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Analyses ethnic residential patterns, in terms of spatial segregation, in Paramaribo, as these developed historically, and their correlation to the changing socioeconomic position of the various ethnic groups. Authors first point out how Paramaribo is at present one of the most multiethnic and multicultural cities of the Caribbean, and discuss the continuing importance of ethnic identity and boundaries. They further describe the history of Paramaribo's development since the period of slavery and after abolition, when many Creoles migrated to the city. Hindustani started migrating in higher numbers to Paramaribo since the early 20th c., mainly to the urban periphery, and since the 1960s also more Javanese. More recently (since the 1980s) migrants to Paramaribo include Maroons, Amerindians, Chinese, and Brazilians. Authors examine in how far the residential patterns were determined by socioeconomic factors, and/or by ethnicity. They conclude that socioeconomic factors have overall become more influential in residential patterns than ethnicity. They point out that residential ethnic mixing has increased, as almost half of Paramaribo's neighbourhoods are mixed, with no dominant ethnic group, although some ethnic concentration continues, as a quarter of the neighbourhoods can be called Creole, one-fifth of them Hindustani, and Creoles (and Maroons) reside for a higher percentage in the city centre, and Hindustani and Javanese more in the urban periphery.

Analyses ethnic residential patterns, in terms of spatial segregation, in Paramaribo, as these developed historically, and their correlation to the changing socioeconomic position of the various ethnic groups. Authors first point out how Paramaribo is at present one of the most multiethnic and multicultural cities of the Caribbean, and discuss the continuing importance of ethnic identity and boundaries. They further describe the history of Paramaribo's development since the period of slavery and after abolition, when many Creoles migrated to the city. Hindustani started migrating in higher numbers to Paramaribo since the early 20th c., mainly to the urban periphery, and since the 1960s also more Javanese. More recently (since the 1980s) migrants to Paramaribo include Maroons, Amerindians, Chinese, and Brazilians. Authors examine in how far the residential patterns were determined by socioeconomic factors, and/or by ethnicity. They conclude that socioeconomic factors have overall become more influential in residential patterns than ethnicity. They point out that residential ethnic mixing has increased, as almost half of Paramaribo's neighbourhoods are mixed, with no dominant ethnic group, although some ethnic concentration continues, as a quarter of the neighbourhoods can be called Creole, one-fifth of them Hindustani, and Creoles (and Maroons) reside for a higher percentage in the city centre, and Hindustani and Javanese more in the urban periphery.

AbstractSurveys generally overestimate the overall level of voter turnout in elections due to both the misreporting of voting and nonresponse. It is sometimes argued that socioeconomic differences in turnout are exaggerated in surveys because social desirability has a more pronounced effect on eligible voters in more advantaged socioeconomic positions. However, the contribution of nonresponse bias has not been taken into consideration in these assessments. Using a register-linked survey with information on the education, occupational social class, income, and voting in the 2015 Finnish parliamentary elections of both respondents and nonrespondents, this study shows that nonresponse bias leads to not only a larger overestimation of the overall level of turnout than social desirability, but also an underestimation of educational, social class, and income-related differences in the propensity to vote. Socioeconomic differences in the probability of voting in register-based data were at least two-thirds larger than differences obtained when using standard survey techniques. This finding implies that socioeconomic inequality in electoral participation is a more pressing social problem than previous evidence might indicate.

