Suchergebnisse

Ouvrage disponible en ligne à l'URL : http://publications.cta.int/media/publications/downloads/1839_PDF_PYW9OuW.pdf ; International audience

Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- Contributors -- Part IBiosensors in Crop Science -- 1 Recent Trends, Prospects, and Challenges of Nanobiosensors in Agriculture -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Use of Nanobiosensor in Agriculture -- 1.2.1 Nanosensors in pathogens detection -- 1.2.2 Mycotoxins detection -- 1.2.3 Pesticides/ Insecticides/Herbicides detection -- 1.2.4 Veterinary drug and residues -- 1.3 Nanobiosensors for food safety and security -- 1.4 Conclusion and future prospects -- References -- 2 Nanostructured Platforms Integrated to Biosensors: Recent Applications in Agriculture -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Nanomaterials Used in Biosensors Methodologies -- 2.2.1 Metal Nanoparticles -- 2.2.2 Magnetic Nanoparticles -- 2.2.3 Carbon Nanomaterials -- 2.2.4 Silica Nanomaterials -- 2.2.5 NanoMOFs -- 2.2.6 Quantum Dots -- 2.3 Recent Applications of Nanostructured Biosensors in Agriculture -- 2.4 Conclusions and Future Perspectives -- References -- 3 Advances in Nanotechnology for Bio-Sensing in Agriculture and Food -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Nanoparticles for Sensing -- 3.3 Pesticides Detection -- 3.4 Soil Moisture Detection -- 3.5 Pathogen Detection -- 3.6 Transgenic Plant Detection -- 3.7 Raman Spectroscopy in Sensing -- 3.8 Lateral Flow Immunoassay -- 3.9 Screen-Printed Electrodes -- 3.10 Detection of Phytohormones -- 3.11 Detection of Water Uptake -- 3.12 Conclusion -- References -- 4 Nanomaterial-Based Gas Sensors for Agriculture Sector -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Sensors -- 4.2.1 Advantages of Nanomaterials -- 4.2.2 Types of Sensors -- 4.3 Gas Sensors -- 4.3.1 Type of Gas Sensors -- 4.3.2 Development of Sensor Materials and Technologies for Gases/Vapours -- 4.4 Sensors for Meat Industry -- 4.4.1 Electronic Nose for Meat Quality -- 4.4.2 Optical Sensor for Meat Quality Monitoring -- 4.4.3 Colorimetric Sensors -- 4.4.4 Gas Sensor for Meat Industry.

Agriculture in Timor.
In this comparative study, the author tries to discover what relationships may exist among various ecological, technological, ritual and political aspects of certain Indonesian agricultural communities. The following conclusions were reached : (1) there is no parallel between the evolution of agricultural techniques toward permanent land use and better yields and the evolution of political organisation toward centralization of power ; (2) although co-operation exists, no political group ever organizes work activities for the benefit of the community as a whole ; collective efforts, however, often permit certain individuals to work less or not at all (e. g. in some cases, nobles do not participate in production) ; (3) where political power is centralized, a sacred leader is responsible for fertility and receives a share in the harvest, either small and symbolic or large and of economic significance.

Ce compte-rendu de l'atelier de travail organisé par le programme Agricultures familiales les 2 et 3 février 1998, quelques semaines après son lancement officiel, a pour objectif de faire connaître son domaine d'intervention et ses principaux thèmes d'investissement de recherche. Il a d'abord une vocation interne. Il restitue les différents exposés prononcés, à savoir : une présentation générale des orientations du programme ; plusieurs expériences thématiques ou géographiques qui constituent en quelque sorte son patrimoine de départ ; le résumé des interventions présentées par les invités extérieurs ; et enfin les principaux éléments de conclusion

L'agriculture intelligente face au climat (climate-smart agriculture – CSA) a comme objectifs d'être adaptée au changement climatique et de l'atténuer, tout en contribuant de manière durable à la sécurité alimentaire. Né en 2010 à l'initiative de la FAO, le concept a fait école et se décline désormais en diverses pratiques qui prennent en compte ces objectifs de manière différente. Les pratiques agroécologiques de couverture permanente du sol, par des arbres ou des cultures, sont parmi les plus courantes. Mais la CSA prétend aussi être une approche plus large permettant de répondre aux enjeux du changement climatique par des politiques publiques et des financements innovants. Défini par des objectifs et non pas par les moyens d'atteindre ces objectifs, le concept de CSA pose aussi question, notamment sur la possibilité d'assurer simultanément ses trois objectifs et sur le risque d'encourager un productivisme déguisé qui ne respecterait ni l'environnement ni les agriculteurs. L'initiative " 4 ‰, les sols pour la sécurité alimentaire et le climat " reprend les objectifs de la CSA en insistant sur l'atténuation du changement climatique par l'augmentation de la teneur en carbone du sol. Tout en étant un concept qui demande encore à faire ses preuves, la CSA est une approche de l'agriculture originale et compatible avec les enjeux du changement climatique.

In the European Union, society demands quality and safe agricultural products.

Introduction, pre-modern crop protection -- Books and authors -- Pre-modern agriculture -- Harmful agents -- Pre-modern crop protection methods -- Natural products for pre-modern crop protection -- Pre-modern crop protection lore -- Once upon a time: organic agriculture -- Final comments

Between now and 2050, the world's population will increase by one-third. Most of these additional 2 billion people will live in developing countries. At the same time, more people will be living in cities. If current income and consumption growth trends continue, FAO estimates that agricultural production will have to increase by 60 percent by 2050 to satisfy the expected demands for food and feed. Agriculture must therefore transform itself if it is to feed a growing global population and provide the basis for economic growth and poverty reduction. Climate change will make this task more difficult under a business-as-usual scenario, due to adverse impacts on agriculture, requiring spiralling adaptation and related costs. To achieve food security and agricultural development goals, adaptation to climate change and lower emission intensities per output will be necessary. This transformation must be accomplished without depletion of the natural resource base. Climate change is already having an impact on agriculture and food security as a result of increased prevalence of extreme events and increased unpredictability of weather patterns. This can lead to reductions in production and lower incomes in vulnerable areas. These changes can also affect global food prices. Developing countries and smallholder farmers and pastoralists in particular are being especially hard hit by these changes. Many of these small-scale producers are already coping with a degraded natural resource base. They often lack knowledge about potential options for adapting their production systems and have limited assets and risk-taking capacity to access and use technologies and financial services. Enhancing food security while contributing to mitigate climate change and preserving the natural resource base and vital ecosystem services requires the transition to agricultural production systems that are more productive, use inputs more efficiently, have less variability and greater stability in their outputs, and are more resilient to risks, shocks and long-term climate variability. More productive and more resilient agriculture requires a major shift in the way land, water, soil nutrients and genetic resources are managed to ensure that these resources are used more efficiently. Making this shift requires considerable changes in national and local governance, legislation, policies and financial mechanisms. This transformation will also involve improving producers' access to markets. By reducing greenhouse gas emissions per unit of land and/or agricultural product and increasing carbon sinks, these changes will contribute significantly to the mitigation of climate change.