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Epidemiological simulations as a method are used to better understand and predict the spreading of infectious diseases, for example of COVID-19. This paper presents an approach that combines a well-established approach from transportation modelling that uses person-centric data-driven human mobility modelling with a mechanistic infection model and a person-centric disease progression model. The model includes the consequences of different room sizes, air exchange rates, disease import, changed activity participation rates over time (coming from mobility data), masks, indoors vs. outdoors leisure activities, and of contact tracing. It is validated against the infection dynamics in Berlin (Germany). The model can be used to understand the contributions of different activity types to the infection dynamics over time. It predicts the effects of contact reductions, school closures/vacations, masks, or the effect of moving leisure activities from outdoors to indoors in fall, and is thus able to quantitatively predict the consequences of interventions. It is shown that these effects are best given as additive changes of the reproduction number R. The model also explains why contact reductions have decreasing marginal returns, i.e. the first 50% of contact reductions have considerably more effect than the second 50%. Our work shows that is is possible to build detailed epidemiological simulations from microscopic mobility models relatively quickly. They can be used to investigate mechanical aspects of the dynamics, such as the transmission from political decisions via human behavior to infections, consequences of different lockdown measures, or consequences of wearing masks in certain situations. The results can be used to inform political decisions. ; DFG, 414044773, Open Access Publizieren 2021 - 2022 / Technische Universität Berlin

BACKGROUND: The workplace has been identified as a priority setting for health promotion. There are potential advantages of systematically integrating Occupational Health Management (OHM) and Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). However, OHM and CSR are usually overseen by different management branches with different sets of values, and there is a lack of empirical research regarding interfaces between OHM and CSR. Germany offers a particularly useful setting due to legislation requiring health to be promoted in the workplace. This study aims to examine key stakeholders' views and experiences regarding interfaces between OHM and CSR in German companies. METHODS: Individual semi-structured qualitative interviews were conducted with a sample of 77 German stakeholders from three different groups: experts in occupational health and corporate social responsibility from various companies (n = 35), business partners (n = 19), and various non-business partners (n = 23). Transcripts were analysed using qualitative content analysis. RESULTS: Participants identified several areas in which OHM and CSR are already interacting at strategic, structural and cultural levels, but also highlighted several barriers that undermine a more meaningful interaction. Participants reported difficulties in articulating the underlying ethical values relevant to both OHM and CSR at the strategic level. Several structural barriers were also highlighted, including a lack of resources (both financial and knowledge), and OHM and CSR departments not being fully developed or undertaken at entirely different operational levels. Finally, the missing practical implementation of corporate philosophy was identified as a critical cultural barrier to interfaces between OHM and CSR, with existing guidelines and companies' philosophies that already connect OHM and CSR not being embraced by employees and managers. CONCLUSIONS: There is already significant overlap in the focus of OHM and CSR, at the structural, strategic and cultural levels in many German ...

Aus den Mobilitätsdaten geht hervor, dass die Kontaktreduzierungen von der Bevölkerung diszipliniert eingehalten wurden. Sollte eine Inzidenz von 50/100.000 erreicht werden, sind leichte Lockerungen möglich. Jedoch: Zu starke Lockerungen würden zum jetzigen Zeitpunkt zu einem sofortigen Wiederanstieg der Infektionszahlen führen. Politischer und gesellschaftlicher Konsens muss sein, dass R<1 politisches Ziel ist. Wir freuen uns, dass Prof. Sophia Becker diesmal als Gastautorin am Bericht mitgearbeitet hat, u.a., um eine verhaltenspsychologische Perspektive einzubringen. ; BMBF, 01KX2022A, MODUS-COVID: Modellgestützte Untersuchung von Schulschließungen und weiteren Maßnahmen zur Eindämmung von Covid-19 - Teilprojekt 1: Urbane und regionale Simulation auf Basis von datengestützten, synthetischen Bewegungsprofilen

Durch die sehr viel stärker ansteckende Delta-Variante, die seit Mitte des Jahres in Deutschland die vorherrschende Variante ist, sind neue Herausforderungen entstanden. Wir untersuchen die Wirkungen verschiedener in Politik und Medien diskutierter Maßnahmen. Wir zeigen, dass generell solche Maßnahmen besser wirken, die auch explizit bereits immunisierte Menschen miteinbeziehen - etwa durch regelmäßiges Testen. Laut unserer Simulationen könnten die derzeit vorgesehenen Maßnahmen "2G+ in öffentlichen (Freizeit-)Einrichtungen" plus "3G/Homeoffice bei der Arbeit" plus "schnelles Boostern" in Bundesländern mit hohen Impfquoten ausreichen, um den R-Wert unter 1 zu drücken und damit die aktuell rasant ansteigenden Fallzahlen zu bremsen (vgl. Abschnitt 3 und 4). Zusätzlich erläutern wir, dass bei den Maßnahmen zur Infektionsbekämpfung alle Bevölkerungsgruppen bedacht werden sollten, da die verschiedenen Gruppen alle einen - wenn auch unterschiedlichen - Beitrag zur Belastung des Gesundheitssystems leisten (vgl. Abschnitt 5 und 6). ; BMBF, 01KX2022A, MODUS-COVID: Modellgestützte Untersuchung von Schulschließungen und weiteren Maßnahmen zur Eindämmung von Covid-19 - Teilprojekt 1: Urbane und regionale Simulation auf Basis von datengestützten, synthetischen Bewegungsprofilen

