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Due to a production process error the original version of this paper was inadvertently published without Open Access. We apologise to the author that this was not applied before first publication. No other changes have been made to the content. The original article has been corrected.

A fit between theory and method is essential in theory -- guided empirical research. Achieving such a fit in process tracing is less straightforward than it may seem at first glance. There are two different types of processes that one can theorise and, consequently, two varieties of process tracing. The two varieties are introduced by empirical examples and distinguished with respect to four characteristics. Failure to determine the form of process tracing at hand may lead to invalid causal inferences. Adapted from the source document.

This article argues that process tracing provides a useful, although underestimated, avenue for empirically testing deductive game theoretical arguments. In-depth case analysis allows for a systematic evaluation of the crucial assumptions underlying the models and for making internally valid measurements of the model's core concepts. Furthermore, process tracing enables the researcher to overcome the weak conceptions of processes encountered in many game theoretic arguments. After outlining the usefulness of combining deductive game theory and process tracing, as well as discussing the limits of such an approach, the article illustrates the argument with an example from substantive research on civil-military relations in new democracies. Adapted from the source document.

Resume De nombreuses publications méthodologiques portent sur le process tracing , ses fondements ontologiques et épistémologiques, et cherchent à en définir et systématiser l'utilisation. Cette littérature suggère de nombreuses définitions différentes du process tracing . Le présent article se propose de passer en revue les différentes approches afin d'en souligner les traits communs et de dresser une typologie des usages du process tracing . Le process tracing permet de mettre au jour des mécanismes causaux ou de tester un mécanisme causal théoriquement présumé. Deux principaux types d'usages sont identifiés : les usages inductifs (tout en restant « guidés » par de la théorie) et les usages déductifs (mais étant toujours prêts à affiner les théories testées). Les recherches appliquant le process tracing en économie politique comparée permettent notamment de savoir comment changent les intérêts et les institutions.

Given the increasing quantity and impressive placement of work on Bayesian process tracing, this approach has quickly become a frontier of qualitative research methods. Moreover, it has dominated the process-tracing modules at the Institute for Qualitative and Multi-Method Research (IQMR) and the American Political Science Association (APSA) meetings for over five years, rendering its impact even greater. Proponents of qualitative Bayesianism make a series of strong claims about its contributions and scope of inferential validity. Four claims stand out: (1) it enables causal inference from iterative research, (2) the sequence in which we evaluate evidence is irrelevant to inference, (3) it enables scholars to fully engage rival explanations, and (4) it prevents ad hoc hypothesizing and confirmation bias. Notwithstanding the stakes of these claims and breadth of traction this method has received, no one has systematically evaluated the promises, trade-offs, and limitations that accompany Bayesian process tracing. This article evaluates the extent to which the method lives up to the mission. Despite offering a useful framework for conducting iterative research, the current state of the method introduces more bias than it corrects for on numerous dimensions. The article concludes with an examination of the opportunity costs of learning Bayesian process tracing and a set of recommendations about how to push the field forward.

It was with considerable pleasure and enthusiasm that I accepted the invitation of Christine Trampuschand Bruno Palier, the editors of this special issue, to respond to their small but excellent collectionof papers on process tracing in political economy. Like them (Trampusch and Palier 2016), I amconvinced that what they and others typically call process tracing can, if appropriately (and, indeed,sparingly) used, help open the black box of causation in social, political and economy systems; it can,in short, help us fashion better explanations of social, political and economic outcomes. I am also convinced,like them, that the clarification of what process tracing actually entails methodologically, as isthe principal aim of this special issue, will help us better make that case.In the, alas, all too limited space I have, I cannot and hence do not seek to provide a detailed commentaryand reflection on each of the papers in this collection. Instead, I will keep my comments verygeneral – using, as my point of departure, the editors' very useful framing essay. I will confine myselfto three appreciative, though at the same time critical yet I hope constructive, observations in thehope of advancing the debate.

It was with considerable pleasure and enthusiasm that I accepted the invitation of Christine Trampuschand Bruno Palier, the editors of this special issue, to respond to their small but excellent collectionof papers on process tracing in political economy. Like them (Trampusch and Palier 2016), I amconvinced that what they and others typically call process tracing can, if appropriately (and, indeed,sparingly) used, help open the black box of causation in social, political and economy systems; it can,in short, help us fashion better explanations of social, political and economic outcomes. I am also convinced,like them, that the clarification of what process tracing actually entails methodologically, as isthe principal aim of this special issue, will help us better make that case.In the, alas, all too limited space I have, I cannot and hence do not seek to provide a detailed commentaryand reflection on each of the papers in this collection. Instead, I will keep my comments verygeneral – using, as my point of departure, the editors' very useful framing essay. I will confine myselfto three appreciative, though at the same time critical yet I hope constructive, observations in thehope of advancing the debate.

