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Abstract. The equity of taxes on casino gambling in Las Vegas and Atlantic City using recent survey data is examined. Daniel B. Suits (1977) study of the tax on casino gambling concluded that the tax was progressive when he used a national sample to estimate tax incidence. This result is challenged. Tax incidence is estimated using survey data obtained from people who either live in or have traveled to Las Vegas or Atlantic City. On the basis of the sample of people who have given themselves access to casino gambling, the tax is regressive; in fact, it is extremely regressive in Las Vegas. Therefore, in this time of easier access to casino gambling, policy‐makers should be aware that the taxes on casino gambling place a proportionately heavier burden on low income groups.

Intro -- Half Title Page -- Title Page -- Foreword -- Preface -- Contents -- General editors -- Table of Statutes -- Table of Statutory Instruments -- Table of European Legislation -- Table of Cases -- Part 1 - ECHR and HRA -- 1 The Human Rights Act 1998 - introduction, overview, reservations and derogations -- Miranda Butler -- 2 Interpretation of the ECHR and the Human Rights Act 1998 -- James Robottom and Zubier Yazdani -- 3 The Human Rights Act 1998 - substance -- Helen Law -- 4 The Human Rights Act 1998 - procedure and remedies in domestic law -- Tony Cadman and Jack Sproson -- 5 Criminal appeals -- Steven Bird and Colin Wells -- 6 The European Court of Human Rights -- Victoria Ailes -- Part 2 - Criminal investigation -- 7 Entrapment, surveillance and covert policing -- Denis Barry -- 8 Interception of communications -- Rupert Bowers KC -- 9 Interference with property -- Omran Belhadi -- 10 Search and seizure -- Leslie Chinweze -- 11 Arrest and detention -- Kate O'Raghallaigh -- 12 Collection and retention of personal data -- Dr Aparna Rao -- 13 Victims of crime -- Kalvir Kaur and Tara Wolfe -- 14 Human trafficking -- Tayyiba Bajwa -- Part 3 - Pre-trial issues -- 15 Extradition -- Kate Goold and Mary Westcott -- 16 Bail -- Farrhat Arshad -- 17 The right to representation -- Laura Stockdale -- 18 Delay -- Monica Stevenson -- 19 The media -- Áine Josephine Tyrrell -- 20 Disclosure -- David Rhodes and Katrina Walcott -- 21 Human rights and the law of criminal responsibility -- Riel Karmy-Jones KC and Timothy Liely -- 22 Mental health and capacity -- Ian P Brownhill -- 23 Children -- Joanne Cecil -- Part 4 - Trial and Sentence -- 24 Participation and a fair and impartial tribunal -- Peter Carter KC -- 25 The burden and standard of proof and Article 6 of the ECHR -- Peta-Louise Bagott -- 26 Self-incrimination and the right to silence.

Although enjoying a period of renewed government policy interest and favourable research funding, youth studies has recently come under considerable intellectual attack, much of it from within. A common theme is that the major conceptual approach of most British youth research over the past twenty years - the sociological study of youth transitions - is not helpful in approaching 'the youth question'. The paper locates these recent critiques in terms of the development of 'two traditions' of youth research in the UK; a development which has served to separate structural and cultural analyses and so to limit the theoretical potential of the field. A recent qualitative study of young people growing up in Teesside, Northeast England is then discussed. Close analysis of the biographies of two of its participants are used as the basis for a reconsideration of the nature of transitions amongst 'socially excluded' youth and a discussion of some of the limitations of recent critiques of youth studies. The paper argues that the sort of research, methods and analysis employed here provide one example of how interests in the cultural and structural aspects of youth might be integrated. It concludes by reasserting the theoretical value of a broad conceptualisation of transition in understanding the social, economic and cultural processes that define the youth phase.

With growing concerns about environmental problems, and an exponential increase in computing capabilities over the last decade, the geospatial community has been producing increasingly voluminous and diverse geographical datasets. Long-term preservation of these geographical data exposed through uniform and interoperable Spatial Data Infrastructures (SDIs) is not typically addressed, but highly important for meeting legislative requirements, the short and long term exploitation of archived data as well as efficiency savings in managing superseded datasets. In this paper, we attempt to set out the path and describe what needs to be done now to future-proof the investment government agencies around the world have made in digital geographic data. We take the INSPIRE SDI as an exemplar to investigate the requirements for ensuring sustained access to geographical data from the perspective of a preservation-aware and INSPIRE-conformant SDI. We also outline a number of principles for the long term retention and preservation of European digital geographic information defined by the EuroSDR Geographic Data Archiving working group. In addition, we present a preservation profile of the ISO 19115 metadata standard to enable recording and exposing important preservation related information about geographical data through large-scale SDIs like INSPIRE.

Includes "Constitutional history of California" by Paul Mason and "The California legislature" by Arthur A. Ohnimus. ; "California Legislature, Assembly." ; Includes bibliographical references and indexes. ; Mode of access: Internet.

