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Front Cover -- Contents -- Foreword -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- About the Authors -- Abbreviations -- Overview -- The Productivity of LAC Cities Is Slightly above Average but below the Global Frontier -- What These Findings Might Mean for Policy -- Annex OA: Productivity Measures Used in the Book to Assess LAC Cities -- Annex OB: The Need for Policy -- Notes -- References -- Part I. Urbanization and Productivity in Latin America and the Caribbean -- Chapter 1. Urbanization, Economic Development, and Structural Transformation -- Introduction -- The Origins of Cities in Latin America and the Caribbean -- Urbanization in the LAC Region and the Rest of the World: Discrepancies between Consistent and Official Measures -- Urbanization, Economic Development, and Structural Transformation: How Does the LAC Region's Performance Stack Up? -- Conclusions -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 2. The Many Dimensions of Urbanization and the Productivity of Cities in Latin America and the Caribbean -- Introduction -- Defining a Global Data Set of Urban Areas -- Urban Areas in the LAC Region Are More Densely Populated Than Those Elsewhere -- A Significant Share of Latin America and the Caribbean's Urban Population Lives in Large MCAs -- A Third of LAC Countries Analyzed Suffer from Potentially Excessive Primacy -- Implications for National Productivity: Density and MCAs Matter, but Urban Primacy Does Not -- International Benchmarking of LAC Urban Areas' Productivity: Better Than Average, but Lagging the Global Frontier -- Productivity is Highly Dispersed across LAC Urban Areas -- Conclusions -- Annex 2A: List of Comparator Countries for Each LAC Country -- Annex 2B: Statistical Tests of Differences in Population, Area, and Population Density between LAC Countries and Their Comparators -- Annex 2C: List of Multicity Agglomerations in the LAC Region

Intro -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Chapter 1. Introduction: Reshaping the Political Arena in Latin America / Federico M. Rossi and Eduardo Silva -- Part I: Social Movements -- Chapter 2. Introduction to Part I: Social Movements and the Second Wave of (Territorial) Incorporation in Latin America / Federico M. Rossi -- Chapter 3. Social Movements and the Second Incorporation in Bolivia and Ecuador / Eduardo Silva -- Chapter 4. The Incorporation of Popular Sectors and Social Movements in Venezuelan Twenty-First-Century Socialism / María Pilar García-Guadilla -- Chapter 5. Social Movements, the New "Social Question," and the Second Incorporation of the Popular Sectors in Argentina and Brazil / Federico M. Rossi -- Part II: Trade Unions -- Chapter 6. Introduction to Part II: Labor Unions in Latin America: Incorporation and Reincorporation under the New Left / Ruth Berins Collier -- Chapter 7. Socialism without Workers? Trade Unions and the New Left in Bolivia and Ecuador / Jorge León Trujillo and Susan Spronk -- Chapter 8. Conflicting Currents within the Pro-Chávez Labor Movement and the Dynamics of Decision Making / Steve Ellner -- Chapter 9. The Labor Movement and the Erosion of Neoliberal Hegemony: Brazil and Argentina / Julián Gindin and Adalberto Cardoso -- Part III: Political Parties -- Chapter 10. Introduction to Part III: Political Parties in Latin America's Second Wave of Incorporation / Kenneth M. Roberts -- Chapter 11. From Movements to Governments: Comparing Bolivia's MAS and Ecuador's PAIS / Catherine Conaghan -- Chapter 12. The Second Wave of Incorporation and Political Parties in the Venezuelan Petrostate / Daniel Hellinger -- Chapter 13. The Politics of Incorporation: Party Systems, Political Leaders, and the State in Argentina and Brazil / Pierre Ostiguy and Aaron Schneider

In the United States, income inequality has increased significantly. For decades, wage growth has been especially slow for the middle class, whereas the top 10% of earners has benefitted the most from the economic upswing. The same is true for distribution of wealth. According to an analysis by the Pew Research Center, the wealth gap between America's upper-income and lower-income families has reached its highest level. There are not only disparities between regions of the United States, but also huge differences within American cities themselves that are often caused by urban governance and housing policies. All this is true for Canada and other countries of the Americas as well, but to differing degrees. The essays collected in this book address inequality in America from a variety of perspectives, ranging from literary and cultural studies, sociology, economics, political science, history, geography, as well as museum studies

In a clear break from its past, Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC), particularly South America, experienced a growth spurt with equity during the first decade of the 21st century. One policy area that has moved back to center stage is regional integration. Indeed, since at least the 1960s, LAC has experimented with various forms of regional integration with the hope that fostering regional economic ties can yield the type of economic success that the region has long sought. The current push toward regional integration has been influenced by the success of the East Asia and Pacific (EAP) region, where intraregional trade, exports to the rest of the world, and incomes have risen together as the region continues to catch up to the income levels of the United States. The goal of leveraging formal trade arrangements to accelerate growth is evident in many of the trade agreements that are in place in the region. This report revisits the concept of OR and presents evidence supporting the idea that a revitalized OR strategy can contribute to growth with stability by exploiting the complementarities between regional and global economic integration. It presents a five pronged strategy, including: (i) reducing external most-favored-nation (MFN) tariffs; (ii) deepening economic integration between South America and Central and North America; (iii) harmonizing rules and procedures governing the exchange of goods, services, and factors of production; (iv) stepping up efforts to reduce LAC's high trade costs; and (v) integrating labor and capital markets in the Americas. The report draws upon two prominent strands of economic theory. The first is the idea that the gains from trade depend on differences between countries. The second is the idea that trade facilitates learning, either through the experience of exporting or from the exposure to new products and ideas that are embodied in imports

