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This document provides guidance and resources for implementing recommendations to integrate community health workers (CHWs) into community-based efforts to prevent chronic disease. After providing general information on CHWs in the United States, it sets forth evidence demonstrating the value and impact of CHWs in preventing and managing a variety of chronic diseases, including heart disease and stroke, diabetes, and cancer. In addition, descriptions are offered of chronic disease programs that are engaging CHWs, examples of state legislative action are provided, recommendations are made for comprehensive polices to build capacity for an integrated and sustainable CHW workforce in the public health arena, and resources are described that can assist state health departments and others in making progress with CHWs. ; "9/27/11." - date from document properties ; Available via the World Wide Web as an Acrobat .pdf file (923.07 KB, 20 p.). ; Includes bibliographical refernces (p. 13-16).

The job exchanges for graduates represent the major offer-and-demand framework organised by the majority of territorial structures of the National Employment Agency, which have a pyramidal/hierarchic structure. The paper focuses on supply and demand territorial aspects on the labour market for graduates; how employer demand is conveyed to graduates and how well the skills that young people gain are utilized on the job. The present study represents a quantitative assessment of the job supply and demand for graduates and a qualitative territorial assessment of the results recorded by the jobexchange for this category of young labour force. This latter approach is based on a series of 7 indicators, in order to point out the main territorial characteristics of the job exchange for graduates. The general assessment index (calculated like the arithmetical average of the standardized values of the indicators selected) varies between 0 and 0.762, the agencies for employment being divided in four categories: 1 - "No activity and no results", 2 - "Very low activity and very few results" and "Low activity and very few result", 3 - "Low activity and few results" and 4 - "Moderate activity and good results".

The emergence of COVID-19 pandemic has brought untold hardship across the globe. Developed nations have taken relatively commendable actions to quell its impact on livelihood and most have also included social workers in the frontline due to their expertise in working with vulnerable populations. Same cannot be said of developing nations particularly Nigeria who hurriedly copied the measures adopted by the developed nations without carefully considering her peculiarities. Given Nigeria's high poverty rate prior to and even higher during the pandemic as well as the few available resources, it is important that Nigerian social workers should be called upon as frontline workers with regards to the welfare of the vulnerable and the psychosocial well-being of infected persons and their families. Instead, Nigeria has totally ignored the importance of social workers and palliatives have been stolen by those tasked with distribution while the psychosocial well-being of affected persons has been left to fate.

In light of the low re-employment opportunities that workers above age 55 face in continental Europe, inefficient separations of older workers may generate a significant welfare loss for the economy. The economic literature therefore suggests eliminating any governmental policies that distort firing and retirement decisions. In this paper, I argue that even without any governmental distortions, there may still be inefficient destruction of older workers' jobs due to market-inherent contracting frictions that may arise due to asymmetric information. I demonstrate this in a two period model of the labor market where risk-averse workers choose their preferred wage contract from a restricted subset of the contract space. I find that an equilibrium with bilaterally inefficient layoffs of older workers emerges under certain conditions. These conditions are satisfied more easily if high outside options, such as early retirement benefits, become available for the elderly. This prediction is consistent with empirical studies postulating that generous social security systems increase the incidence of being 'pushed' into early retirement by the employer. On the other hand, training programs, wage subsidies, and employment protection are found to decrease the incidence of bilaterally inefficient layoffs.

This article is directed towards addressing the employment related issues encountered by female workers in the gig economy in the EU. It revolves around analysing 'the switch' from the traditional labour market to the platform economy. It subsequently explains, by drawing comparisons, that the issues of gender inequality in the brick and mortar world are still prevalent in world of the digital platform. In fact, new challenges have emerged which are specifically related to the gig economy. Female workers are now affected by the inherent bias of algorithms. Moreover, due to the unequivocal propagation of 'flexibility' which is used as a weapon to glorify the gig economy; women are even more likely to be pushed into precarious work. The other prominent issues of gender inequality like the dynamics of intersectionality, the gender pay gap and hiring policies in traditional and digital platforms are also examined. Furthermore, the existing regulatory frameworks addressing these issues are discussed with the possibility of catering to the gender inequality issues in the gig economy through policy development. The article concludes with a reflection on the need for the EU to take immediate and efficacious policy measures in respect of female workers in the gig economy.