Includes "Constitutional history of California" by Paul Mason and "The California legislature" by Arthur A. Ohnimus. ; "California Legislature, Assembly." ; Includes bibliographical references and indexes. ; Mode of access: Internet.

Includes "Constitutional history of California" by Paul Mason and "The California legislature" by Arthur A. Ohnimus. ; "California Legislature Assembly." ; Includes bibliographical references and indexes. ; Mode of access: Internet.

Includes "Constitutional history of California" by Paul Mason and "The California legislature" by Arthur A. Ohnimus. ; "California Legislature Assembly." ; Includes bibliographical references and indexes. ; Mode of access: Internet.

This paper states 16 principles for the long term retention and preservation of digital geographic information. The paper is mainly aimed at public sector geographic information providers in Europe (particularly those involved in mapping and cadastre) with the intention of highlighting the significance of fundamental concepts for digital geographic data archiving. Geographic information providers are mainly mapping agencies, but also archives preserving geographic data among a wider range of digital information. A supplementary objective is that the paper may provide useful information for providers of all types of geographic information right around the world. This paper states 16 principles for the long term retention and preservation of digital geographic information. The paper is mainly aimed at public sector geographic information providers in Europe (particularly those involved in mapping and cadastre) with the intention of highlighting the significance of fundamental concepts for digital geographic data archiving. Geographic information providers are mainly mapping agencies, but also archives preserving geographic data among a wider range of digital information. A supplementary objective is that the paper may provide useful information for providers of all types of geographic information right around the world. There are many reasons why people wish to retain access to information, though the main drivers for archiving digital geographic information are meeting legislative requirements, the short and long term exploitation (re-use not only access) of archived data for analyzing social, environmental (e.g. global climate changes) and economic changes over time as well as efficiency savings in managing superseded datasets. This paper sets out the path and describes what needs to be done now to future-proof the investment government agencies around the world have made in creating digital Geographic Data.

This report provides the vision and direction for supporting a world-leading synthetic biology community in the UK. Produced by an independent panel of experts for the government's Department for Business Innovation and Skills, it sets out a shared vision for realising the potential of synthetic biology in the UK. The roadmap aims to deliver a synthetic biology sector that is cutting edge; economically vibrant, diverse and sustainable; and of clear public benefit. Recommendations in the roadmap also provide a compass-bearing for the synthetic biology community, helping to align interests towards future growth opportunities, whilst identifying the resources and support needed to accelerate progress in the shorter term.

We carry out high-speed photometry on 20 of the shortest-period, detached white dwarf binaries known and discover systems with eclipses, ellipsoidal variations (due to tidal deformations of the visible white dwarf), and Doppler beaming. All of the binaries contain low-mass white dwarfs with orbital periods of less than four hr. Our observations identify the first eight tidally distorted white dwarfs, four of which are reported for the first time here. We use these observations to place empirical constraints on the mass-radius relationship for extremely low-mass (<= 0.30 M-circle dot) white dwarfs. We also detect Doppler beaming in several of these binaries, which confirms their high-amplitude radial-velocity variability. All of these systems are strong sources of gravitational radiation, and long-term monitoring of those that display ellipsoidal variations can be used to detect spin-up of the tidal bulge due to orbital decay. ; NSF AST-0909107, AST-1312678 ; Norman Hackerman Advanced Research Program 003658-0252-2009 ; European Research Council under the European Union's Seventh Framework Programme/ERC 320964 ; NASA NNX12AC96G ; Astronomy

Funding National Institute for Health Research Health Technology Assessment Programme. Acknowledgments This work was supported by the National Institute for Health Research Health Technology Assessment (NIHR HTA) Programme (project no 17/68/01). The views expressed are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the National Health Service, the NIHR HTA Programme, or the Department of Health and Social Care, UK. The funders were not actively involved in the research process at any stage. The study design; collection, analysis, and interpretation of data; writing of the manuscript; and decision to submit for publication were performed independent of the funders. The Health Services Research Unit at the University of Aberdeen is funded by the Chief Scientist Office of the Scottish Government Health and Social Care Directorates. The Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine at Imperial College London is funded by grants from the Medical Research Council, Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council, NIHR, an Integrative Mammalian Biology Capacity Building Award, an FP7-HEALTH-2009-241592 EuroCHIP grant, and is supported by the NIHR Biomedical Research Centre Funding Scheme. The following authors are also funded as follows: NIHR Research Professorship (WSD), NIHR post-doctoral fellowship (CNJ). SBhasin receives National Institutes of Health research grant funding. The authors are grateful to Prakash Abraham, Alison Avenell, Craig Ramsay, Graham Scotland, Neil Scott, and Finlay MacKenzie for their advice; and to the many individuals from academia and industry who helped in the conduct of this study. ; Peer reviewed ; Publisher PDF