Suchergebnisse

The protection of the global environment is impeded by multilateral externalities which the international community attempts to bring under control by entering into international agreements. International agreements, however, can suffer from non-compliance and free-riding behaviour by sovereign states and must therefore be enforced and stabilised internationally. This paper describes instruments for the enforcement and stabilisation of an international CO2 agreement and evaluates them in the light of economic and legal theory. Economic instruments build on repetition and use utility transfers, economic sanctions and flexible treaty adjustments. Important legal instruments are reciprocal obligations and cooperation duties, international funding and transfer rules, treaty suspension, retorsions and reprisals, treaty revision, and monitoring. The paper shows that economic and legal instruments are compatible to a considerable extent. It develops proposals for the enforcement and stabilisation of a global CO2 agreement and other multilateral treaties.

Part I: The Post-WTO: Introduction -- An Introduction to Utopian and Dystopian Post-WTO Regimes and Environments -- Part II: The Post-WTO: Macro and Theoretical Perspectives -- To Dystopia and Beyond: The WTO in a Warming Megaregional World -- Narrowed Down Utopia: Adjusting the WTO to a Changing Trade Environment -- Waiting for Cordell Hull -- GAIA 2048—A 'Glocal Agency in Anthropocene': Cognitive and Institutional Change as 'Legal Science Fiction' -- If the WTO Were to Break Down Completely, Would We Stoop and Build It Up with Worn-Out Tools? -- Part III: The Post-WTO: Dispute Settlement -- The EU Approach to Overcome the WTO Dispute Settlement Vacuum: Article 25 DSU Interim Appeal Arbitration as a Bridge Between Renovation and Innovation -- Like a Rolling Stone: Exploring Viable Options for the WTO Dispute Settlement Mechanism to Evolve Forward in the Post-WTO Era -- What Can We Learn from Our Struggling Cousin?: Recent Discussions on Reform of International Investment Law and Investment Dispute Settlement Proceedings -- Reaching for Utopia, Geneva as Inspiration for Investment Disputes? -- A Possible Hierarchy of Dispute Settlement Systems? -- Part IV: The Post-WTO: Specific International Economic Law Issues -- The Concern with Non-concerns: For the End of Trade Dystopia -- The Rise of Import Substitution Subsidies and Local Content Requirements in a Dystopian WTO 2.0 Regime -- A Development-Driven Post WTO World -- Saving the World Trade Order from the Bottom Up: A Role for Preferential Trade Agreements -- A New International Trade Framework for Digital Assets.

Part I: The Post-WTO: Introduction -- An Introduction to Utopian and Dystopian Post-WTO Regimes and Environments -- Part II: The Post-WTO: Macro and Theoretical Perspectives -- To Dystopia and Beyond: The WTO in a Warming Megaregional World -- Narrowed Down Utopia: Adjusting the WTO to a Changing Trade Environment -- Waiting for Cordell Hull -- GAIA 2048—A 'Glocal Agency in Anthropocene': Cognitive and Institutional Change as 'Legal Science Fiction' -- If the WTO Were to Break Down Completely, Would We Stoop and Build It Up with Worn-Out Tools? -- Part III: The Post-WTO: Dispute Settlement -- The EU Approach to Overcome the WTO Dispute Settlement Vacuum: Article 25 DSU Interim Appeal Arbitration as a Bridge Between Renovation and Innovation -- Like a Rolling Stone: Exploring Viable Options for the WTO Dispute Settlement Mechanism to Evolve Forward in the Post-WTO Era -- What Can We Learn from Our Struggling Cousin?: Recent Discussions on Reform of International Investment Law and Investment Dispute Settlement Proceedings -- Reaching for Utopia, Geneva as Inspiration for Investment Disputes? -- A Possible Hierarchy of Dispute Settlement Systems? -- Part IV: The Post-WTO: Specific International Economic Law Issues -- The Concern with Non-concerns: For the End of Trade Dystopia -- The Rise of Import Substitution Subsidies and Local Content Requirements in a Dystopian WTO 2.0 Regime -- A Development-Driven Post WTO World -- Saving the World Trade Order from the Bottom Up: A Role for Preferential Trade Agreements -- A New International Trade Framework for Digital Assets.

Agreement on implementation of Article VI of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1994 -- Agreement on safeguards (SA) -- Agreement on subsidies and countervailing measures (SCMA) -- General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1994 -- Comparative overview of anti-dumping regulation in the European communities and the United States of America -- Comparative overview of EU and US safeguard regulations -- Comparative overview of EU and US subsidies regulation -- Balance of payments measures.

