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BACKGROUND: While parachute jumping, soldiers may suffer minor or life-threatening injuries in various parts of the body. Several trauma scoring systems assess the severity of such injuries. The primary goal of this study was to assess clinical characteristics and the severity of orthopaedic, musculoskeletal, and other injuries from military training-related parachute jumping using two trauma scoring systems (AIS and ISS). Our secondary goal was to assess whether there was an increase in injury rates with age. METHODS: In total, 185 military personnel between 19 and 51 years old who were injured as a result of daytime static parachute jumping during 44 months between January 2016 and August 2019 were included in the study. Demographic data; vital signs; the level of consciousness; the Glasgow Coma Scale; ISS trauma region classifications; anatomical injury sites; AIS and ISS scores; diagnoses; treatment methods; hospitalization status; and duration of hospital stay were examined descriptively. RESULTS: There were 184 male and one female participant. The most commonly injured body site was the foot (33.5%), and the most common diagnosis was soft tissue trauma (64.3%). The most commonly injured body site was the foot (33.5%), and the most common diagnosis was soft tissue trauma (64.3%). Regarding treatment methods, 51.4% received analgesic pills and cold pack application, 42.7% received a plaster splint, and 5.9% had orthopaedic surgery. The mean ISS score was 5.16 ± 3.92. The hospitalization rate was significantly higher for patients with a critical AIS score than those with a severe AIS score (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The use of trauma scoring systems to assess injury severity among patients admitted to an ED due to a parachute jumping injury may facilitate treatment selection. We found that AIS and ISS were useful in determining injury severity. Therefore, we recommend the use of trauma scoring systems for assessing the injury severity and the therapeutic approach, and we advocate for the use of the 17 ...

PurposeThis study is designed to describe the marketing practices of private entrepreneurs in mainland China.Design/methodology/approachPersonal interviews were conducted with 200 private entrepreneurs in China. A structured survey instrument was used and data were analyzed using SAS tools.FindingsFour key findings: Chinese entrepreneurs focus primarily on reaching an industrial client base among private companies in China; their marketing practices suggest that they prefer tight control over their operations; they use listed prices extensively and salespeople are typically given some flexibility in deviating from those listed prices; the development of sales/distribution networks is enhanced through the use of listed prices but is hurt by the flexibility salespeople have in deviating from those listed prices. Some marketing practices differ by geographic location of the entrepreneurial firm (Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou) and by the type of entrepreneur (returnee, local).Research limitations/implicationsIt is imposible to offer a clear reference point for Chinese entrepreneurs; hence, apart from documenting their practices, it is not certain whether these practices are significantly different from others. All data are self‐reported (including financial performance). Sampling frame: although every attempt was made to have a representative sample, there was no way to guarantee this. More comprehensive research to validate the findings is needed.Originality/valueThe major contribution is insights into the marketing practices of Chinese entrepreneurs so far not documented in the literature. Hence, this study gives a descriptive but comprehensive picture of Chinese entrepreneurs as marketers.

Specific aspects of mobility and spatial orientation of the visually handicapped have attracted the attention of researchers for a quarter of a century; generally speaking, their work can be placed in four fields of study. First, interest has been focused on the capacity of blind people to move unaided in various spatial settings and to mentally map an environment. A second preoccupation revealed by the literature has been the spatial information transmitted to the visually handicapped by tactile maps, by adapted sign system and by electronic guidance systems. Other projects have focused on the environment in which visually handicapped move and on the environmental aspects that affect their mobility. Finally, some researchers have investigated how the development of technical aids has facilitated the mobility of blind people.

Abstract Background Prior to the invasion of Kuwait by Iraq in 1990, suicides were almost unheard of in Kuwait. However, there has been a notable increase in the referrals of suicide cases to the forensic authorities since then. A review of suicide cases was performed to investigate the demographics of this phenomenon and the suicide modalities used and to uncover issues that can be addressed by the region's government. Methods The sole source of data was the general department of criminal evidence (GDCE), where cases are referred by police authorities and by hospital investigators from the entire country. All cases signed out by forensic investigators as "suicide" during the time period 2003–2009 were retrieved. A full review of the data from the case files was made. This included demographic data, scene examination, radiographic investigations, autopsies with histo-pathological examination findings and toxicological screening results in each case. Results A total of 347 cases were retrieved and studied. Hanging was found to be the most common suicide modality used by subjects (60 %). Non-citizens constituted 87 % of cases, and no significant difference was found between married and single subjects or between Muslims and non-Muslims. Regions that were more populated with an expatriate labour force had the highest suicide prevalence. Conclusion The government of Kuwait needs to investigate the dire conditions in which some expatriates live and to improve their situation. More control over the dispensing of certain medications needs to be enforced. Finally, strict firearm control could help reduce the suicide rates in Kuwait.