A worker is someone who does specific work for another person and is paid for it. In 2014, the employment rate in the EU member states was 64.9%. This means that a large percentage of people are exposed to the so‑called social risks, such as death, old age, accidents (including at work) or sickness (including occupational diseases). These risks are not only a concern for workers, who might lose their ability to work, partially or completely, but also affect other household members, such as spouses, children or parents, who might lose their breadwinner. There is no common mechanism in the EU member states to protect workers from any of those risks materialising. The purpose of this article is to identify the funding sources of social security coverage for workers, the kinds of risks covered, and the benefits offered. To do that, a comparison was drawn of various social security schemes in selected EU member states, based on the available literature and materials. The comparison shows that there is no common mechanism in the EU member states to protect workers should any of the social risks materialise, and that social security contributions are a common source of funding benefit payments.

The paper focuses on workplace practices aimed at increasing workers' direct voice, a job quality dimension in the European Employment Strategy for which there are no agreed indicators. It offers an analysis of the theories, debate and research on the impact of workers' direct participation on jobs' quality and quantity, including its interaction and tensions with representative participation. It also reviews the main databases available and offers a meta-analysis on the extension of direct participation in a range of European countries. Finally, it reflects on issues for future research.

An extract of the book, the introduction chapter, is available in PDF with permission from the publisher. ; With specific attention to irregular migrant workers - that is to say, those without legal permits to stay in the countries in which they work - this volume focuses on domestic work, presenting studies from ten European countries, including Belgium, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, the Netherlands, and Spain. Offering a comparative analysis of irregular migrants engaged in all kinds of domestic work, the authors explore questions relating to employment conditions, health issues and the family lives of migrants. The book examines the living and working conditions of irregular migrant domestic workers, their relations with employers, their access to basic rights such as sick leave, sick pay, and holiday pay, as well as access to health services. Close consideration is also given to the challenges for family life presented by workers' status as irregular migrants, with regard to their lives both in their countries of origin and with their employers. Through analyses of the often blurred distinction between legality and illegality, the notion of a 'career' in domestic work and the policy responses of European nations to the growth of irregular migrant domestic work, this volume offers various conceptual developments in the study of migration and domestic work. As such, it will appeal to sociologists, political scientists, geographers and anthropologists with interests in migration, gender, the family and domestic work. ; • Preface; • Irregular migration and domestic work in Europe. Who cares?, Anna Triandafyllidou; • Domestic work in Belgium: crossing boundaries between informality and formality, Marie Godin; • Migration careers and professional trajectories of irregular domestic workers in France, Karin Sohler and Florence Lévy; • Three different things: having, knowing, and claiming rights: undocumented immigrant domestic workers in Germany, Lisa-Marie Heimeshoff and Helen Schwenken; • 'With all the cares in the world': irregular migrant domestic workers in Greece, Michaela Maroufof; • The home as a site of work, Sally Daly; • Undocumented domestic workers in Italy: surviving and regularizing strategies, Paola Bonizzoni; • Regulating migrant domestic work in the Netherlands: opportunities and pitfalls, Sarah van Walsum; • Globally interdependent households: irregular migrants employed in domestic work in Spain, Tania González Fernández; • Irregular migrant domestic workers in Europe: major socioeconomic challenges, Anna Triandafyllidou and Thanos Maroukis; • Index.