Surveys generally overestimate the overall level of voter turnout in elections due to both the misreporting of voting and nonresponse. It is sometimes argued that socioeconomic differences in turnout are exaggerated in surveys because social desirability has a more pronounced effect on eligible voters in more advantaged socioeconomic positions. However, the contribution of nonresponse bias has not been taken into consideration in these assessments. Using a register-linked survey with information on the education, occupational social class, income, and voting in the 2015 Finnish parliamentary elections of both respondents and nonrespondents, this study shows that nonresponse bias leads to not only a larger overestimation of the overall level of turnout than social desirability, but also an underestimation of educational, social class, and income-related differences in the propensity to vote. Socioeconomic differences in the probability of voting in register-based data were at least two-thirds larger than differences obtained when using standard survey techniques. This finding implies that socioeconomic inequality in electoral participation is a more pressing social problem than previous evidence might indicate. ; Peer reviewed

Gegenstand der Untersuchung ist die Frage, ob Gruppen von Menschen, deren ökonomische Lage vom Standpunkt bestimmter Interessen gleichartig ist, diesen Sachverhalt erkennen und aus dieser Erkenntnis Konsequenzen für ihr politisches Verhalten ziehen (Klassenbewußtsein, klassenbezogenes Handeln). Ergebnisse einer international vergleichenden Untersuchung werden im Licht der traditionellen Interessentheorie interpretiert, die einen Bogen von sozioökonomischer Ungleichheit über eine durch diese konstituierte Konfliktstruktur und ein entsprechendes Interessenbewußtsein bis zu einem durch dieses Bewußtsein gesteuerten politischen Verhalten schlägt. Der Verfasser zeigt, daß ein solches sozioökonomisch konzipiertes Konfliktmodell für die Beschreibung der politischen Wirklichkeit der westlichen Industriegesellschaften nicht ausreicht.

In general, the literature about social support networks (SSNs) has been divided into two different statements: On the one hand, social support is a safety net that helps the ego confront disadvantages in life. On the other hand, studies have shown how SSNs could act as sources of constraints for ego, especially in poverty. In this study, we looked into the SSNs of older people over time and found how those two paths co‐exist and depend on the socioeconomic status of ego. Then, this article aims to discover how cumulative social inequalities intersect with social networks in facilitating or hampering social support over time, impacting retirement experience. Specifically, we want to observe if and how the life trajectories of older people from different socioeconomic statuses affect how people build their SSNs in terms of structure and composition. This article presents a mixed‐method project that collected qualitative life history interviews from 30 older women and men in Santiago, Chile. The results show that socioeconomic status plays a role in shaping individual experiences of retirement but that these experiences are shaped through SSNs structural and compositional characteristics. People identify salient life events and the relevant networks and conjointly discuss supportive and/or exploitative aspects of their networks. The amount of support they give to others or that they receive from their alters accumulates over time, resulting in a progressive social inclusion or exclusion mechanism. This article concludes that SSNs during retirement are shaped by the ego's socioeconomic status and life history.

Figure 6.1 Fragmentation of Self-Determination (SD) MovementsFigure 7.1 Power Distribution by Socioeconomic Position and Social Group in Burundi; Figure 7.2 Power Distribution by Socioeconomic Position and Social Group in Liberia; Figure 7.3 Power Distribution by Socioeconomic Position and Social Group in Republic of the Congo; Figure 7.4 Power Distribution by Socioeconomic Position and Social Group in Uganda; Figure 7.5 Power Distribution by Socioeconomic Position and Social Group in Sierra Leone; Figure 7.6 Power Distribution by Socioeconomic Position and Social Group in South Africa

This GESIS Paper describes the implementation of the ESeG (European socioeconomic groups) Classification with anonymised microdata of the Adult Education Survey (AES) 2011. This classification is designed to measure socio-economic status at European level. ESeG is an update of the European Socio-Economic Classification (ESeC) initiated by Eurostat. The update became necessary due to the revision of the ISCO occupational classification in 2008. The ESeG classification aims to provide a harmonized and validated classification that can be implemented easily with data from European statistics and thus supports comparative research in Europe.

