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Introduction : the diffusion of liberalization / Beth A. Simmons, Frank Dobbin, and Geoffrey Garrett -- Tax policy in an era of internationalization : an assessment of a conditional diffusion model of the spread of neoliberalism / Duane Swank -- The decision to privatize : economists and the construction of ideas and policies / Bruce Kogut and J. Muir MacPherson -- The international diffusion of public sector downsizing : network emulation and theory-driven learning / Chang Kil Lee and David Strang -- Global ideology and voter sentiment as determinants of international financial liberalization / Dennis P. Quinn and A. Maria Toyoda -- Competing for capital : the diffusion of bilateral investment treaties, 1960-2000 / Zachary Elkins, Andrew T. Guzman, and Beth A. Simmons -- Diffusion and the spread of democratic institutions / Kristian Skrede Gleditsch and Michael D. Ward -- World society and human rights : an event history analysis of the Convention on the elimination of all forms of discrimination against women / Christine Min Wotipka and Francisco O. Ramirez.

Social scientists have sketched four distinct theories to explain a phenomenon that appears to have ramped up in recent years, the diffusion of policies across countries. Constructivists trace policy norms to expert epistemic communities and international organizations, who define economic progress and human rights. Coercion theorists point to powerful nation-states, and international financial institutions, that threaten sanctions or promise aid in return for fiscal conservatism, free trade, etc. Competition theorists argue that countries compete to attract investment and to sell exports by lowering the cost of doing business, reducing constraints on investment, or reducing tariff barriers in the hope of reciprocity. Learning theorists suggest that countries learn from their own experiences and, as well, from the policy experiments of their peers. We review the large body of research from sociologists and political scientists, as well as the growing body of work from economists and psychologists, pointing to the diverse mechanisms that are theorized and to promising avenues for distinguishing among causal mechanisms.

This article provides a response to critics of the article written on the comprehensive history of the EU legislative process. The article responds in particular to criticism of claims that the European Parliament had more influence over legislation under cooperation procedure than under the Maastrict decision. The article details specific criticisms about the article & responds individually. 27 References. E. Miller