknowledgments -- Table of contents -- Executive summary -- Background and process -- Notes -- 1. Framing the challenge -- 1.1. The benefits of investing in water -- 1.2. Ambition and scope of the project -- 1.3. Drivers of investment needs -- 1.4. Emerging challenges -- References -- Notes -- 2. The state of play -- 2.1. Water supply and sanitation -- 2.2. Flood protection -- References -- Notes -- 3. Projected investment needs across member states -- 3.1. Water supply and sanitation -- 3.2. Flood protection -- 3.3. Investment needs under the Water Framework Directive -- References -- Notes -- 4. The capacity to finance projected investment needs across member states -- 4.1. Financing capacity -- 4.2. Preliminary conclusions -- References -- 5. Selected options to address financing challenges -- 5.1. Options to make the best use of existing assets and financial resources -- 5.2. Options to minimise future financing needs -- 5.3. Financing as part of flood risk mitigation strategies -- References -- Notes -- Annex A. Costs of addressing emerging challenges in wastewater collection and treatment -- Annex B. Data and method -- Annex C. Data supporting the results on projected coastal flood risk investment needs -- Annex D. Projections by EurEau on costs of compliance with DWD and UWWTD -- Annex E. Assessment of RBIs and RFIs to finance flood protection.

In common with many other countries, the Philippines faces major challenges to its water supply due to heavy population increase, destruction of tropical rainforest and catchment areas, severe water pollution, excessive extraction of groundwater, and poor resource management. With a view to conserving the nation's water resources, the state has assumed ownership of all water resources and has introduced a system of rationing based on tariffs. But despite all regulatory efforts to achieve a socially conscious but effective system of pricing of water, it has had little success in achieving a system that ensures the goal of sustainable raw water resources in the Philippines. This paper describes the regulatory background and analyses the structure and effectiveness of the pricing mechanism. Conflicting roles of the various water regulating agencies are discussed, and the paper concludes with a description of the current challenges and a call for a more effective pricing mechanism. Adapted from the source document.