The intricacies of living in contemporary Latin American cities include cases of both empowerment and restriction. In Lima, residents built their own homes and formed community organizations, while in Rio de Janeiro inhabitants of the favelas needed to be "pacified" in anticipation of international sporting events. Aspirations to "get ahead in life" abound in the region, but so do multiple limitations to realizing the dream of upward mobility. This volume captures the paradoxical histories and experiences of urban life in Latin America, offering new empirical and theoretical insights to scholars.

Als Knotenpunkt sich kreuzender Bewegungen und unzaehliger Kontakte stellt bereits der Flughafen Las Americas einen Ort transarealer Vernetzungen dar. Dem hemisphaerischen Verflechtungsraum widmete sich eine Ringvorlesung an der Universitaet Trier, deren Beitraege der Forschung zum Konzept einer transarealen America Romana weitere Konturen verleihen sowie dessen Anschlussfaehigkeit und Vernetzungspotential herausstellen.

"Before the revolution, the Chesapeake made up one of the most prosperous and politically important regions in the mainland colonies. This book lays out the origins of, the source of earliest material success (tobacco exports) in, social developments in, and growing disparities and jealousies between the two 'sisters' of the Chesapeake: Virginia and Maryland. No one before has attempted this kind of twin 'biography,' and yet it helps enormously to see these two colonies and their growth in the same viewfinder. Protestant Virginia, the larger colony, claiming far reaches of North America, eventually believed itself the rightful leader in colonial politics, especially in resistance to Parliamentary violations of cherished liberties. Catholic-Protestant Maryland, a proprietary province, more diverse and ambitious in its own ways, soon developed along its own economic path and kept a watchful eye on the older sister while complaining also of Calvert-family restrictions and privileges. Differences aside, these colonies 'invented' staple-crop agriculture and African-American slavery in the mainland colonies. They thus contributed heavily to the formation of American interests and character"--

Most non-Central Americans think of the narrow neck between Mexico and Colombia in terms of dramatic past revolutions and lauded peace agreements, or sensational problems of gang violence and natural disasters. In this volume, the contributors examine regional circumstances within frames of democratization and neoliberalism, as they shape lived experiences of transition. The authors-anthropologists and social scientists from the United States, Europe, and Central America-argue that the process of regions and nations "disappearing" (being erased from geopolitical notice) is integral to upholdin

Scholarship related to environmental questions in Latin America has only recently begun to coalesce around citizenship as both an empirical site of inquiry and an analytical frame of reference. This has led to a series of new insights and perspectives, but few efforts have been made to bring these various approaches into a sustained conversation across different social, temporal and geographic contexts. This volume is the result of a collaborative endeavour to advance debates on environmental citizenship, while simultaneously and systematically addressing broader theoretical and methodological questions related to the particularities of studying environment and citizenship in Latin America. Providing a window onto leading scholarship in the field, the book also sets an ambitious agenda to spark further research

Is Latin America experiencing a resurgence of leftwing governments, or are we seeing a rebirth of national-radical populism? Are the governments of Hugo Chávez, Evo Morales, and Rafael Correa becoming institutionalized as these leaders claim novel models of participatory and direct democracy? Or are they reenacting older traditions that have favored plebiscitary acclamation and clientelist distribution of resources to loyal followers? Are we seeing authentic forms of expression of the popular will by leaders who have empowered those previously disenfranchised? Or are these governments as char

Frontmatter -- Contents -- Foreword -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction: Racial Identities and Their Interpreters in Colonial Latin America -- 1. Aristocracy on the Auction Block: Race, Lords, and the Perpetuity Controversy of Sixteenth-Century Peru -- 2. A Market of Identities: Women, Trade, and Ethnic Labels in Colonial Potosí -- 3. Legally Indian: Inquisitorial Readings of Indigenous Identity in New Spain -- 4. The Many Faces of Colonialism in Two Iberoamerican Borderlands: Northern New Spain and the Eastern Lowlands of Charcas -- 5. Humble Slaves and Loyal Vassals: Free Africans and Their Descendants in Eighteenth-Century Minas Gerais, Brazil -- 6. Purchasing Whiteness: Conversations on the Essence of Pardo-ness and Mulatto-ness at the End of Empire -- 7. Patricians and Plebeians in Late Colonial Charcas: Identity, Representation, and Colonialism -- 8. Conjuring Identities: Race, Nativeness, Local Citizenship, and Royal Slavery on an Imperial Frontier (Revisiting El Cobre, Cuba) -- 9. Indigenous Citizenship: Liberalism, Political Participation, and Ethnic Identity in Post-Independence Oaxaca and Yucatán -- Conclusion -- Bibliography -- Contributors -- Index

Cultural tourism has become an important source of revenue for Latin American countries, especially in the Andes and Meso-America. This book analyses its effects and the processes of cultural change it provokes in local societies.

