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"Industrial Policy and Development in Africa" published on by Oxford University Press.

This study presents the findings of original field research into the design, practice, and varied outcomes of industrial policy in three sectors in Ethiopia: cement, leather and leather products, and floriculture. Given that there is a single industrial strategy, why do its outcomes vary across sectors? To what extent is this a function of the specific market and political economy features of each sector? The book examines industrial structures and associated global value chains to demonstrate the challenges faced by African firms in international markets.

Die Autoren diskutieren die Entwicklung der Industriepolitik in Japan seit dem Ende des zweiten Weltkrieges und sprechen die gegenwärtigen Trends der japanischen Industriepolitik an. Träger dieser Politik ist im wesentlichen das 1949 geschaffene Ministerium für internationalen Handel und Industrie (MITI). Die Verfasser diskutieren die Entwicklung des MITI im Spannungsverhältnis von Planwirtschaft und Liberalisierung und untersuchen die Aktivitäten des Ministeriums: (1) Maßnahmen, die die allgemeine Infrastruktur der Industrie betreffen; (2) Interindustrielle Ressourcenallokation betreffende Maßnahmen; (3) Maßnahmen, die die innere Struktur jeder einzelnen Branche betreffen; (4) Maßnahmen für Klein- und Mittelunternehmen. Als Haupttrends der gegenwärtigen Industriepolitik orten die Autoren den Ausgleich von Defiziten in der japanischen Grundlagenforschung und die Forcierung des internationalen Technologietransfers, wägen die Verfasser Erfolg und Scheitern der Industriepolitik ab und gelangen zu dem Schluß, daß es nahezu unmöglich erscheint, ein einheitliches und überschaubares Bild zu geben, "in das sich die Mosaiksteinchen der vielfältigen Aktivitäten im Rahmen der japanischen Industriepolitik einordnen". (ICC)

Regarding industry, the bank in broad acceptation it consists of all firms producing identical or substitutable goods and services, these companies are engaged in a close race to meet similar needs as the same type of buyers.The evolution of industries is influenced by several factors: the pace of structural adjustment, adaptability to market requirements, the level of technological endowment, technical and financial capacity to attract financial resources for investment and technological upgrading, attractiveness to investors, usability of effective workforce, the development of services for industrial activity.The main objective of EU industrial policy is to strengthen international competitiveness, while providing its customers quality products at competitive prices. In shaping industrial policy, EU experience can provide a benchmark reference for defining the objectives, ways of action, specific tools and concrete measures to implement the policy.

Our concern is with a firm-specific industrial policy. When R&D subsidies or taxes are differentiated among firms, the question arises which firms in an industry should receive such support. We analyze a situation where firms differ in their R&D technologies in two distinct ways: They differ both in the costs of performing R&D activities and in the output obtained from such activities. We find that the optimal firm-specific industrial policy is affected differently by the two sources of firm heterogeneity. Furthermore, a change in a firm's R&D productivity has an ambiguous effect on the optimal policy towards the firm.

ABSTRACTDanish industrial policy reflects a 'liberalistic' paradigm, with industrial subsidies being general rather than selective, and based on profitability. There was an increase in the number of industrial policy instruments introduced in the second half of the 1970s, and in particular there seems to have been an increase in subsidies for technological innovation. The amount of money allocated for industrial subsidies has increased, especially during the economic recession. However, Danish industrial policy can only be conceived of as a crisis response policy in a relatively diffuse way, with only a few arrangements directly targetted at firms in difficulties, whereas most aim at making the surviving firms expand, innovate and increase their exports. Similarly, with few exceptions Danish industrial policy can be seen as anticipatory only in a very general way. The administration of industrial policy is characterised by close cooperation between state, industry and labour in tripartite boards and committees that take decisions about the administration of industrial policy or advise the government. The widespread use of such tripartite bodies hampers changes in industrial policy because all partners have to acquiesce in the changes. Innovation in Danish industrial policy is likely to be a gradual process, with most existing arrangements surviving, and a desultory increase in the use of more selective measures.