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Frameworks that examine policy subsystems, networks, and coalitions view bureaucracies as part of the mix of policy actors that advocate policy positions in both domestic and international arenas. However, few examine bureaucracies as independent actors and how they exercise influence distinct from other pressure groups. The ways in which domestic bureaucracies engage in the international environment is woefully under examined, with only a few studies examining how domestic bureaucrats affect decision making in the international arena. However, it is not unreasonable to posit that bureaucratic engagement in the international arena may have political implications in the domestic sphere. Building on examinations of bureaucratic autonomy, this research queries the ways in which domestic bureaucracies can interact in the international arena to "change agendas and preferences" of domestic political actors. While it finds that attention to developing an international reputation can enhance political leverage at home, it may do so at a cost to domestic programs if insufficient attention is given to domestic aspects of the organization's mission. Nevertheless, as attention lurches from one arena to another, policy change is facilitated by the politically powerful resources of an international reputation in expertise, active engagement in the international policy community, and broadly based support for programmatic change.

Introduction : warlord democrats : wartime investments, democratic runs? / Anders Themnér -- Pompier-pyromanocracy : Mbusa Nyamwisi and the DR Congo's inflammable post-settlement political order / Judith Verweijen -- Apotheosis of a warlord : Paul Kagame / Lars Waldorf -- Discourses of peace and fear : the electoral navigations of Sekou Conneh and Prince Johnson in post-war Liberia / Carrie Manning and Anders Themnér -- Afonso Dhlakama and RENAMO's return to armed conflict since 2013 : the politics of reintegration in Mozambique / Alex Vines -- From warlord to drug lord : the life of João Bernardo "Nino" Vieira / Henrik Vigh -- Shape-shifters in the struggle for survival : post-war politics in Sierra Leone / Mimmi Söderberg Kovacs and Ibrahim Bangura -- Riek Machar : warlord-doctor in South Sudan / Johan Brosché and Kristine Höglund -- Conclusion : ambiguous peacelords : the diminishing returns of post-war democracy / Anders Themnér.

More than 250 activists, academics, policy-makers, and organizational and religious leaders from over 20 countries gathered at Women's Learning Partnership's humansecurity conference, "Clash or Consensus: Gender and Human Security in a Globalized World" on October 8-9, 2003, in Washington DC. Organized in collaboration with the Global Fund for Women, the conference provided a forum for women leaders and human security experts from the Global South– particularly from Muslim societies– to explore ways to discuss and define human security goals and challenges from a perspective that is people-centered.

The book provides a comprehensive view on the internal life of parties and investigates the dynamics of intra-party politics in different party environments to explain in which circumstances the party leader is more or less bound by the wills of party factions. Analyzing almost 500 intra-party documents from Italy, Germany and France, it presents a theory of intra-party politics that illuminates internal decision-making processes and sheds light on the outcomes of factional conflicts on the allocation of payoffs within the party, on the risk of a party split and on the survival of the party leader. Using text analysis, the results show that consensual dynamics can allow to preserve party unity and that directly elected leaders can exploit their larger autonomy either to reward followers or to prevent splits. This text will be of key interest to scholars and students of Party Politics, Political Institutions, European Politics and more broadly to Comparative Politics, Political Theory and Text Analysis.

United States citizens like to believe they live in the best democracy in the world, providing political and legal equality. Yet, there is a paradox. In the United States women comprise over 50% of the population, but make up a mere 15% of the U.S. Congress. According to the U.S. Department of Education, women comprise 56% of all college students and have earned more bachelors degrees than men since 1982 (Johnson, Global News Wire, 2006). In fact, according to the Census Bureau estimate last year, there are more men than women ages 18-24 in the U.S., about 15 million men versus 14.2 million women, but the male/female ratio on college campuses today is 43/57 (Marklein, USA Today, 2005). Why then, in this country of democracy and equality has a woman yet to be elected president, considering the percentages of educated women compared to men in the U.S. This research project tries to answer this question. A comparative analysis of countries is conducted to explain the apparent paradox of why women are being elected to leadership positions internationally, but not in the U.S.

Introduction. The article attempts to analyze the attempts of political leaders of various types to build political communications in the new social reality - on the Internet. The material of the study was taken from the storytelling of the three leaders in social networks during the first attempts to create elements of symbolic politics. In the process of analyzing this narration, we asked ourselves: - How much is the traditional image of a particular political leader related to his reflection on social networks? The relevance of the author's approach lies in the analysis of storytelling as a tool for the formation of symbolic politics and social reality. Political leaders moved into a virtual environment following their target audiences.Methodology and sources. The methodological basis of the work is verification on practical material of socio-philosophical concepts and models of political analysts, cultural scientists, sociologists (P. Shtompki, V.A. Yadova, O.Yu. Malinova, G.L. Tulchinsky and others). The article uses narratives obtained from open access social networks. To clarify the formation of social reality, a comparative analysis of the narratives of public leaders regarding the creation of a space of symbolic politics was carried out.Results and discussion. As a result of the study, theoretical models that describe the behavioral patterns of political leaders in the information society were verified. In the modern information society, the main focus is transferred to social networks, where the target audience of political figures spend their time. Political leaders follow their target audience in different ways by showing their presence on social networks, both quantitative and qualitative. As a result of the study, the distinctive features of storytelling of public politicians, the similarities and differences in the technologies for creating a full-fledged image of a leader in the mass consciousness of the target audience, the similarities and differences between the image of a political leader taking shape in traditional media and on the Internet are clarified.Conclusion. In 2018, we observe the phenomenon of the entry into the space of social networks of politicians with the aim of event formation of elements of symbolic politics. In the study of storytelling as a process of forming public communications, the roles of sources and actors are defined. In today's digital society, social networks play a critical role in the processes of generating social reality. The mechanisms for the formation of narratives may require additional research, but now we can determine their impact on the political, socio-cultural and business environment.

Abstract
In recent decades, the governments of Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) states, especially the United Arab Emirates (UAE), have substantially increased their promotion of women in public life, with more women obtaining senior positions in an array of social domains. Despite these efforts, women's leadership in the public sphere of GCC states still lags behind what has been achieved in other parts of the world. Focusing on the UAE, this article provides an overview of the current state and complex nature of women's leadership in the Emirates. It examines who the UAE's female leaders are, their socio-economic backgrounds, and the specific social arenas they most often obtain leadership positions in. The article utilizes a newly compiled data set on the socio-economic backgrounds of women who obtained leadership positions in the realms of politics, the economy, and society more broadly in the UAE between 1970 and 2017.

The failures of cat herding -- Members of Congress and the expansion of conflicts -- Member of Congress' involvement in policy and leadership response -- From outside to inside : issue coverage and congressional activity -- Agricultural subsidies : the power of leadership -- Immigration reform : early changes, later failures -- Health care policy : success and failure in the face of mass focus -- Conclusion.