Was sagen einem Astrophysiker die Sterne über die Welt und das Leben? Kann ein Wirtschaftsprofessor die Entwicklung der Finanzwelt vorhersagen und was bedeutet das für unseren Alltag? Und überhaupt: Gibt es sie, die Formel für die Zukunft? Antworten auf solche Fragen geben Harald Lesch und Thomas Schwartz in ihrem neuen Buch. Sie verbinden Mathematik, Ökologie und vor allem viel Alltagsklugheit zu einem brillanten Blick in das Hier, Jetzt und Morgen. Sie erklären das wichtigste Prinzip der Natur, die Wiederholung, und weshalb nur sie echten Fortschritt garantiert. Fortschritt, der nachhaltig ist und kollektiv nützt. Die beiden Bestsellerautoren verknüpfen scheinbar banale Details mit den grossen Zusammenhängen von Natur und Gesellschaft und tauchen so ein in die Grundprinzipien unseres Lebens. Ein Buch, das uns überraschende Fakten und Erklärungen liefert und Vertrauen, das nichts so bleiben muss, wie es ist IBM und manches so bleiben darf, wie es ist. Unterhaltsam, klug und überaus originell. (Verlagstext)
Abstract Background The anti-diabetic pharmaceutical metformin is frequently analysed in the aquatic environment. Its impact on the fish microbiome is studied to get a deeper knowledge about the consequence of the metformin presence in river systems. Gut microbiome analyses were performed on larval brown trout with metformin including environmental concentrations. Therefore, the fish were exposed to metformin in concentrations of 0, 1, 10, 100, and 1000 µg/L. Especially, the lower metformin concentrations were measured in river waters containing percentages of conditioned wastewater from municipal wastewater treatment plants.
Results Two complementary molecular biological methods for population analysis targeting the 16S rRNA gene regions V1–V3, i.e.: (1) 16S amplicon sequencing and (2) polymerase chain reaction (PCR) combined with denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). Both analyses demonstrated significant microbiome alterations even at low metformin concentrations being analysed in German rivers. The amplicon sequencing revealed the most distinct shifts in the Firmicutes phylum, or more specifically, within the Bacillales order, which were most affected by metformin exposure. Within the Bacillales order, the Planococcaceae family, which is described to provide essential amino acids for the fish, completely disappeared after metformin treatment. Conversely, the percentage of other bacteria, such as Staphylococcaceae, increased after exposure to metformin. Similarity profiles of the microbiomes could be generated using the Sørensen index calculation after PCR-DGGE analyses and confirmed shifts in the composition of the brown trout intestinal microbiome after metformin exposures. In vitro gene expression analyses of virulence factors from fish pathogens, previously identified in the fish microbiomes DNA extracts, were conducted in the presence or absence of environmentally relevant concentrations. Here, marker genes of Enterococcus faecium, Enterococcus faecalis, and Aeromonas hydrophila were detected and quantified via PCR approaches, firstly. An increased expression of the species-specific virulence genes was observed after normalisation with control data and ribosomal housekeeping genes.
Conclusion Environmentally relevant concentrations of metformin can alter the composition in gut microbiome of brown trout in different ways. Both, the metformin-induced expression of virulence genes in fish pathogens in vitro and the impact of metformin on the microbiome composition in vivo in larval brown trout open the discussion about a possible long-term effect on the vitality, growth, and development in more mature brown trouts.
Abstract The frequencies of 6 different facultative pathogenic bacteria of the ESKAPE group (priority list WHO) and a total of 14 antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) with different priorities for human medicine were quantified in wastewaters of poultry and pig slaughterhouses using molecular biological approaches. Raw sewage from poultry and pig slaughterhouses was found to be contaminated not only with facultative pathogenic bacteria but also with various categories of clinically relevant ARGs, including ARGs against the reserve antibiotics group. The concentration of the different gene targets decreased after on-site conventional biological or advanced oxidative wastewater treatments, but was not eliminated. Hence, the antimicrobial BlueLight (aBL) in combination with a porphyrin photo-sensitizer was studied with ESKAPE bacteria and real slaughterhouse wastewaters. The applied broad LED-based blue light (420–480 nm) resulted in groups of sensitive, intermediate, and non-sensitive ESKAPE bacteria. The killing effect of aBL was increased in the non-sensitive bacteria Klebsiella pneumoniae and Enterococcus faecium due to the addition of porphyrins in concentrations of 10−6 M. Diluted slaughterhouse raw wastewater was treated with broad spectrum aBL and in combination with porphyrin. Here, the presence of the photo-sensitizer enhanced the aBL biocidal impact.
In: AAESPH review: the official publication of the American Association for the Education of the Severely/Profoundly Handicapped, Band 4, Heft 2, S. 202-212
Two studies designed to increase the low production rates of severely retarded workers in a sheltered workshop setting are described. In one, differential reinforcement of higher rate was used to increase the rate of assembly of a cable harness from 13% of the standard rate of normal workers to almost 50% of the norm standard. In the second, a system of self-delivery of reward was used to shorten the time required to assemble a test adapter. The subject was trained successfully to perform a quality control check. The implications of the two studies for sheltered workshop settings are explored.
Background: Approximately 50% of pharmacy prescriptions in the United States are filled with generic drugs, which have improved substantially in quality owing to increased governmental regulations. The remaining medicoeconomic question regards whether or not brand-name medications are worth the price. This study evaluates these questions for the brand-name mood stabilizer divalproex sodium and its generic counterpart, valproic acid.
A comprehensive monitoring of a broad set of antibiotics in the final effluent of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) of 7 European countries (Portugal, Spain, Ireland, Cyprus, Germany, Finland, and Norway) was carried out in two consecutive years (2015 and 2016). This is the first study of this kind performed at an international level. Within the 53 antibiotics monitored 17 were detected at least once in the final effluent of the WWTPs, i.e.: ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, enrofloxacin, orbifloxacin, azithromycin, clarithromycin, sulfapyridine, sulfamethoxazole, trimethoprim, nalidixic acid, pipemidic acid, oxolinic acid, cefalexin, clindamycin, metronidazole, ampicillin, and tetracycline. The countries exhibiting the highest effluent average concentrations of antibiotics were Ireland and the southern countries Portugal and Spain, whereas the northern countries (Norway, Finland and Germany) and Cyprus exhibited lower total concentration. The antibiotic occurrence data in the final effluents were used for the assessment of their impact on the aquatic environment. Both, environmental predicted no effect concentration (PNEC-ENVs) and the PNECs based on minimal inhibitory concentrations (PNEC-MICs) were considered for the evaluation of the impact on microbial communities in aquatic systems and on the evolution of antibiotic resistance, respectively. Based on this analysis, three compounds, ciprofloxacin, azithromycin and cefalexin are proposed as markers of antibiotic pollution, as they could occasionally pose a risk to the environment. Integrated studies like this are crucial to map the impact of antibiotic pollution and to provide the basis for designing water quality and environmental risk in regular water monitoring programs ; Authors acknowledge the support from the Economy and Knowledge Department of the Catalan Government through Consolidated Research Group (ICRA-ENV 2017 SGR 1124 and 2017-SGR-1404-Water and Soil Quality Unit). S.R.-M. acknowledges the Ramon y Cajal program (RYC-2014-16707). I.V.-M. was supported ...