Pharmacists are custodians of medicines and play a significant role in the healthcare system as the profession responsible for managing medicines. A self-administered online questionnaire was distributed to pharmacists who are members of the South African Association for Pharmacists in Industry (SAAPI). A majority (66%) of responses received was from females, 87.9% identified experience as the attribute necessary for pharmacists to enter positions of strategic leadership as opposed to availability of opportunities (69.7%) and having an additional business-related qualification (60.6%). Pharmacists that work in the manufacturing sector of the industry were mostly working at technical levels. They were in positions such as responsible pharmacist (RP) (24,1%, n=66), regulatory affairs (18,5%, n=66), quality assurance (16,7%, n=66) production (11,1%, n=66) pharmacists. The pharmacists felt that experience was the key attribute required for entry into strategic leadership positions of manufacturing pharmaceutical companies (MPCs), the attribute for possessing business-related qualifications followed this. The need for a quota system that makes provision for a pharmacist to be present in certain strategic leadership positions of an MPC, was supported by respondents (58%, n=66), 91% of the respondents deemed it necessary for all MPCs to have a pharmacist in the strategic leadership of MPCs. The presence of pharmacists in the strategic leadership of MPCs was limited. The pharmacists who participated in the study felt that their presence could add value as strategic leaders of MPCs.

A critical consideration of the way social class is defined in studies of HIV/ AIDS in Africa exposes the inadequacies of 'indexical' accounts in which class is reduced to a statistical category (the predominant mode of analysis in epidemiological research). It compares this to relational accounts which view class as a set of dynamic interactions between groups struggling to assert or defend social positions relating to livelihoods. Arguing that class relations frame both the transmission and the response to the AIDS epidemic in Africa, it looks at the evidence which can be drawn from both indexical and relational accounts of the particular significance of class in this situation, noting its crucial intersection with gender relations and taking Tanzania as its key case.
This paper was originally presented to the African Studies Association Biennial conference: Goldsmiths College, University of London: 13-15 September 2004.

SummaryIt has been widely observed that socioeconomic status (SES) is associated with frequency of cardiovascular disease. Both men and women of low socioeconomic position have increased risk of cardiovascular disease morbidity and premature death. In this study the relationship between SES in childhood, and health status at the age of 50 years was examined. Socioeconomic status in childhood was measured using objective (father's educational level and number of children in the family) and subjective (self-assessed SES in childhood declared in early adulthood) indicators. Data from the Wrocław Growth Study were completed when subjects were 50 years old, and information concerning health status was added. The results indicated that the objective, universally used measures of SES in childhood such as father's educational level and size of family did not show any essential relationships with health outcomes in adulthood, both for men and women. By contrast, retrospective, self-assessed SES (as better, average or worse as compared with peers) in childhood was significantly associated with the appearance of cardiovascular disease among women aged 50 years. Women who at the beginning of their adult life declared better socioeconomic condition in childhood were significantly healthier at the age of 50 years (OR=3·43; p=0·02). Moreover, this appeared to be independent of BMI, SES and life-style in adulthood. For men, retrospective self-assessed SES showed no relation to health status at the age of 50 years. The gender differences in the relationships between self-assessed SES in childhood and health status in adulthood are explained by possible selective premature mortality among men from lower childhood SES and/or sex differences in cognitive abilities.

SummaryIntermediary determinants are the most immediate mechanisms through which socioeconomic position shapes health inequities. This study examines the effect of community socioeconomic context on different indicators representing intermediary determinants of child health. In the context of Colombia, a developing country with a clear economic expansion, but one of the most unequal countries in the world, two categories of intermediary determinants, namely behavioural and psychosocial factors and the health system, are analysed. Using data from the 2010 Colombian Demographic and Health Survey (DHS), the results suggest that whilst the community context can exert a greater influence on factors linked directly to health, in the case of psychosocial factors and parent's behaviours, the family context can be more important. In addition, the results from multilevel analysis indicate that a significant percentage of the variability in the overall index of intermediary determinants of child health is explained by the community context, even after controlling for individual, family and community characteristics. These findings underline the importance of distinguishing between community and family intervention programmes in order to reduce place-based health inequities in Colombia.