Background:The psychological wellbeing and stresses on medical students are currently under a global spotlight. Under a wider initiative supported by the British Medical Association (BMA), international surveys have been conducted to understand and begin to tackle these issues.Method:This study aimed at describing the mental wellbeing and levels of burnout of Iranian medical students. A total of 179 medical students from 19 different cities participated voluntarily in the survey by answering an online questionnaire between April and August 2020. We detected a trend toward higher prevalence of psychiatric disorders (namely depressive disorders) and substance misuse when compared to previous national studies.Results:About 6% of students screened positive for alcohol problems with the CAGE questionnaire. About 77% of medical students screened positive for mental health problems with the GHQ12 questionnaire. Very high rates of burnout were also reported. These findings emphasize the urgent need to define methods to screen at risk medical students and implement local and national initiatives to curtain their potential detrimental effects.

Background: Health system support is crucial for quality child healthcare. Therefore, this baseline survey, which is part of the community-based management study of severe pneumonia, was conducted to assess the state of health system support of IMNCI and iCCM, and health workers' knowledge in managing childhood pneumonia at health facilities. Methods: A survey was conducted in 99 government health institutions in South Ethiopia from 07 to 14 January, 2018. A questionnaire for health system support and case scenario for the management of severe pneumonia was adapted from the WHO health facility survey tool. The questionnaire's interview, facility observation, case scenario and retrospective record review were all used as data collection methods. Indicators of health system support in the context of an integrated management of childhood illness were used. Proportions for categorical variables and means for continuous variables were also computed for each indicator. Mean score was analysed for assessing the knowledge of health workers in managing the case scenario. Results: In the study area, only 12 (34%) of health centres and 18 (29%) of health posts received supervision, which included the observation of case management. The mean number of essential oral antibiotics for the home treatment of pneumonia available at the facility was 1.1 (95% CI 0.9 to 1.3), whereas the mean number of pre- referral drugs for the treatment of severe pneumonia was 1.3 (95% CI 1.0 to 1.6). Approximately 47 (48%; 95% CI 37.7 to 57.3) of the surveyed health facilities had materials and equipment to support vaccination services, and 71 (72%; 95% CI 62.8 to 80.6) of them had the vaccines on the day of the survey. Only four (4%; 95% CI 0.3 to 8.3) of the health facilities had all the essential job aids and supplies for providing services for pneumonia. The providers' mean knowledge score for the management of severe childhood pneumonia was 14.9 out of 22 correct answers. Conclusion: There is a room to improve the health system support to integrated management of neonatal and childhood illness through supply chain management and knowledge of health workers in the management of severe pneumonia by providing training. Keywords: Health system, Managing pneumonia, Children, Ethiopia ; publishedVersion

Background:Medical students face high pressures to perform academically, which may lead to poor psychological well-being, burnout, and even mental illness.Aims:This study aims to evaluate the mental health, degree of burnout and substance misuse among medical students in Indonesia in order to to build a system that supports the prosperity of future doctors.Methods:In February to March 2020, we conducted an online survey of Indonesian medical students to assess burnout (using Oldenburg Burnout Inventory, OLBI), minor psychiatric illness (General Health Questionnaire 12, GHQ12), and alcohol abuse (CAGE questionnaire).Results/Conclusion:A total of 1,729 students from 29 universities participated in the study; 93% felt disengaged, 95% felt exhausted, and 74% were identified to have mild psychiatric illness. We discuss potential factors that need to be explored in further research, including further concerns related to developments since the pandemic, and the need for potential interventions at both local and national levels to enhance the wellbeing of medical students.