Scholars have noted deplorable conditions of female migrant workers who suffer several types of citizenship disabilities as most countries do not extend equal citizenship rights and protections to migrant workers. In addition to this, they are unable to take full advantage of the rights available to them in the host countries because of low cultural and social capital. Further, studies have emphasized how the breakdown of the traditional economy and the penetration of the market in developing societies have forced people, especially from rural areas, to seek low-paying dead-end jobs in the global labor market. Examining Nepali domestic workers in New Delhi, while this research agrees with the existing studies, we also bring to notice the fact that migrant female workers are not always passive victims and that they exercise considerable choice and agency. The case of Nepali domestic workers in New Delhi offers fresh insight into the ways in which migrant women attempt to actively influence and control the work conditions and immediate labour market outcomes. This paper also shows that even if Nepali migrant workers gain in a limited way, they actively collude with their employers to marginalize native domestic workers. In the end, traditional power relations and inequality are reproduced unchallenged.

Pennsylvania's workers' compensation system was the subject of legislative changes in the 1990s and again in 2004 and 2006, changes that were partly a response to rising workers' compensation costs over the preceding 30 years. In this paper, Greenberg and Haviland examine the performance of the commonwealth's workers' compensation system and the issues it faces, focusing particularly on benefits and compensation, workplace safety, medical care, and dispute resolution. The authors review the published research and the available data on workers' compensation in Pennsylvania, and they supplement this review with qualitative interviews with a range of stakeholder groups in the state. Greenberg and Haviland find generally that Pennsylvania's workers' compensation system performs reasonably well relative to other states, but they note that the commonwealth may not be as strong in its performance on some safety measures. Greenberg and Haviland also note that Pennsylvania, like the nation as a whole, will continue to face the challenge of rising health care costs. The authors conclude with a series of recommendations for policymakers, emphasizing the importance of collecting more and better data on the performance of the workers' compensation system, to inform the debate over future reforms and initiatives

Resource workers are child welfare workers who work closely with foster parents following placement of a child placed in care. One of the challenges they experience is reluctance to their involvement. Resource workers from a large metropolitan area were asked: "What do you do when foster parents are reluctant about your involvement?" Responses to this question were analyzed with multidimensional scaling and cluster analysis. Nine concepts resulted, including: Recognize Problems, Build Trust, Go the Extra, Be Positive, Broaden their Network, Find Commonalities, Set Limits, Understand Them, and Reinforce Accountability. These concepts were compared and contrasted with the available literature.

Not Available ; Study was conducted with the objective of assessing and prioritizing training needs of shrimp farmers of Palghar district in Maharashtra. Palghar ranks first in terms of shrimp production and number of shrimp farms. Out of 65 registered shrimp farmers in Palghar district, information was collected from 55 shrimp farmers. An expert group of 30 comprising of academicians, extension workers, aqua feed industry representatives, government officials and progressive shrimp farmers were asked to locate potential training areas from the ten heads of Best Management Practices (BMPs) and also suggest any other training areas. A total of 40 potential training areas were suggested amongst which 11 were related to BMPs and 29 were outside the framework of BMPs. Importance Weightage (IW) was computed for the training areas and the score ranged from 0 to 1. Training areas which had IW score of 0.5 or more were selected and thus 22 areas were identified. Using Borich Need Assessment Model, shrimp farmers were asked to rate these 22 training areas on a 5 point Likert scale for their perceived importance and competency. Mean Weighted Discrepancy Score (MWDS) was computed to rank and prioritize the training areas. MWDS was highest for training areas viz. shrimp diseases, symptoms, identification, prevention and management, nursery system and management, feeding management, use of biosecurity measures and farming with biofloc technology and thus were prioritised. Training needs assessment has revealed that farmers prioritized six training areas from specific ten frameworks of BMPs. In addition, four training areas not in the framework of BMPs were also given high priority. It is concluded that to design any capacity development programme, it is necessary to do training need assessment with reference to importance and competency and training areas should be accordingly prioritized. ; Not Available

The claim by C. P. Middendorp & J. D. Meloen (see SA 38:4/90V8213) that the working class is more authoritarian than other classes is contested on the basis of contended inaccuracies in the primary measure of authoritarianism. It is argued that the California F scale fails to predict authoritarian behavior; at best, it predicts old-fashioned behavior. The "directiveness" scale, which indicates a relation between authoritarianism & higher classes, is cited as a more valid measure of authoritarian behavior. 31 References. L. Baker