Breakthrough Aerospace Materials (BAM) is a collaborative R&D project based in the UK [1]; led by industry and co-funded by the British Government via the Innovate-UK under its Aerospace Technology Institute (ATI) R&T Programme. The overall objective of BAM is to develop a complete process that will enable aerospace industry (and others) to design and manufacture complex shaped components using 3D woven composites. This material offers great advantages particularly for producing lightweight structures with high resistance to impact loading and damage - yet, there is still no evidence of it been widely adopted by industry! It is agreed that one of the major reasons behind slow adoption of the 3D woven composites by industry is the lack of industrial simulation tools that can be used effectively by design and analysis engineers. A consortium consisting of 12 partners, involving 9 from industry and 3 from academia, was set up to work towards this goal over a period of three years. As it is less than a year since the kick-off of the project, this paper will mainly introduce the general approach for now - leaving the full demonstration of applying the developed technologies on industrial cases for follow up publications. However, a few independent illustration examples are still presented - while elaborating on the current status of development at various steps in the process and its associated challenges. The paper also aims to highlight the interdependence between industrial and academic partners for their success in pushing the required technology up the TRL (Technology Readiness Level) scale. Two leading CAE software developers (ESI Group and MSC Software) are involved in BAM, and both are working on developing their own strategy to tackle the problem. The paper will elaborate on the approach adopted by ESI in particular, which is aligned with its global strategy for providing virtual end-to-end solution for composites product development.

Der vorliegende Text beruht auf einem Vortrag, der auf dem Treffen des Schwerpunktprogramms "Sozionik" (SP1077) der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft vom 20.-23. Juni 2002 in Seeon gehalten wurde. Die Autoren stellen die Bedeutung von Verhandlungen in Organisationen und deren Modellierung in einem Multiagentensystem dar, wobei exemplarisch die Organisation Krankenhaus betrachtet wird. Nach soziologischen Überlegungen zu einem Multiagentensystem in Bezug auf Verhandlungen wird die Modellierung und Berechnung von Verhandlung vorgestellt. Anschließend wird der Vorschlag, das Verfahren des fallbasierten Schließens (FBS) zu erweitern, erläutert. Dabei wird in einzelnen Unterkapiteln zuerst ein kurzer Überblick über das FBS gegeben und anschließend die konkrete Anwendung im interdisziplinären Forschungsprojekt "Integration kooperationsfähiger Agenten in komplexen Organisationen" (INKA) aufgezeigt. (ICI)

Frontmatter -- Contents -- The contributors -- Acknowledgements -- Introduction: Untangling the domestic implementation of the European Court of Human Rights' judgments -- Part I. Institutional Dynamics Of Domestic Implementation -- 1. The interrelationship between domestic judicial mechanisms and the Strasbourg Court rulings in Germany -- 2. Between political inertia and timid judicial activism: the attempts to overcome the Italian 'implementation failure' -- 3. The reluctant embrace: the impact of the European Court of Human Rights in post-communist Romania -- Part II. Legal Mobilisation and the Political Context of Implementation -- 4. European human rights case law and the rights of homosexuals, foreigners and immigrants in Austria -- 5. Political opposition and judicial resistance to Strasbourg case law regarding minorities in Bulgaria -- 6. Under what conditions do national authorities implement the European Court of Human Rights' rulings? Religious and ethnic minorities in Greece -- 7. A complicated affair: Turkey's Kurds and the European Court of Human Rights -- 8. The European Court of Human Rights and minorities in the United Kingdom: catalyst for change or hollow rhetoric? -- 9. Politics, courts and society in the national implementation and practice of European Court of Human Rights case law -- List of European Court of Human Rights judgments and European Commission on Human Rights cases -- Index

Frontmatter --Inhalt --Vorwort --I. Welche Digitalisierung - Welche Werte? Warum wir (wieder) über Werte reden müssen --1.1 Von der Verantwortungsdiffusion zum Gemeinwohl in der digitalen Welt --1.2 Werte: Was können ethische Ansätze für eine werteorientierte Digitalisierung leisten? --II. Welche Werte für eine gemeinwohlorientierte Digitalisierung? --2.1 Freiheit und Autonomie --2.1.1 Freiheit --2.1.2 Selbstbestimmung --2.1.3 Autonomie --2.1.4 Privatheit --2.1.5 Würde --2.2 Gerechtigkeit und Gleichheit --2.2.1 Gerechtigkeit --2.2.2 Menschenrechte --2.2.3 Geschlechtergerechtigkeit --2.2.4 Nachhaltigkeit --2.3 Demokratie, Zugang und Souveränität --2.3.1 Zugang --2.3.2 Digitale Souveränität --III. Von der Verantwortungsdiffusion zur Governance --3.1 Mehrebenensystem --3.2 Governance --3.3 Recht --3.4 Vielfalt --3.5 Internationales --Autor*innenverzeichnis