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In Talcott Parsons's (eg, 1967) analysis of citizenship, his general theory, liberal views, & assessment of US society intersect. While Parsons presents a strong case for inclusion by means of liberal citizenship as an integrative force in modern societies, his treatment of inclusion is also limited in several respects; eg, he elaborates one model of citizenship without attending to historical origins & variations, & he stresses education as a type of cultural right but does not demonstrate the specific integrative role of higher education. As global controversy continues to swirl around liberal models of citizenship, Parsons's work can help in framing theoretically grounded responses to challenges to those models, such as communitarianism & fundamentalism, though it does not capture all possible forms of social integration. 43 References. Adapted from the source document.

A 29 Oct 2001 address to Seton Hall U offers remarks on the notion of global citizenship, viewing it as an ideal of universal norms & institutions underpinning the global rule of law & equating it to Immanuel Kant's (1795) idea of world citizenship. Kant's thought is seen as particularly salient in light of the September 11 (2001) terrorist attacks. Global citizenship's manifestation in reality as normative ideal is demonstrated through various international instruments that refer to it: eg, Preamble the Charter of the United Nations & Universal Declaration of Human Rights. However, it is asserted that these instruments remain feeble, the global rule of law remains Utopian, & will continue to until states willingly pool their sovereignty in common institutions & norms. In light of these imperfect norms & institutions, some observations are provided on the European Union as representative of the phenomenon of regional integration. Ultimately, it is shown that citizenship remains inherently linked to the nation-state, with the EU's version of supranational citizenship complementary, or even residuary, though it involves some important rights, eg, rights of movement & residence in Member States. In closing, the Dialogue among Nations project of the UN & the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court are cited as examples of international efforts to bring people together. In addition, it is asserted that the events of September 11 are seen as no break from but rather a confirmation of a trend in the structure of post-Cold War world events. J. Zendejas

Contends that the Personal Responsibility & Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996 (PRWORA) impelled two basic transformations of the US welfare system. First, it changed the foundations of the system from entitlement to conditional benefits. Second, it officially encoded the perspective that full-time employment, along with work-conditioned benefits, would make citizens able to raise themselves & their families out of poverty. These changes in welfare occurred in a context in which most features of US citizenship are indeed conditional. Welfare reform, far from establishing either an aberration or a novel notion of citizenship, is in fact reshaping welfare policy to be more consistent with a prior, though greatly unspoken, grasp of what is here termed conditional citizenship. References. K. Coddon