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This book is designed to meet head on the urgent need for academics, advocates and policymakers to develop universal ethical standards in criminal justice practice. By using quality research and policy analysis focusing on the core components of the criminal justice system -- police, courts and corrections-- Professor Prenzler formulates a basic checklist that can be used to assess the ethical quality and accountability of the criminal justice system in any jurisdiction.

From secret stingray devices that can pinpoint a suspect's location, to advanced forensic DNA-analysis tools, to recidivism risk statistic software—the use of privately developed criminal justice technologies is growing. So too is a concomitant pattern of trade secret assertion surrounding these technologies. This Article charts the role of private law secrecy in shielding criminal justice activities, demonstrating that such secrecy is pervasive, problematic, and ultimately unnecessary for the production of well-designed criminal justice tools. This Article makes three contributions to the existing literature. First, the Article establishes that trade secrecy now permeates American criminal justice, shielding privately developed criminal justice technologies from vigorous cross-examination and review. Second, the Article argues that private law secrecy surrounding the inner workings—or even the existence—of these criminal justice technologies imposes potentially unconstitutional harms on individual defendants and significant practical harms on both the criminal justice system and the development of well- designed criminal justice technology. Third, the Article brings the extensive literature on innovation policy to bear on the production of privately developed criminal justice technologies, demonstrating that trade secrecy is not essential to either the existence or operation of those technologies. The Article proposes alternative innovation policies that the government, as both a funder of research and the primary purchaser of criminal justice technologies, is uniquely well-positioned to implement.

The Prison Service's decision to create a dedicated 'pensioners' wing' at HMP Kingston has focused attention on the growing population of ageing prisoners. Helen Codd, Lecturer in Law at the University of Central Lancashire, examines the largely neglected issue of older people at all stages of the criminal justice system and offers proposals for anti-discriminatory practice.

The concept of rule of law in criminal process is based on the assumption that social differences can & should be screened out of criminal proceedings. Both propositions are questionable. Three principal approaches to the politics of criminal process are reviewed: conflict between crime control & due process; neo-Marxist theories of legal domination; & social reality theory. Inadequacies in all three are noted, leading to a three-dimensional theory of social segmentation by race/ethnicity, class, & role. This perspective is applied to police-citizen contact, plea bargaining, & formal trial, revealing complexities not captured in the usual analyses. Despite the value of the role of law framework in protecting freedom, an alternative framework of discretionary justice needs to be formulated to embody the actual concepts of legal personnel, giving decisionmakers authority to adapt rules & procedures to segmental variation. In The Rule of Law in Criminal Justice: An Innocent Convicted, Lief H. Carter & Loren P. Beth (University of Georgia, Athens) note the slippery use of the concept of rule of law by Scheingold, provide the conventional definition of this concept, & show how in its terms the criminal justice system may respond to the fact of cultural cleavage. So far as Scheingold's definition revolves around the notion of equality, it is misapplied. In Reaffirming the Verdict: A Reply to Professors Carter and Beth, Scheingold notes Carter's & Beth's substantial agreement with the proposed reforms, together with their assertion that these are needed to implement the rule of law. In fact, these proposals significantly revise the aim of the legal system from the formal equality implied by the concept of rule of law to substantial equality. 1 Figure. W. H. Stoddard.

As Indigenous incarceration rates keep rising, justice reinvestment offers a solutionIPA report: Indigenous Australians and the criminal justice system; Indigenous Australians and the criminal justice system; Are Indigenous Australians the most incarcerated people on Earth?; Costs of Indigenous incarceration; Indigenous imprisonment and violence: blueprint for change; Chapter 2 -- Aboriginal deaths in custody; Indigenous deaths in custody: 25 years since the Royal Commission into Aboriginal Deaths in Custody; Review into the Royal Commission into Aboriginal Deaths in Custody report