It was with considerable pleasure and enthusiasm that I accepted the invitation of Christine Trampuschand Bruno Palier, the editors of this special issue, to respond to their small but excellent collectionof papers on process tracing in political economy. Like them (Trampusch and Palier 2016), I amconvinced that what they and others typically call process tracing can, if appropriately (and, indeed,sparingly) used, help open the black box of causation in social, political and economy systems; it can,in short, help us fashion better explanations of social, political and economic outcomes. I am also convinced,like them, that the clarification of what process tracing actually entails methodologically, as isthe principal aim of this special issue, will help us better make that case.In the, alas, all too limited space I have, I cannot and hence do not seek to provide a detailed commentaryand reflection on each of the papers in this collection. Instead, I will keep my comments verygeneral – using, as my point of departure, the editors' very useful framing essay. I will confine myselfto three appreciative, though at the same time critical yet I hope constructive, observations in thehope of advancing the debate.

This thesis examines urban partition in Nicosia, the capital of Cyprus, and how its changing roles and shifting perceptions in a post-conflict setting reflect power relations, and their constant renegotiation. Nicosia, the capital of Cyprus, was officially divided in 1974 in the aftermath of an eighteen-year-long conflict between the island's Turkish- and Greek-Cypriot communities. As a result, a heavily militarized Buffer Zone, established as an emergency measure against perpetuation of intercommunal violence, has been cutting through its historic centre ever since. This thesis departs from a genuine interest in the material and ideational dimensions of urban partition. How is it constructed, not merely in physical terms but in the minds of the societies affected by conflict? How is it established in official and everyday discourses? What kinds of mechanisms have been developed to maintain it, and make an inseparable part of the urban experience? Moreover, taking into account the consensus in relevant literature pertaining to the imperative for its removal, this thesis is inquiring into the relevance of peace agreements to overcoming urban partition. For this purpose, it also looks at narratives and practices that have attempted to contest it. The examples examined in this thesis offer pregnant analytical moments to understand Nicosia's Buffer Zone as a dynamic social construct, accommodating multiple visions of and for the city. Its space 'in-between' facilitates encounters between various actors, accommodates new meanings, socio-spatial practices and diverse imaginaries. In this sense, urban partition is explored in this thesis as a phenomenon that transcends scales as well as temporalities, entwining past, present, and future.

This thesis examines urban partition in Nicosia, the capital of Cyprus, and how its changing roles and shifting perceptions in a post-conflict setting reflect power relations, and their constant renegotiation. Nicosia, the capital of Cyprus, was officially divided in 1974 in the aftermath of an eighteen-year-long conflict between the island's Turkish- and Greek-Cypriot communities. As a result, a heavily militarized Buffer Zone, established as an emergency measure against perpetuation of intercommunal violence, has been cutting through its historic centre ever since. This thesis departs from a genuine interest in the material and ideational dimensions of urban partition. How is it constructed, not merely in physical terms but in the minds of the societies affected by conflict? How is it established in official and everyday discourses? What kinds of mechanisms have been developed to maintain it, and make an inseparable part of the urban experience? Moreover, taking into account the consensus in relevant literature pertaining to the imperative for its removal, this thesis is inquiring into the relevance of peace agreements to overcoming urban partition. For this purpose, it also looks at narratives and practices that have attempted to contest it. The examples examined in this thesis offer pregnant analytical moments to understand Nicosia's Buffer Zone as a dynamic social construct, accommodating multiple visions of and for the city. Its space 'in-between' facilitates encounters between various actors, accommodates new meanings, socio-spatial practices and diverse imaginaries. In this sense, urban partition is explored in this thesis as a phenomenon that transcends scales as well as temporalities, entwining past, present, and future.

O presente artigo tem como objetivo discutir as possibilidades de utilização da técnica de process tracing na investigação de mecanismos causais em pesquisas sociais. Inicialmente, buscou-se situar a técnica dentro do debate metodológico sobre métodos qualitativos, apresentando as principais críticas direcionadas ao seu uso, especialmente as concernentes à incapacidade de lidar com inferências causais e incipiente rigor metodológico. Em seguida, a partir da revisão de produções teóricas a respeito do tema, objetiva-se apresentar definições do process tracing e apontar para a inadequação das principais críticas à referida técnica. Ademais, serão detalhadas suas principais aplicações e possíveis testes de rigor metodológico. Dessa forma, o artigo apresenta argumentos que sustentam a utilização do process tracing em desenhos de pesquisa que objetivam inferências causais e conclui que a técnica não é uma ferramenta acessória que orbita desenhos de estudos quantitativos, mas um instrumento de pesquisa autônomo passível de testes de rigor metodológico e capaz de fornecer validade.

A philosophy of drafting -- Contract drafting -- Legislative drafting -- The rules of interpretation -- Drafting ethics -- An overview -- Getting started -- Drafting within the law -- Determining substance -- Choosing the right concept -- Organization -- Avoiding ambiguities -- Drafting style and usage -- Definitions -- Terms creating legal consequences -- Document typography and layout -- Reviewing and revising drafted documents