Preliminary Material /Holger P. Hestermeyer , Doris König , Nele Matz-Lück , Volker Röben , Anja Seibert-Fohr , Peter-Tobias Stoll and Silja Vöneky -- Coexistence, Cooperation and Solidarity in International Law The International Obligation to Cooperate–An Empty Shell or a Hard Law Principle of International Law?–A Critical Look at a Much Debated Paradigm of Modern International Law /Jost Delbrück -- State Debt Crisis, Private Creditors, and the IMF Articles of Agreement /Werner F. Ebke -- Reality or Aspiration?–Solidarity in International Environmental and World Trade Law /Holger P. Hestermeyer -- Der lange Weg zur doppelten Mehrheit im Rat der Europäischen Union nach dem Vertrag von Lissabon: Vom Völkerrecht zum genuinen Europäischen Verfassungsrecht vor dem Hintergrund nationaler Erfahrungen /Jürgen Jekewitz -- The Post-Globalization Travails of Legal Education /Rahmatullah Khan -- Solidarity: Evidence of an Emerging International Legal Principle /Abdul G. Koroma -- The Solidarity Principle, Francisco de Vitoria and the Protection of Indigenous Peoples /Vicente Marotta Rangel -- Solidarität, Souveränität und Völkerrecht: Grundzüge einer internationalen Solidargemeinschaft zur Hilfe bei Naturkatastrophen /Nele Matz-Lück -- From Coexistence to Détente and Cooperation. Some Lessons from the Cold War for a Contemporary Era of Clashing Cultures or Colliding Civilisations /Edward McWhinney -- Customary International Law in Action: From the International Minimum Standard to Fair and Equitable Treatment /Francisco Orrego Vicuña -- The Roles of Proportionality in Maritime Delimitation: State of Jurisprudence /Jin-Hyun Paik -- Some Reflections on Factors Exerting Influence on Maritime Boundary Delimitation /Stanislaw Pawlak -- Land and Maritime Tripoints in International Jurisprudence /Alain Pellet -- Reflections on the Cogency of Fragmentation: Statutes of Limitation and "Continuing Violations" in Investment and Human Rights Law /W. Michael Reisman and Mahnoush H. Arsanjani -- About the Sense and Direction of Multilateralism in International Trade Law /Hélène Ruiz Fabri -- Where Should Nefertiti Go? Reflections on International Cultural Law /Peter-Tobias Stoll -- Human Rights in the Global Society Environmental Migration and International Law /Ulrich Beyerlin -- Institution Building in the UN-Human Rights-System–The Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination (CERD) /Brun-Otto Bryde -- Labour Relations before the Strasbourg Court /Lucius Caflisch -- The Protection of Property in International Law: The Missing Pieces /Thomas Cottier , Katja Gehne and Maria Schultheiss -- Wirtschaftliche, soziale und kulturelle Rechte: Menschen- oder auch Grundrechte? /Constance Grewe -- The Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights–Towards a More Effective Implementation of Social Rights? /Rainer Grote -- Human Dignity–Basis of Human Rights /Eckart Klein -- International Human Rights Law and Transnational Corporations: Responsibilities and Cooperation /Robert McCorquodale -- The Protection of Indigenous Peoples in International Law Revisited–From Non-Discrimination to Self-Determination /Stefan Oeter.

Anfang Dezember 2013 einigten sich die Mitgliedsländer der WTO auf ein neues Welthandelsabkommen. Gabriel Felbermayr, ifo Institut und Universität München, sieht einen Anpassungsbedarf der WTO an die neue Gemengelage in der Weltwirtschaft, da in Zukunft immer häufiger in regionalen Abkommen zusammengefasste Ländergruppen als zentrale Spieler des Welthandels auftreten werden. Für Wilhelm Kohler, Universität Tübingen, hat das Ergebnis zwar Potenzial, aber mit »Trade Facilitation« betrete die WTO ein Terrain, in dem ihr Ansatz zur Handelsliberalisierung an Bedeutung verliere. Volker Treier, Deutscher Industrie- und Handelskammertag, betrachtet die Vereinbarung als Gewinn für die Wirtschaft. Ein Verlierer bei den Ergebnissen von Bali sei nicht auszumachen. Nach Meinung von Heribert Dieter, Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik, Berlin, ist die Vereinbarung von Bali ein wichtiger Schritt, aber der Konflikt zwischen der multilateralen Ordnung und den konkurrierenden Präferenzabkommen sei noch nicht überwunden. Und Christoph Herrmann, Universität Passau, hält fest, dass das Bali-Paket eher eine Mischung kleiner Lösungen für Einzelprobleme darstellt als den großen Durchbruch für die Doha-Runde. Nach den Berechnungen von Cosimo Beverelli, Simon Neumüller und Robert Teh, WTO, kann eine erfolgreiche Umsetzung des Abkommens zu einem Anstieg des Handels und so zu einer Wohlfahrtsverbesserung führen. Richard Senti, ETH Zürich, bezeichnet die effektiven Verhandlungserfolge der WTO-Ministerkonferenz eher als »bescheiden«, aber immerhin sei die Phase des Stillstands beendet und eine Atmosphäre des Aufbruchs geschaffen worden. Für Matthias Lücke, Institut für Weltwirtschaft Kiel sind die Entscheidungen von Bali weder ein Grund für Euphorie noch für Resignation mit Blick auf die WTO. Fortschritte beim Abbau wirtschaftlich bedeutsamer Handelsbarrieren seien aber vor allem durch bilaterale Abkommen zu erwarten. Peter-Tobias Stoll, Universität Göttingen, gibt zu bedenken, dass die in Bali be