Annotation The 2008 Labour Overview for Latin America And The Caribbean is special. This edition provides evidence of the effects of an unprecedented international crisis that has cast a shadow over the global economy and is reflected in the employment situation in the region. Employment will be a challenge in 2009. As ILO Director-General, Juan Somavia stated, "The ILO's message is realistic, not alarmist" with respect to this situation. it should be stressed that this crisis is not hitting the region at a bad time. The region has experienced several years of favourable economic growth, which has had a direct impact on the employment situation. The 2008 Labour Overview indicates that unemployment diminished For The fifth consecutive year, permitting Latin America And The Caribbean to reach unemployment rates not seen since 1992. The 2008 Labour Overview states that these results mark the end of a positive cycle in the urban unemployment rate. According To The figures for urban employment provided by the countries, which our specialists used to conduct the analysis, The effects of the economic slowdown became apparent beginning in the third quarter of 2008.

Frontmatter -- Contents -- About the Series -- Acknowledgments -- PART ONE COLONIAL ENCOUNTERS, DECOLONIZATION, AND CULTURAL AGENCY -- Gordon Brotherston, America and the Colonizer Question: Two Formative Statements from Early Mexico -- José Rabasa, Thinking Europe in Indian Categories, or, ''Tell Me the Story of How I Conquered You'' -- José Antonio Mazzotti, Creole Agencies and the (Post)Colonial Debate in Spanish America -- PART TWO REWRITING COLONIAL DIFFERENCE -- Russell G. Hamilton, European Transplants, Amerindian In-laws, African Settlers, Brazilian Creoles: A Unique Colonial and Postcolonial Condition in Latin America -- Sara Castro-Klaren, Posting Letters: Writing in the Andes and the Paradoxes of the Postcolonial Debate -- Elzbieta Sklodowska, Unforgotten Gods: Postcoloniality and Representations of Haiti in Antonio Benítez Rojo's ''Heaven and Earth'' -- PART THREE OCCIDENTALISM, GLOBALIZATION, AND THE GEOPOLITICS OF KNOWLEDGE -- Aníbal Quijano, Coloniality of Power, Eurocentrism, and Latin America -- Walter D. Mignolo, The Geopolitics of Knowledge and the Colonial Di√erence -- Santiago Castro-Gómez, (Post)Coloniality for Dummies: Latin American Perspectives on Modernity, Coloniality, and the Geopolitics of Knowledge -- Eduardo Mendieta, Remapping Latin American Studies: Postcolonialism, Subaltern Studies, Post-Occidentalism, and Globalization Theory -- Ramón Grosfoguel, Developmentalism, Modernity, and Dependency Theory in Latin America -- PART FOUR RELIGION, LIBERATION, AND THE NARRATIVES OF SECULARISM -- Enrique Dussel, Philosophy of Liberation, the Postmodern Debate, and Latin American Studies -- Michael Löwy, The Historical Meaning of Christianity of Liberation in Latin America -- Nelson Maldonado-Torres, Secularism and Religion in the Modern/Colonial World-System: From Secular Postcoloniality to Postsecular Transmodernity -- PART FIVE COMPARATIVE (POST)COLONIALISMS -- Peter Hulme, Postcolonial Theory and the Representation of Culture in the Americas -- Fernando Coronil, Elephants in the Americas? Latin American Postcolonial Studies and Global Decolonization -- Amaryll Chanady, The Latin American Postcolonialism Debate in a Comparative Context -- Román de la Campa, Postcolonial Sensibility, Latin America, and the Question of Literature -- Mary Louise Pratt, In the Neocolony: Destiny, Destination, and the Tra≈c in Meaning -- PART SIX POSTCOLONIAL ETHNICITIES -- Mario Roberto Morales, Peripheral Modernity and Di√erential Mestizaje in Latin America: Outside Subalternist Postcolonialism -- Catherine E. Walsh, (Post)Coloniality in Ecuador: The Indigenous Movement's Practices and Politics of (Re)Signification and Decolonization -- Arturo Arias, The Maya Movement: Postcolonialism and Cultural Agency -- Bibliography -- Contributors -- Index

The Pilgrims and Puritans did not arrive on the shores of New England alone. Nor did African men and women, brought to the Americas as slaves. Though it would be hard to tell from the historical record, European colonists and African slaves had children, as did the indigenous families whom they encountered, and those children's life experiences enrich and complicate our understanding of colonial America. Through essays, primary documents, and contemporary illustrations, Children in Colonial America examines the unique aspects of childhood in the American colonies between the late sixteenth a